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[ DQL
sual inspection or testing individual joints. The cri-
TT = 0.00037
2 [ (3)
teria, pressures, holding times and procedures are
L
not applicable to air testing of individual joints.
The Time Pressure Drop Method (on page 8)
where:
is the most commonly used air test method. The D = Inside diameter of main sewer line in test
section of sewer to be tested is isolated, and the section, inches
internal air pressure is raised to a specific level. If L = Length of main sewer line in test section,
the drop in pressure is one pound per square inch, feet
or less, within a specified time interval, the line is
acceptable. From Equation [3], required air test times can
For safety reasons, and to prevent damage to be calculated for any combination of length and di-
joint integrity, under no circumstances should the ameter of pipe. ASTM C924 includes a table of the
sewer line and laterals be subjected to more than allowable air loss rates for concrete pipe diameters
six pounds per square inch. from 4 to 24 inches. Table 1 establishes the allow-
able air loss rate as a constant rate for each pipe
Criteria diameter, regardless of the length of the test sec-
Allowable air loss rates were established for tion. This concept, and the loss rate values, were
different diameters of concrete pipe to identify sig- based on experience and results obtained from
nificant losses. Field experience with testing sewer many field air tests. To calculate the required test
lines, combined with other test observations, in- time, use Equation [3] and the allowable air loss
dicate that any defect of significance will result in rate from Table 1 for the pipe diameter.
losses which exceed the allowable air loss rates.
Table 1 Allowable Air Loss Rates
To pass the air test, the sewer being tested must
not lose a total volume of air greater than the prod- Pipe QL cubic Pipe QL cubic
uct of the allowable rate of air loss and the test Diameter, feet per Diameter, feet per
Inches minute Inches minute
time, which is expressed as:
4 2 15 4
6 2 18 5
VL = QL + TT (1) 8 2 21 5.5
10 2.5 24 6
where: 12 3
VL = total volume of air loss, cubic feet
QL = allowable rate of air loss, cubic feet per To simplify the calculation process, the total re-
minute quired test time for a specific pipe diameter can
TT = required test time, minute converted to a test time per unit length of pipe.
ASTM C924 includes a table of test times per 100
The required test time is a function of the total feet of sewer line for pipe diameters from 4 through
volume of air loss divided by the allowable rate of 24 inches. Table 2 was developed using Equation
air loss which can be expressed by rearranging [3] and the allowable air loss rates in Table 1. This
terms: is represented by Equation [4].
( L100+ L T
To test a sewer system involving multiple diam-
TT =
(
e
(6)
eter pipe, the volume of each size of pipe must be
converted to an equivalent length of main sewer
line, which length is then added to the test length From Table 3 for Figure 1, the required hold-
of the main sewer line. Equivalent length is deter- ing times may be directly selected for the specified
mined by: length and diameter of multiple and single diame-
Table 3 Time Holding Chart: Minimum Required Test Time in Minutes and Seconds for Pressure Drop from 3.5
to 2.5 psi
Length Pipe Diameter in Inches
in Feet 4 6 8 10 12 15 18 21 24
50 0-09 0-20 0-36 0-44 0-53 1-02 1-12 1-29 1-47
75 0-13 0-30 0-53 1-07 1-20 1-34 1-48 2-14 2-40
100 0-18 0-40 1-11 1-29 1-47 2-05 2-24 2-58 3-33
125 0-22 0-50 1-29 1-51 2-13 2-36 3-00 3-43 4-26
150 0-27 1-00 1-47 2-13 2-40 3-07 3-36 4-27 5-20
175 0-31 1-10 2-04 2-36 3-06 3-39 4-12 5-12 6-13
200 0-36 1-20 2-22 2-58 3-33 4-10 4-48 5-56 7-06
225 0-40 1-30 2-40 3-20 4-00 4-41 5-24 6-41 8-00
250 0-44 1-40 2-58 3-42 4-26 5-12 6-00 7-25 8-53
275 0-49 1-50 3-15 4-04 4-53 5-43 6-36 8-10 9-46
300 0-53 2-00 3-33 4-26 5-20 6-15 7-12 8-54 10-39
325 0-58 2-10 3-51 4-49 5-46 6-46 7-48 9-39 11-33
350 1-02 2-20 4-09 5-11 6-13 7-17 8-23 10-23 12-26
375 1-07 2-30 4-26 5-33 6-40 7-48 8-39 11-08 13-19
400 1-11 2-40 4-44 5-55 7-06 8-20 9-35 11-52 14-12
425 1-15 2-50 5-02 6-18 7-33 8-51 10-11 12-37 15-06
