Ses-Cdegs 2k - Tralin

USER’S MANUAL
August 2000
TRALIN USER’S MANUAL
Prepared by:
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errors that may appear in this document.
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terms of such license.
 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1978-2000

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REVISION RECORD
DATE VERSION/REVISION
June 1978 Version 1 at Revision Level 1

February 1981 Version 1 at Revision Level 3
August 1983 Version 1 at Revision Level 5
November 1984 Version 2 at Revision Level 6
May 1985 Version 2 at Revision Level 7
October 1986 Version 3 at Revision Level 1
April 1988 Version 3 at Revision Level 2
June 1989 Version 3 at Revision Level 3
July 1990 Version 3 at Revision Level 5
September 1993 Version 4 at Revision Level 2
November 1997 Version 4 at Revision Level 3
December 1998 Version 7 at Revision Level 0
VSS:/Helpdev/Manuals/Tralin/Tralin.doc
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Tel.: (514) 336-2511 FAX: 336-6144
Email: support@sestech.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL ........................................................................................................1-1
1.2 PREPARING INPUT DATA........................................................................................................................1-2
1.3 VIEWING, PRINTING AND PLOTTING COMPUTATION RESULTS.......................................................1-2
1.4 GENERAL DATA .......................................................................................................................................1-3
1.5 SYSTEM DEFINITION ...............................................................................................................................1-3
1.5.1 DATA ENTRY: CONDUCTOR BASIS...........................................................................................1-4
1.5.2 DATA ENTRY: CIRCUIT BASIS....................................................................................................1-4
1.5.3 DATA ENTRY: GROUP BASIS .....................................................................................................1-4
1.6 INDUCTION CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................................1-4
1.7 GRADIENT CALCULATIONS....................................................................................................................1-5
1.8 RADIO NOISE CALCULATIONS...............................................................................................................1-5
2 TRALIN COMMAND INPUT FILES.................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 WHAT'S IN THIS CHAPTER ? ..................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 THE TRALIN INPUT COMMAND LANGUAGE.........................................................................................2-1
2.3 TRALIN COMMAND HIERARCHY ............................................................................................................2-2
2.4 OUTLINE OF A TYPICAL TRALIN INPUT FILE .......................................................................................2-2
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2-2
2.4.2 THE ELEMENTS OF A TYPICAL TRALIN INPUT FILE ...............................................................2-4
2.4.3 A SAMPLE BASIC TRALIN INPUT COMMAND FILE...................................................................2-7
2.5 THE THREE METHODS OF SPECIFYING CONDUCTORS IN TRALIN ...............................................2-11
2.6 ESSENTIAL TRALIN MODULES ............................................................................................................2-12
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................2-12
2.6.2 CONVENTIONS ..........................................................................................................................2-12
2.6.3 SECTIONS, MODULES, AND COMMANDS OF A TYPICAL TRALIN INPUT FILE...................2-12
2.6.4 TRALIN STANDARD COMMANDS.............................................................................................2-21
3 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: CONDUCTOR BASIS ......................................................... 3-1
3.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 TRALIN INPUT FILE..................................................................................................................................3-3
4 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: CIRCUIT BASIS .................................................................. 4-1
4.2 TRALIN INPUT FILE..................................................................................................................................4-3
5 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: GROUP BASIS ................................................................... 5-1
TRALIN Page iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT’D)
Page

