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Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Fluid-Structure Interactions, Flow-Sound

Interactions, Flow-Induced Vibration & Noise


July 8-11, 2018, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

FIV2018-161

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF A


HEAVING AIRFOIL SUBJECTED TO OSCILLATORY FLOW AND PARAMETRIC
EXCITATION

Rodolfo Curci Puraca Bruno Souza Carmo Guilherme Rosa Franzini


Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Offshore Mechanics Laboratory
Escola Politécnica Escola Politécnica Escola Politécnica
University of São Paulo, Brazil University of São Paulo, Brazil University of São Paulo, Brazil
Brazil Brazil Brazil
rodolfo.puraca@usp.br bruno.carmo@usp.br gfranzini@usp.br

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Parametric excitation is a classical non-autonomous
Wind turbine blades are subjected to oscillatory loads problem and is observed when at least one of the pa-
due their rotation. The gravity compresses or tensions the rameters of the equation of motion depends explicitly on
blade depending on its position along the cycle. Due to time. Particularly, if the stiffness is written as k(t) =
sheared flow, the wind load also changes in a cyclic way k̄ + ∆k sin Ωt, the equation of motion assumes the form
as the blade rotates. This kind of load can lead to fa- of the Mathieu’s equation.
tigue damage. It is possible to analyse some of the funda- The stability of the trivial solution depends on the pa-
mentals of this physical phenomenon considering a two- rameters that govern the parametric excitation (i.e, ∆k and
dimensional cross section of the blade, which is an airfoil. Ω). Particularly, the condition in which the parametric ex-
This airfoil is allowed to respond in the heaving di- citation has twice the natural frequency of the structure is
rection, subjected to oscillatory flow and parametric exci- a favorable scenario for the instability of the trivial solu-
tation, due to the variation of the structural characteris- tion and is herein named as principal parametric instabil-
tics of the blade because of the alternation of compression ity condition. The Strutt’s diagram is a common way to
and tension. check the stability of the trivial solution in the space of
parameters ∆k × Ω. Further details regarding fundamen-
In this work, we use numerical simulations to inves- tal aspects of the parametric excitation can be found in
tigate the oscillating flow around an airfoil allowed to the textbooks [1], [2] and [3].
translate in the heaving direction, mounted on an elastic Parametric excitation is commonly investigated in the
base of varying stiffness. The flow and stiffness vary with ocean engineering scenario, particularly in risers’ dynam-
the same frequency. The goal is to assess the effect of ics. In this application, the motion of the floating units in-
parametric excitation on the response of the structure to duces a time-dependent normal force and, consequently, a
the oscillating aerodynamic load. time-modulated geometric stiffness. Examples of works

1
with uniform properties are shown in equations (1) and
(2), in which v̄ j are the averaged velocity components,
v0j are the components of the velocity fluctuations, x j are
the space directions, t is time, ρ is the fluid density, p̄ is
averaged the pressure and ν the fluid kinematic viscosity.

FIGURE 1: Model scheme


∂ v̄ j
=0 (1)
∂xj
on the parametric excitation of risers are the references
[4], [5] and [6].
In the dynamics of wind turbines, parametric excita-
∂ v̄i ∂ v̄i 1 ∂ p̄ ∂ 2 v̄i ∂ u0
tion occurs due to the periodic change of the geometric + v̄ j =− + ν 2 − u0j i (2)
stiffness arisen from the rotation of the blades. When the ∂t xj ρ ∂ xi ∂xj ∂xj
blade is at the top, its geometric stiffness is minimum due
to the weight. On the other hand, the geometric stiffness The turbulence model used in this article was the
is maximum when the blade is at the bottom. A series Spalart-Allmaras model [9], which is a model with one
of analytical studies regarding parametric excitation on equation, which is the transport equation for the eddy vis-
wind turbine blades are presented in [7]. Notice, however, cosity, νt . The model is shown below
that the latter paper deals only with the parametric excita-
tion, such that the aerodynamic loads are not considered.
Nonetheless, in wind turbines parametric excitation co- ∂ ν̃ ∂ ν̃
+uj = Cb1 (1 − ft2 )S̃ν̃
exists with other commonly found in aerodynamics such ∂t ∂xj
as, for example, flutter. Analytical studies concerning the 1n o
coexistence of these phenomena can be carried out by us- + ∇ · [(ν + ν̃)∇ν̃)] +Cb2 |∇ν̃|2
σ
ing ad-hoc modeling hypotheses ( [8]). This paper aims 
Cb1
  2
ν̃
at contributing with this aspect, focusing on the dynamics − Cw1 fw − 2 ft2 (3)
κ d
of a rigid foil assembled onto an elastic support with vary-
ing stiffness. A series of numerical bidimensional simu-
lations are carried out using CFD techniques, considering
both the aerodynamic excitation due to an oscillatory flow (ν̃/ν)3
νt = ν̃ fv1 , fv1 = 3
and a time-dependent stiffness. (ν̃/ν)3 −Cv1
ν̃ p χ
S̃ ≡ S + fv2 , S= 2Ωi j Ωi j , fv2 = 1 −
κ 2d2 1 + χ fv1
NUMERICAL METHOD    6 1/6
1 ∂ ui ∂ u j 1 +Cw3
We study the response of a NACA 4415 airfoil para- Ωi j = − , fw = g 6
2 ∂ x j ∂ xi g6 +Cw3
metrically excited, subjected to an inflow with variable
ν̃ 2
angle of attack and speed. In the model employed, the g = r +Cw2 (r6 − r), r ≡ 2 2 , ft2 = Ct3 e(−Ct4 χ )
airfoil was allowed to move in the y direction and we con- S̃κ d
ωt2  2
 
