Functional Analysis - Homework assignment 0

1. We present the proof in three steps:

a) By assumption M ⊂ D ⊂ R n is compact, which means that for every sequence (zk) in M
there is a subsequence (zkl) which is convergent to a point z0 in M.
b) Take a sequence (yk) of points in f(M). Then we can write yk = f(zk) for some sequence
(zk) in M. According to a) we can find a convergent subsequence (zkl), with a limit z0 in
M. Since f is a continuous function, we obtain f ( z kl ) 
→ f ( z 0 ) ∈ f ( M ) .

c) This means that (yk) has a convergent subsequence, with a limit in f(M). According to
the definition of a compact set, f(M) is compact. QED.

− 3 0 
2. We decompose the matrix A =  (which is not diagonalizable, as it is a
1 − 3

Jordan cell) as follows:
0 0
A = −3I +  = −3I + N ,
1 0

where I denotes the identity matrix. Clearly the matrices -3I and N commute, i.e., it does
not matter in which order we multiply them. This means that we have
exp( At ) = exp( −3It + Nt ) = exp( −3t ) ⋅ exp( Nt ) .

Next, we will use the Taylor expansion:

N 2 t 2 N 3t 3
exp( Nt ) = I + Nt + + + ... .
2! 3!

Notice that 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 2 = × = .
1 0
 1 0
 0 0


1 0
Hence, all the higher powers of N are also zero. Hence exp( Nt ) =   and we obtain
t 1 

 e −3t 0 
exp( At ) =  −3t .
te e −3t 
s
3. It is easy to see that the function f ( s ) = sin( s ) has singular points at s = nπ , where
the numbers n are non-zero integers. Indeed, the only points where sin(s)=0 are the points
s = nπ where n are integers. For n=0 f has a finite limit, as can be seen by applying
l’Hopital’s law:
 s  1
lim s →0   = lim s →0 =1 .
sin( s )  cos( s )

This means that the point s=0 is not a singular point for the function f, according to the
proposition on p. 8 of Week 3. To include s=0 into the domain of f, we define
f (0) =1.

For n ≠ 0 the singularities of the function are not removable. To verify if these singular
points s = nπ are actually poles, we try if the limit that gives the residue is finite:

 s n
R s{ f ,neπ } = l si→ nπ m ( s − nπ ) ⋅  = (− 1) nπ .

 s s)i  n (
We investigate the function
( −1) n nπ
g ( s) = f ( s) −
s − nπ
and verify that it has a finite limit at s = nπ :
 s ( s − nπ ) − (− 1) n nπ ⋅ sin(s ) 
lims → nπ { g ( s )} = lims → nπ  
 sin(s) ⋅ ( s − nπ ) 
 2s − nπ − (− 1) n nπ ⋅ cos(s) 
= lims → nπ  
 ( s − nπ ) ⋅ cos(s) + sin(s ) 
 2 + (− 1) n nπ ⋅ sin(s) 
= lims → nπ   = (− 1) .
n

 cos(s ) − ( s − nπ ) ⋅ sin(s ) + cos(s ) 

In the above computation, we have twice applied l’Hopital’s law. Since g has a finite
limit at s =nπ , that we can apply the proposition from p. 8 of Week 3 and conclude that
g is analytic around s = nπ . It follows (by the definition of poles) that for n ≠ 0 , s = nπ
is a simple pole of f.