5.2 TRALIN INPUT FILE ..................................................................................................................................5-3
APPENDIX A EARTH REPRESENTATION ......................................................................... A-1
APPENDIX B CONDUCTOR DATA ..................................................................................... B-1
B.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... B-1
B.2 CONDUCTOR OR CIRCUIT SPECIFICATION MODE ............................................................................ B-1
B.2.1 CONDUCTOR TYPES ................................................................................................................. B-1
B.2.2 CONDUCTOR ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................... B-2
B.3 GROUP SPECIFICATION MODE............................................................................................................. B-4
B.3.1 GROUP DEFINITION ................................................................................................................... B-4
B.3.2 CORE CONDUCTOR TYPES ...................................................................................................... B-6
B.3.3 CABLE CORE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................... B-6
APPENDIX C INDUCTION CALCULATIONS....................................................................... C-1
APPENDIX D ELECTRIC FIELD AND POTENTIAL CALCULATIONS ............................... D-1
D.1 POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS ............................................................................................................. D-1
D.1.1 MAXIMUM PHASE GRADIENTS ................................................................................................. D-2
D.1.2 POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS AT THE CENTERS OF STRIPS ............................................ D-3
D.1.3 POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS AT SPECIFIED POINTS ........................................................ D-3
D.2 SIMPLIFIED GRADIENT CALCULATION................................................................................................ D-4
APPENDIX E RADIO NOISE CALCULATIONS ................................................................... E-1
APPENDIX F SELECTION OF SUITABLE INTEGRATION STEP AND INTERVAL
SIZE: GROUP SPECIFICATION MODE.............................................................................F-1
APPENDIX G COMPUTATION OF EQUIVALENT RESISTIVITY AND PERMEABILITY
OF A CONDUCTOR .......................................................................................................... G-1
APPENDIX H FIXED FORMAT INPUT FILES...................................................................... H-1
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... R-1
TRALIN Page iv
TABLE OF FIGURES
Page
Table 2.1 Basic TRALIN Modules, and Subcommands.......................................................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of a Complete TRALIN Input File................................................................................................. 2-4
Figure 2.2 Template Structure of a TRALIN Input File........................................................................................................... 2-6
Figure 2.3 Conductor Arrangement Cross Section in Two Regions of the Right-of-Way ....................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.4a Sample TRALIN Input File for Overhead Transmission Line ..................................................................... 2-9
Figure 2.4b Sample TRALIN Input File for Buried Transmission Line ........................................................................ 2-10
Figure 3.1 230 kV Transmission Line...................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 4.1 420 kV Single Circuit Line ..................................................................................................................................... 4-2
Figure 5.1 420 kV Single Circuit Line and One Pipe-Type Cable........................................................................................... 5-2
Figure A.1 Earth Structure....................................................................................................................................................... A-1
Figure B.1 Available Conductor Types for Conductor or Circuit Specification Mode............................................................ B-2
Figure B.2 Structure of a Group .............................................................................................................................................. B-4
Figure B.3 Various Types of Possible Groups ......................................................................................................................... B-5
Figure B.4 Available Conductor Types for Cable Cores ......................................................................................................... B-6
Figure C.1 Induction Calculation ............................................................................................................................................C-1
Figure D.1Phasor Diagram.....................................................................................................................................................D-1
Figure D.2Simulation of a Round Conductor With Strips.......................................................................................................D-2
Figure D.3Effect of Strip Number............................................................................................................................................D-2
Table E.1 Modal Attenuation Constants for Simplified Radio Interference Calculations...................................................... E-2
Figure F.1 Conductor Configuration Used to Demonstrate Effect of Integration Step Size and Integration Interval on
Accuracy (not to scale) .......................................................................................................................................... F-2
Printout F.1 Soil, Frequency, and Conductor Data for the Example Analysis................................................................ F-3
TRALIN Page v
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
The TRALIN (TRAnsmission LINes) Software Package analyzes power line cross sections to determine
line parameters, electrostatic and electromagnetic induction effects, electrostatic potentials and gradients,
as well as radio noises. TRALIN can be applied to both distribution and transmission lines with any
number and type of parallel conductors or phases configured in any arbitrary positions: combinations of
cables, pipelines, stranded and composite conductors, insulated and bare conductors, overhead and
buried conductors, and irregular phase configurations. Computations take into account the nonuniform
nature of soil structure characteristics. TRALIN can be used to analyze complex right-of-way situations
containing transmission lines and pipelines just as easily as it can be used for simple power line
corridors.
1.1 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL

The TRALIN User's Manual is structured as follows:
Chapter 1: provides an overview of the input data required by TRALIN and the computations it
performs.
Chapter 2: describes how to prepare a TRALIN input file in the SICL-compatible command
language format.
Chapter 3: presents an example input file in which conductor data is specified on a per-conductor
basis.
Chapter 4: presents an example input file in which conductor data is specified on a per-circuit basis.
Chapter 5: presents an example input file in which conductor data is specified on a per-group basis.
Appendix A: describes the soil structures accommodated by TRALIN.
Appendix B: describes how to specify the physical make-up of conductors to TRALIN.
Appendix C: provides details on the electromagnetic and electrostatic induction calculations
performed by TRALIN.
Appendix D: describes the electric field and potential calculations performed by TRALIN.
Appendix E: describes the radio noise calculations performed by TRALIN.
Appendix F: provides guidelines for users who wish to specify the integration step and interval size
for the TRALIN Bessel function evaluations used when conductors are specified on a per-group
basis.
Appendix G: describes how to calculate the equivalent relative permeability and relative resistivity
of a conductor from typically available values, such as GMR, reactance at 1 ft spacing, and AC/DC
resistance.
TRALIN Page 1-1

Appendix H: describes how to process a TRALIN input file that has been prepared according to the
fixed-format mode used in the 1991 version of TRALIN and earlier versions. Note that this fixed
format does not accommodate features of TRALIN introduced in 1992 and in subsequent years.
Note that while Chapter 2 presents a good overview of the TRALIN commands, it does not describe all
commands, nor are all available options of each command described. For a complete list of TRALIN
commands, showing all available parameters for each command, refer to the booklet entitled SES Input
Command Language Reference Guide. For a detailed description of each command and its
parameters, refer to the Structured Command Help Reference manual.
1.2 PREPARING INPUT DATA