450 1-20 3-00 5-20 6-40 8-00 9-22 10-47 13-21 15-59
475 1-24 3-10 5-37 7-02 8-26 9-53 11-23 14-06 16-52
500 1-29 3-20 5-55 7-24 8-53 10-24 11-59 14-50 17-46
525 1-33 3-30 6-13 7-46 9-19 10-56 12-35 15-35 18-39
550 1-38 3-40 6-31 8-08 9-46 11-27 13-11 16-19 19-32
575 1-42 3-50 6-48 8-31 10-13 11-58 13-47 17-04 20-25
600 1-47 4-00 7-06 8-53 10-39 12-29 14-23 17-48 21-19
IA
IA
6”-D
IA
IA IA
IA
8”-D
-D
”-D
-D
”-D
” ” IA
500 15 18 ”-D
12
10
A
21 -DI
24”
400
Length, Feet
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time, Minutes
American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org • info@concrete-pipe.org 4
© 2011 American Concrete Pipe Association, all rights reserved. DD 23 (08/11)
Table 4 Applicable Leakage Tests for Sewer Lines
Pipe Groundwater Condition Applicable Tests Comments
Infiltration Exfiltration Air Visual
Inspection
Isolate the section of sewer line to be test- air flows into the test section and to enable moni-
ed by inflatable plugs or other suitable means. The toring the air pressure within the test section. The
ends of all branches, laterals, tees, wyes and stubs system should be equipped with a six pound per
to be included in the test should be plugged. Se- square inch pressure relief valve to reduce hazards
curely anchor and brace all plugs to prevent blow- and avoid possible damage to the sewer and unre-
out due to the internal air pressure. strained laterals. The system should have a bleed-
er valve to depressurize the sewer at the comple-
Safety tion of the air test.
The materials, equipment and operation To provide realistic test results, the air com-
of the air test may be hazardous, and this Design pressor should be capable of pressurizing the test
Data does not purport to address all of the safety section in the required test time, or less. The mini-
problems associated with its use. It is the responsi- mum compressor capacity required is equal to the
bility of the user to consult and establish appropri- rate necessary to fill the sewer line to the desired
ate safety and health practices and to determine pressure plus the allowable air loss rate:
the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use.
[
No one should be allowed in the trench or C = 0.17L D [ 2
+ QL (7)
manhole during pressurization, testing, or depres- TT 12
surization. Pressurizing a 24-inch diameter pipe to
4.0 pounds per square inch gage results in a to- where:
tal force of over 1800 pounds on the 24-inch plug. C = Compressor capacity, cubic feet per minute
Such force could cause the violent expulsion of an
improperly installed plug, and the energy of the Test Pressure
plug released air could injure persons within the If the test section is below groundwater lev-
manhole or manhole opening. el, determine the height of the groundwater above
the crown of the pipe at each end of the test sec-
Air Supply tion. Compute the average groundwater height and
Connect the air compressor to the inlet tap. increase the gage test pressure by 0.43 pounds
The air supply system should include the neces- per square inch for each foot of groundwater above
sary valves and gages to control the rate at which the pipe crown. Under no circumstances should
[
[ 2 Le = 56 feet
D
C = 0.17L + QL For the total system, use Equation [6] from
TT 12
[
C = 0.17(342) 24 + 6
[ 2 Table 2, T=3.6 minutes per 100 feet for
24-inch pipe:
12.3 12
[ L100
C = 24.9 cubic feet per minute [
+L
TT = T e
For the main sewer between manholes B
T = [342 + 56 3.6
and C, from Table 1, QL=5 cubic feet per [
minute for 18-inch diameter pipe: T 100
[
[ 2 TT = 14.3 minutes
C = 0.17(135) 18 + 5 To calculate the compressor capacity for
3.2 12
C = 21.1 cubic feet per minute the equivalent system, use Equation [7]
and from Table 1, QL=6 cubic feet per
minute for 24-inch diameter pipe:
[
Example 2
Given: The 342 feet of 24-inch diameter concrete C = 0.17L D [
+ QL
2
TT 12
[
pipe between manholes A and B in [ 2
Example 1 has several 6-inch laterals with C = 0.17(342 +56) 24 + 6
a total length of 900 feet connected to the 14.3 12
main. C = 24.9 cubic feet per minute
Figure A-1
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
PRESSURE CONDITION