sidered a variable stiffness spring attached to the airfoil ft1 = Ct1 gt exp −Ct2 2 2
d + gt dt

center of mass, as show in figure 1. ∆U 2
To solve the flow and the mesh movement, the mass
conservation equation, the momentum equation, the tur- The value of the constants are those given in [9].
bulent transport equation and the equation of motion The equation of motion of the spring-mass system is
for the system spring-mass were used. The unsteady given by equation (4):
Reynolds averaged equations of mass conservation and
momentum for a Newtonian, incompressible fluid and M ÿ +Cẏ + Ky = F (4)

2
TABLE 2: Velocity inflow parameters

Parameters Value
Section radius [m] 60
Tower height [m] 80
Wind Velocity at 80 m [m/s] 10
Shear coefficient 0.1
FIGURE 2: Mesh employed in the simulations
Rotor frequency(ω) [rpm] 12

TABLE 1: Mesh statistics

Parameters Number blade rotation and the wind shear effect. In this work, we
studied a section located at 60 m from the root blade in a
Points 11410 wind turbine with tower height of 80 m, under the action
Cells 11155 of a wind with speed of 10 m/s at 80 m, with shear coeffi-
cient of 0.1. The wind turbine rotor rotation was constant
and equal to 12 rpm. The airfoil mass was considered to
be 88.5 kg/m. The parameters for the inflow velocity are
M denotes the airfoil mass, C the structural damping (as- shown in table 2.
sumed 0 in this work), K is the spring stiffness coefficient, We have investigated a total of 15 different cases,
F are the aerodynamic forces, all per unit length. In turn varying the mean stiffness of the structure, k̄, and the am-
y, ẏ and ÿ are body displacement, velocity and accelera- plitude of the stiffness variation, ∆k. The values p of the
tion respectively. parameters were chosen so as to have n = ω/ k̄/m =
The coupling between fluid and structure is two-way, 1, 1.23, 1.41, 1.5 and 2 and ∆k = 0, 0.1k̄ and 0.2k̄.
because the flow forces the airfoil, generates an acceler-
ation of the body, which is then used as a source term in
the flow momentum equation. The flow boundary condi- RESULTS
tions at the airfoil surface are also changed, since the flow Table 3 shows the maximum displacement and phase
there has the same velocity of the airfoil. angle (difference between the phases of the main compo-
The numerical simulations were carried out using the nents of force and displacement) obtained for all the cases
open source software OpenFOAM. The solver used for investigated. It is clear that the parametric excitation has a
the solution of the equations (1), (2) and (3), fluid part, very important impact on the dynamic response of the air-
was the pimpleDyMFoam and for the rigid body, equa- foil. The maximum displacements obtained for cases in
tion (4), we employed the library sixDoFRigidBodyMo- which ∆k 6= 0 are significantly higher than those obtained
tion with the solver symplectic. for ∆k = 0, and the largest displacements were observed
The mesh used had 70 m of height and 60 m of length. for the highest ∆k. The phase angle, on the other hand,
Five refinement regions were built around the airfoil, hardly varied in the cases investigated.
using triangles on intermediate refinement regions and One of the most interesting result of this analysis was
quadrilateral elements in the rest of the mesh. Next to that the variation of the maximum displacement with re-
the airfoil wall, we built ten layers of refinement with spect to the variation of the natural frequency was not
growing rate of 1.2, where the first layer has 0.002 m, monotonic, as can be seen in figure 3. The maximum
to discretize the boundary layer region and resulted in a displacement increased from n = 1 to n = 1.41, then ex-
maximum y+ value of 190. The table 2, summarizes the hibited a sudden drop for n = 1.5 followed by a slight de-
mesh statistics and figure 2 shows the mesh. crease for n = 2 when ∆k 6= 0 and increase when ∆k = 0.
Velocity and angle changed with the time, due to the This difference in behaviour for cases with and without