For best results, enter your TRALIN data using one of the interactive input data processors, i.e., SICL for
a command mode input session and Input Toolbox for a menu-based approach. Each of these programs
provides you with a user-friendly environment, including preliminary error-checking, in which you can
specify the engineering data required by TRALIN. SICL and Input Toolbox offer detailed on-line help
and can plot selected data on your screen to help you verify your data entry. Note that, if you prefer to
prepare your data outside of these interactive environments, you can always use a word processor (in
ASCII mode) to create or edit a SICL input file before invoking the SICL input processor, and then use
the OPEN-FILE and READ commands within SICL to process the file you have prepared. SICL and
Input Toolbox create a complete, syntactically correct TRALIN input file at the end of the interactive
session.
The Getting Started manual presents examples (in Chapter 6) showing how to prepare input data using
the SICL input data processor. The How To… manuals show how to use the Input Toolbox.
For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.
1.3 VIEWING, PRINTING AND PLOTTING COMPUTATION

RESULTS
When you run TRALIN, computation results are stored in a user-readable printout file, which you can
edit with a word processor or print. Note that this file can be quite long, so verify its length before
printing it!
Furthermore, in order to simplify the transfer of circuit parameters from TRALIN to the SPLITS
program, TRALIN produces a SPLITS-compatible data file containing series impedances, mutual
impedances and capacitive reactances to ground. Mutual impedances between phases appear as
MUTUAL commands (in ohms per mile or per km); self impedances appear as SELF commands (in
ohms per mile or per km); capacitive reactances to ground are expressed as shunt impedances associated
with SELF commands (in ohm-miles or ohm-km). This file can be edited with a word processor or
printed.
TRALIN Page 1-2

Note that no results are automatically displayed on your screen or on your printer when a TRALIN run
ends. In order to view your results, proceed as described above.
For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.
1.4 GENERAL DATA

The TRALIN input data is structured as a series of four blocks:
General Data
System Definition
Induction Calculations
Electric Field, Potential and Radio Noise Computations
General data specified by the user is used for the input of general calculation parameters which are not
intimately tied to the actual configuration of the transmission line system. Such data as accuracy of
calculations, soil models to be used, system power frequency, system of units, choice of calculations to
be made, and mode of describing the conductor configuration are entered here.
1.5 SYSTEM DEFINITION

The system definition (i.e., conductor data) can be specified in one of three modes: conductor basis,
circuit basis, and group basis. While they differ with respect to data entry, the calculations they entail are
quite similar. Based on the coordinates and physical characteristics of the transmission line conductors,
computations are made, in matrix form, of the Maxwell potential coefficients, shunt capacitances, series
impedances and series admittances on a conductor basis. These line parameters are available both for the
individual conductors and for the conductor bundles which make up the different phases of a
transmission line.
Thereafter, the program reduces the above matrices into equivalent ones (on a per-phase basis) using a
reduction technique which replaces a group of conductors belonging to the same phase type by one
equivalent conductor.
Conductors belonging to the same phase of a given circuit form a specific type. Ground wires may be
considered to form one special type (Type 0): in this case, they are not reduced into one equivalent
conductor, but are rather eliminated from the matrix using well-known algorithms. If, however, the user
wishes to reduce a group of ground wires into an equivalent conductor which will not disappear, the user
should identify these ground wires with a nonzero phase number (e.g. Phase 4 in a three-phase circuit).
This technique is perfectly valid since the transmission line parameters depend only on the physical
characteristics and geometry of the conductors.
Skin effects, earth structure and frequency (dc to MHz range) are taken into account.
TRALIN Page 1-3

The influence of the earth is taken into consideration using Carson's Theory for uniform soils or, if
specified, the work of N. Nagakawa et al [5] on multilayer soils (up to 3 layers). This latter allows
permeabilities and permittivities different from those of free space, in addition to the layer resistivities,
to be specified.
1.5.1 Data Entry: Conductor Basis

In this data entry mode, each conductor is specified individually in terms of physical characteristics,
location, phase membership and circuit membership. Only above-ground conductors may be specified.
This mode is more flexible, but also quite a lot more time-consuming than the circuit basis data entry
mode.
1.5.2 Data Entry: Circuit Basis

In this data entry mode, the transmission line system is specified circuit by circuit. A circuit consists of
any number of phases, each of which in turn is comprised of a bundle of conductors which share the
same energization point. All conductors in a circuit have the same physical characteristics; hence these
are specified only once per circuit. Ground wires or skywires are counted as separate circuits and are
entered independently. All bundles in a circuit have identical configurations of their component
conductors; hence this also is specified only once per circuit. The physical location of the centre of each
bundle is specified. As with the conductor basis data entry mode, only above-ground conductors may be
specified. This mode is more rapid, but more rigid than the conductor basis data entry mode.
1.5.3 Data Entry: Group Basis

In this data entry mode, overhead as well as buried single core cables and pipe-enclosed cables can be
modeled in detail. Conductors are specified one by one in terms of physical characteristics, location, and
phase membership. Any number of cables can be located at arbitrary locations within a bare or insulated
hollow cylindrical metallic conductor (pipe). A cable consists of a core, a concentric sheath and a
concentric armor, each separated from the other by insulating materials with arbitrary characteristics.
This mode is essential when cables or buried conductors are present in the system to be specified. Note
that this data entry mode allows "normal" (non-cable) transmission line conductors to be entered; these
are simply a special case of a pipe-enclosed cable.
1.6 INDUCTION CALCULATIONS

Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction calculations are available for any conductors defined as part
of the conductor system. All conductors are assumed to be isolated from the ground, and any inducing
voltages or currents may be specified by the user. These induction calculations are quite independent
from other computations performed by TRALIN.
TRALIN Page 1-4

1.7 GRADIENT CALCULATIONS

When conductors are entered on a circuit basis, TRALIN can be used to calculate the electrostatic
potentials and gradients at all locations, including the surfaces of conductors, using an original and
accurate method called the "Strip Charge Simulation" method. In particular, TRALIN can be used to
determine the maximum electric gradient at the surface of a phase conductor. In this case, the
coordinates of points on the surface of conductors are automatically generated by TRALIN. This is
useful for radio-noise computations.
1.8 RADIO NOISE CALCULATIONS

When conductors are entered on a circuit basis, TRALIN can be used to calculate the radio noise at
observation points or a profile located on the earth surface. When calculating the radio noise, the
program automatically generates the coordinates of points on the surface of all conductors. The
maximum gradient for each conductor is then computed for radio noise calculation. The gradient
calculations use an original and accurate method called the "Strip Charge Simulation" method. The radio
noise calculation is only applied to a three-phase circuit in the present version.
TRALIN Page 1-5

Chapter 2 TRALIN Command Input Files
2 TRALIN COMMAND INPUT FILES
2.1 WHAT'S IN THIS CHAPTER ?

This chapter describes how TRALIN commands are used to create TRALIN input files. Section 2.2 of
this chapter presents an overview of the TRALIN command language. Section 2.3 describes the
hierarchy of TRALIN commands, while Section 2.4 presents an outline (or template) file structure which
describes the majority of TRALIN input files, as well as two typical examples of complete TRALIN
input files. Section 2.5 explains in detail an important aspect of TRALIN input files which is brought up
in Section 2.4: it is possible to enter conductor data using three different methods. The appropriate
choice of method depends on both the types of conductors being specified and the parameters that you
wish to calculate. Section 2.6 gives more detail on the role and function of the commands used in typical
TRALIN input files, such as those included in Section 2.4 and discussed in Section 2.5, as well as
explaining some important but less-often used TRALIN commands which are not included in the sample
input files of Section 2.4.
For best results, use the SICL input data processor to enter the TRALIN commands, described in this
chapter. If you prefer to enter your data on menu-type screens, then use the Input Toolbox input data
processors.
2.2 THE TRALIN INPUT COMMAND LANGUAGE

Every TRALIN input file begins with the Program Command, which is the program name, i.e.,
TRALIN. The body of a TRALIN command file consists of several groups of interrelated commands
called "modules". Each group of commands is introduced by a Module Command. Each Module
Command (or module header) is followed by a series of commands which specify data and parameters
for TRALIN. These are called the Specification Commands. A command is made up of the command
verb, optional qualifiers, and optional or mandatory data variables. Variables and qualifiers specified on
the same command line are separated by commas. Real numbers can be entered with exponents, for
example 2.1E-09 or 0.7E+11 (note that no spaces are allowed before or after the "E"). TRALIN
commands can be abbreviated. A TRALIN input file also includes Standard Commands, which are
general-purpose commands that are unrelated to the engineering calculations of the program, such as
comment lines which are used to describe the input file.
All TRALIN commands are listed in the booklet entitled SES Input Command Language Reference
Guide. Detailed descriptions and definitions of each command and its parameters are given in the
Structured Command Help Reference manual. The entries in this reference are organized
alphabetically, and an index to where each command is found is also provided.
TRALIN Page 2-1