3
TABLE 3: Maximum displacement and phase angle for
each case calculated

k̄ [N/m/m] (n) ∆k [N/m/m] ymax [m] φ [◦ ]


0.00 1.305 76
35.04 (2) 3.50 2.565 79
7.00 4.688 82
0.00 1.079 78
62.28 (1.5) 6.23 2.929 82
12.46 5.056 84
0.00 2.088 82
FIGURE 3: Graph between maximum displacement and
70.07 (1.41) 7.00 3.620 84 the factor n for each ∆k
14.00 5.794 85
0.00 1.899 84
93.42 (1.23) 9.34 3.467 86
18.68 5.571 87
0.00 1.732 88
140.14 (1) 14.01 3.162 91
28.02 5.114 93 FIGURE 4: Displacement, force and stiffness time series,
k̄ = 70.07 N/m/m, ∆k = 0.

parametric excitation (∆k 6= 0) is worth noting. The fact


that the peak is not located on a integer value of n is also
surprising.
In order to investigate the details of the response, we
plot the time series of lift, displacement and stiffness for
all the simulations with k̄ = 70.07 N/m/m in figures 4, 5
and 6. The graphs for the other values of k̄ presented the
same behaviour. For all cases the displacement follows FIGURE 5: Displacement, force and stiffness time series,
an almost sinusoidal curve, similar to the velocity magni- k̄ = 70.07 N/m/m, ∆k = 0.1k̄.
tude, and with the same frequency, which is the angular
frequency of the turbine. The change in ∆k reflects on the
change of amplitude only. fecting the lift other than the airfoil displacement. The lift
When ∆k is increased, the variation of velocity due to and stiffness are almost in phase, as show in figure 6.
airfoil displacement dominates over the variation due to On the other hand, the lift of the airfoil changes dra-
sheared inflow. In figure 5 we can still notice a small ves- matically with the increase of ∆k. This is more clearly
tige of the influence of the sheared inflow in the lift signal seen if we zoom in the lift time series, as done in fig-
when ∆k = 0.1k̄. For ∆k = 0.2k̄, it is very hard to tell by ures 7 and 8, for k̄ = 140.14 N/m/m (this effect is more
visual inspection of the lift signal that there is a factor af- pronounced for this value of k̄). For the case with no para-

4
FIGURE 6: Displacement, force and stiffness time series,
k̄ = 70.07 N/m/m, ∆k = 0.2k̄.
FIGURE 8: Lift time series, k̄ = 140.14 N/m/m, ∆k =
0.2k̄.

FIGURE 7: Lift time series, k̄ = 140.14 N/m/m, ∆k = 0.

metric excitation, the lift signal clearly shows two com-


parable frequencies: the frequency of rotation of the tur-
bine and twice this value, which is associated with the
combination of the displacement of the airfoil and the
sheared inflow. Since the displacement is not very large,
the change of velocity due to airfoil displacement is com-
FIGURE 9: Pressure contours (calculated pressure field
parable to the change of velocity due to the sheared in-
flow, and these two effects have the same frequency but minus pressure field obtained for a rigid airfoil at 0◦ )
not the same phase. So we obtain two local peaks and along one revolution, k̄ = 140.14 N/m/m, ∆k = 0.
two local valleys for each blade revolution. One pair
peak/valley corresponds to local maximum/minimum of mum pressure on the pressure side (bottom of the airfoil)
velocity due to airfoil displacement, and the other pair when ∆k = 0: one between 45◦ and 90◦ and another be-
peak/valley corresponds to local maximum/minimum of tween 225◦ and 270◦ . These correspond to the two peaks
velocity due to sheared inflow. we see in the lift signal in the time series. In contrast, for
In order to explore more of the physics of the different ∆k = 0.2k̄, figure 10 shows a marked maximum of pres-
behaviours observed for ∆k = 0 and ∆k 6= 0, we plot static sure on the pressure side when the angle is 270◦ . There
pressure contours for k̄ = 140.14 N/m/m and ∆k = 0 in is only a single maximum in this case along the cycle, as
figure 9 and ∆k = 0.2k̄ in figure 10. For the figure 9 the we would expect from the lift force signal.
field is the result of the subtraction of the pressure field
calculated for a rigid airfoil at half height (angle of 180◦ )
from the pressure field obtained in the simulations, so the CONCLUSION
pressure differences along a cycle become more evident. We have reported on the response of an airfoil
It is clear from figure 9 that there are two points of maxi- mounted on an elastic base, allowed to move in the heave

5
ical insight about the phenomenon. We intend to proceed
with the work, improving the model so as to get results
that will be more relevant to real applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The third author is grateful to the Brazilian National
Council of Research (CNPq) for the grant 310595/2015-
0.

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most monochromatic.
This is a first study about parametric excitation in
wind turbines, employing a simplified model to get phys-

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