2.3 TRALIN COMMAND HIERARCHY

TRALIN commands are organized according to the hierarchy of TRALIN commands. You can see the
hierarchy of commands and subcommands in TRALIN by observing the nested indenting scheme in the
sample input files given in Figures 2.3, 2.4-A, and 2.4-B of Section 2.4.
At the top of the TRALIN command hierarchy is the Program Command ("TRALIN") which is unique.
Below this level are the Module Commands, then commands belonging to each module, and then the
subcommands belonging to each command.
It is important to note that if an input file is created interactively using the SICL input preprocessor, or if
a manually prepared input file is to be read by SICL, it is possible to skip certain command levels in the
hierarchy. In SICL, any command which takes no qualifiers or variables, and which only serves to
introduce subcommands can be omitted in the input file. SICL will prompt the user to resolve any
ambiguities, or SICL will in the command itself. If the input file is to be read directly by TRALIN (or
any other engineering program), it must include all commands in the hierarchy.
Note also that it is possible to specify the different modules of a TRALIN input file in any order, but
certain error and warning messages may be adversely affected if a logical order is not respected for
certain commands. Consider, for example, the command UNITS of the OPTIONS module; any data
specified before the UNITS command will be assumed to be in METRIC units for the purposes of error-
checking, whether metric or British units are specified by the UNITS command. Within a given module,
commands which are logically independent, for example the commands RUN-IDENTIFI and UNITS of
the OPTIONS module, can be specified in any order. In general, however, you should follow the order
set out in the sample input files of this chapter when specifying most types of data, since many
commands within a module must follow each other in a specific order. Note that if a non-cumulative
command such as UNITS is specified more than once, then the setting specified by the last appearance
of the command in the input file will be retained.
2.4 OUTLINE OF A TYPICAL TRALIN INPUT FILE
2.4.1 Introduction
TRALIN input files can consist of up to 6 modules and dozens of different commands. This reflects
TRALIN's capacity to evaluate many different transmission line parameters and interference effects.
However, the majority of TRALIN input files use only a subset of the modules and commands available
in TRALIN.
A short list of the most critical TRALIN modules and commands is given in Table 2.1. This table
includes all the modules, qualifiers, and commands used in the majority of TRALIN input files. In Table
2.1, commands one level below the module commands in the TRALIN command hierarchy are marked
by a dash (-). Subcommands belonging to a higher-level command are marked by indenting.
TRALIN Page 2-2

MODULE SUBCOMMANDS
- RUN-IDENTIFI
- REDUCTION
OPTIONS - UNITS
- REFERENCE
CONDUCTIVITY
- STRANDS
- GROUP
PIPE
WALL
CABLE
SYSTEM CORE
SHEATH
ARMOUR
- SINGLE
- LINES
CIRCUIT
PHASE
NEUTRAL
PARAMETERS - BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY
SOIL-TYPE - HORIZONTAL
LAYER
Table 2.1 Basic TRALIN Modules, and Subcommands
Although Table 2.1 contains all the commands used in the great majority of TRALIN input files, more
modules and many more commands are available in TRALIN. Figure 2.1 presents a block diagram
showing all the possible TRALIN modules, including the comments section. For a complete list of all
TRALIN Page 2-3

TRALIN modules, qualifiers, and commands, including detailed explanations, see the Structured
Command Help Reference manual.
PROGRAM COMMAND
COMMENTS SECTION
OPTIONS MODULE
GRAPHICS MODULE
SYSTEM MODULE
PARAMETRES MODULES
GRADIENT MODULE
RADIO NOISE MODULE
SOIL-TYPE MODULE
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of a Complete TRALIN Input File
2.4.2 The Elements of a Typical TRALIN Input File

A TRALIN input file includes 4 essential elements: the coordinates of the conductors in cross-section, a
description of the construction and electrical characteristics of the conductors, a model of the soil in the
transmission line corridor being studied (this model can be produced by RESAP), and finally the
energization frequency at which transmission line parameters are to be evaluated. Additionally, the user
can supply algorithm control data, comments, and option data. Note that depending on which method is
used to enter the conductor arrangement data into TRALIN (there are 3 possible methods), the soil
model can have a maximum of either 1 or 2 layers.
In a typical TRALIN input file, the user requests that TRALIN calculate transmission line parameters
such as the self and mutual impedances of the conductors, and their capacitances to ground. Using the
TRALIN commands in the GRADIENT and PARAMETERS modules, the user also can request that
TRALIN calculate other parameters such as electrostatic and electromagnetic induction effects, electric
gradients and radio noise. Gradient calculations are treated in more detail in Appendix D, induction
calculations are covered in Appendix C, while radio noise calculations are treated in more detail in
Appendix E.
TRALIN Page 2-4

A Template TRALIN Input File
A typical TRALIN input file has the type of structure shown in the outline file of Figure 2.2. This outline
file demonstrates the skeleton of an input file used to calculate the self and mutual impedances of
conductors within a right-of-way. This file outline introduces the most common TRALIN commands and
the order in which they would appear in a full input file, but it does not include specific data. Instead, the
file outline of Figure 2.2 is a template, which can be filled with data to represent any right-of-way layout.
The labels and comments included in Figure 2.2 briefly describe the essential elements of a TRALIN
input file. It is especially important to note that three methods exist for entering conductor descriptions
into TRALIN. Of these, the GROUP method is the most powerful, since it can be used to enter any
conductor arrangement, with above or below-ground conductors of any type (i.e. bare wire, cable, or
pipe). Note that when the GROUP method is used, the soil model must be uniform. The two other
methods are: the CIRCUIT method (the middle branch of the outline file) and the CONDUCTOR
method (right branch). Both these methods are only capable of describing bare above-ground conductors.
Details on all three methods can be found in Sections 2.5 and 2.6 of this chapter or in Appendix B.
TRALIN Page 2-5

Figure 2.2 Template Structure of a TRALIN Input File
TRALIN Page 2-6

2.4.3 A Sample Basic TRALIN Input Command File

The template TRALIN input file of Section 2.4.2 is guide to how TRALIN input files are constructed.
This section fills in the blank regions of the template file and presents a typical example of a right-of-
way situation and the TRALIN input files used to model it.
Descriptions of the Physical Situation
Suppose that as part of an interference study between a transmission line and a gas pipeline, it is
necessary to calculate the fault current distribution in the transmission line and induced pipeline
voltages. This can be done using CDEGS' SPLITS and TRALIN modules. TRALIN is used to determine
the self and mutual impedances of the various conductors and metallic paths present in the right-of-way.
These impedances are required by SPLITS to compute currents and induced voltages. The sample study
corresponding to the input files presented here is described fully in the “How To… Engineering
Guide” entitled “Analysis of AC Interference Between Transmission Lines and Pipelines”. In this
study, the transmission line and the gas pipeline are parallel to each other throughout the corridor of
interest. However, in one part of the corridor the transmission line is on overhead wires, while in another
part it goes underground as concrete-encased cables. The arrangement of the conductors in both these
regions is shown in Figure 2.3. Each of these sections must be modeled independently, which results in
two TRALIN input files and two TRALIN runs. Note that each section of a right-of-way where the
conductor positions, conductor characteristics, or soil characteristics are different requires a new
TRALIN input file and hence an additional TRALIN run.
To calculate the transmission line parameters, the coordinates of the transmission line and pipeline
illustrated by Figure 2.3, as well as the appropriate soil model, must be entered into TRALIN. We also
enter appropriate specifications for the electrical properties and construction of the different conductor
types: overhead wire, underground cable, and pipeline, including a description of the pipe and cable
insulation. In addition, we enter instructions on how the calculations should be carried out and what kind
of units we want to use. All this information is contained, once for each region of the right-of-way, in
two TRALIN command files, which is presented in Figures 2.4-A and 2.4-B. Note that since both cases
involve at least one buried conductor (the pipeline) and the second input file also involves insulated
cables, we use the Group method of data entry, which is the only method capable of representing these
types of conductors.
File Listings
Using the short list of commands given in Table 2.1, we can build the TRALIN input files shown in
Figures 2.4-A and 2.4-B, which describe the cases of the above ground and below ground transmission
line, respectively. These input files specify in detail all the essential elements which appear in Figure 2.3:
the phase conductors, the pipeline, and the neutral wire. These files represent realistic TRALIN inputs
and demonstrate almost all the commands given in Table 2.1. These sample files are also presented in
the “How To… Engineering Guide” entitled “Analysis of AC Interference Between Transmission
Lines and Pipelines”.
TRALIN Page 2-7

Figure 2.3 Conductor Arrangement Cross Section in Two Regions of the Right-of-Way
TRALIN Page 2-8

COM,===========================================================================
COM, TRALIN: CONDUCTORS ARE SPECIFIED PER GROUP BASIS
COM, Transmission Line (115kV) + 1 PIPELINE
COM,===========================================================================
TRALIN
TEXT,CONDUCTORS ARE SPECIFIED PER GROUP BASIS
TEXT,Case of aerial cables (TRA_OVER.INP)
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENT,SES_PRIMER_OVERHEAD
UNITS,BRITISH
REDUCTION
ENDMODULE
PARAMETERS
BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY,60.
ENDMODULE
SOIL-TYPE
UNIFORM,283.0,1.,1.
ENDMODULE
SYSTEM
GROUP,GR1,0.0,-3.166
CABLE,CA1,4.004
CORE,CO1,1,4.0,3.677,17.0,300.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR2,25.0,31.0
CABLE,CA2,0.4070
CORE,CO2,2,0.4070,0.0,1.6573,1.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR3,35.0,35.0
CABLE,CA3,0.4070
CORE,CO3,3,0.4070,0.0,1.6573,1.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR4,25.0,39.0
CABLE,CA4,0.4070
CORE,CO4,4,0.4070,0.0,1.6573,1.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR5,30.0,48.0
CABLE,CA5,0.10826
CORE,CO5,5,0.10826,0.06299,1.6573,1.0,0.0,1.0
STRANDS,2,4,18,0.0262,0.1959,0.08267,0.08267,2,2
STRANDS,5,5,7,0.0341,1.159,0.0787,0.0787,2,2
EXIT
Figure 2.4a Sample TRALIN Input File for Overhead Transmission Line
TRALIN Page 2-9

COM,===========================================================================
COM, TRALIN: CONDUCTORS ARE SPECIFIED PER GROUP BASIS
COM, Transmission Line (115kV) + 1 PIPELINE
COM,===========================================================================
TRALIN
TEXT,Case of buried cables (TRA_BURI.INP)
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENT,SES_PRIMER_BURIED
UNITS,BRITISH
REDUCTION
ENDMODULE
PARAMETERS
BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY,60.
ENDMODULE
SOIL-TYPE
UNIFORM,283.0,1.,1.
ENDMODULE
SYSTEM
GROUP,GR1,0.0,-3.1666
CABLE,CA1,4.004
CORE,CO1,1,4.0,3.677,17.0,2000.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR2,1.6666,-5.4999
CABLE,CA2,1.6142
CORE,CO2,2,0.5984,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,1.0
SHEATH,SH5,5,1.500,1.4212,10.1836,1.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR3,2.3333,-5.4999
CABLE,CA3,1.6142
CORE,CO3,3,0.5894,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,1.0
SHEATH,SH6,6,1.500,1.4212,10.1836,1.0,0.0,1.0
GROUP,GR4,2.3333,-4.8333
CABLE,CA4,1.6142
CORE,CO4,4,0.5984,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,1.0
SHEATH,SH7,7,1.500,1.4212,10.1836,1.0,0.0,1.0
STRANDS,2,4,18,0.0459,0.0858,0.5984,0.5984,2,2
EXIT
Figure 2.4b Sample TRALIN Input File for Buried Transmission Line
Note that the input files can be created in a number of ways. They can simply be prepared using a text
editor, or they can be prepared interactively using one of the input preprocessors available in CDEGS:
SICL, SMILS and SIDS. For more information on how to carry out a TRALIN right-of-way analysis,
and on how these files were produced, refer to Chapter 5 of the Running CDEGS manual.
An inspection of the input file confirms that it composed using only modules and commands listed in
Table 2.1 and Standard Commands. Section 2.6 of this chapter explains in detail the role and function of
each of the commands used in the sample input files and the template input file, including Standard
Commands, which are explained in Section 2.6.4. The Structured Command Help Reference manual
gives full definitions of the syntax, action, and variables, for the commands included in the sample input
file, and their alternatives. It also gives full details on TRALIN Standard Commands.
TRALIN Page 2-10

2.5 THE THREE METHODS OF SPECIFYING CONDUCTORS

IN TRALIN
In TRALIN it is possible to specify the conductors in three different ways: the Group method, the
Circuit method, and the Conductor (or single) method. The Group method should be considered the
primary way of entering conductor descriptions into TRALIN since it is the most flexible and powerful.
The other methods should be used primarily to specify certain simple conductor layouts, or when special
parameters are being evaluated. For instance, if you wish to calculate electric potential, gradients and
radio noise, you must choose the Circuit mode. Appendix B gives highly detailed information on the
distinctions between the three methods and on the types of conductors they can specify. This section
presents a more brief discussion of the functional distinctions between the three methods.
The Group Method
It is possible to describe almost any conductor construction using the Group method: insulated, sheathed,
and armored cables, even cables within pipes, as well as solid or stranded wires. This method is also the
only one capable of describing underground conductors such as pipelines. A Group is made up of one or
more cables, which in TRALIN are composed of 3 conductive elements: a central core conductor, a
sheath, and an outer armor layer. These layers may be separated by insulation, and the sheath and armor
are optional (i.e., a cable can in fact be a simple wire). A group of cables can also be enclosed within a
pipe which can be air- or dielectric-filled. Note that only one data entry method may be used in a single
TRALIN run. This is the method demonstrated in the sample input files of Figures 2.4-A and 2.4-B.
The GROUP command specifies the name of the group and the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the
centre of the group (a negative value is used to represent buried conductors or cables). The
subcommands of the GROUP command specify details of the location and construction of the
conductors which make up the group. The CABLE command defines the overall radius of a single
conductor or cable including insulation, if any, and specifies the cable's position relative to the center of
the group. The CORE command describes the innermost conductor of the cable, i.e., the core for a
typical cable and the wire itself for a simple conductor. The SHEATH command describes the sheath of
the cable. Three other commands are sometimes included in this module, although they are more rarely
used and do not appear in the sample input files: the ARMOUR command which specifies the outermost
layer of a cable, and the PIPE and WALL commands which together specify the size and construction of
a pipe which may enclose the cable or cables.
The Circuit and Conductor Methods
In the Circuit data entry method, the description of the conductors is entered using the CIRCUIT,
PHASE, and NEUTRAL commands. These are introduced by the LINES command. The Circuit method
is useful when the conductors are arranged in regular bundles of identical uninsulated conductors. The
use of these commands can be seen in the template file given in Figure 2.4. The CIRCUIT command is
used to specify the composition of a group of identical bundles. The PHASE subcommand then
identifies the phase bundles and specifies their location. The NEUTRAL command describes the size
and location of neutral or skywire conductors. As explained in Section 2.6, if you want to calculate
potential , electric gradients or radio noise, you must use the Circuit data entry method.
TRALIN Page 2-11

In cases where the phase conductors are not regularly arranged as required by the CIRCUIT data entry
method, and only simple bare conductors are being specified, it is possible to use the Conductor mode to
enter data. This is done using the SINGLE command, which specifies the location, size and energization
of the each conductor individually.
2.6 ESSENTIAL TRALIN MODULES
2.6.1 Introduction
This section provides an overview of the modules and commands which are used to prepare the majority
TRALIN input files. The function of each module is explained, and for each module the commands
belonging to that module are listed and explained. You should refer to the sample input files given in
Figures 2.4-A and 2.4-B and the template input file of Figure 2.2 as examples of the usage and syntax of
the basic modules and commands explained in this section.
A complete list of all TRALIN commands and parameters is presented in the Structured Command
Help Reference manual.
2.6.2 Conventions
Modules listed in this section appear at the far left of the page, in bold capital letters, and underlined.
Commands listed in this section appear in bold capital letters. When a command is a portion of word,
the original letters missing from the command are included for clarity, but they are printed in lower case
characters. An example of such a listing is the command "RUN-IDENTIFIcation".
2.6.3 Sections, Modules, and Commands of a Typical TRALIN Input File

TRALIN Program Command
When a command input file is read by TRALIN (or any other CDEGS program), interpretation of the
commands in the file does not begin until the Program Command is encountered. Preceding lines are
treated as comments. For this reason it is customary to have the Program Command as the first line
of the input file. The program command consists of the program name, i.e., TRALIN.
Comments Section
A maximum of 10 comment lines to be written to the output file can be entered at the top of the input
file with the TEXT command.
TRALIN Page 2-12

OPTIONS Module
This module includes commands which affect the contents and presentation of a TRALIN output
file. Some commands in this module also serve to specify how the conductor systems are handled by
TRALIN. The OPTIONS command itself only marks the beginning of the module and does not
cause any action on behalf of TRALIN. It must be specified in order for its subcommands to be
processed, but it takes no variables or qualifiers.
Key Commands:
UNITS:
This command specifies the system of units used to specify input data: British or Metric.
RUN-IDENTIFIer:
This command is used to specify a label string which is included in all printouts and plots
produced during a run.
REDUCTION:
This command causes TRALIN to replace all conductors belonging to the same phase and
circuit (i.e. a conductor bundle) by an equivalent single conductor. TRALIN then calculates
line parameters on a per-phase basis for the new system in addition to performing the
calculations on a per-conductor basis. The REDUCTION command is useful for program
SPLITS which requires that line parameters be entered in reduced form. Indeed, a SPLITS-
compatible data file is generated by TRALIN when the REDUCTION command is specified.
SEQUENCE:
This command instructs the program to produce sequence components of transmission line
parameters in the printout.
LARGE-RADIUS:
This command enables/disables TRALIN warnings issued when conductor radii larger than 1
meter or 3.3 feet are specified. This command is inactive in GROUP mode.
REFERENCE:
This command introduces the subcommand set which establishes reference values for
permeability, permittivity, insulation conductivity, and conductor resistivity. This command
must be specified in order for its subcommands (CONDUCTIVITY, PERMEABILITY,
PERMITTIVITY, RESISTIVITY) to be processed. It has no variables or qualifiers.
TRALIN Page 2-13

CONDUCTIVITY:
This command specifies the base value to be used when insulation conductivity values are
entered in the SYSTEM module. All insulation conductivity values entered in the SYSTEM
module are assumed by TRALIN to be relative to the value specified in this command.
PERMEABILITY:
This command specifies the magnetic permeability value of free space. This value is used in
computations an as a base value when magnetic permeability values are entered in the
SYSTEM and SOIL-TYPE modules.
PERMITTIVITY:
This command specifies the permittivity value of free space. This value is used in
computations an as a base value when magnetic permeability values are entered in the
SYSTEM and SOIL-TYPE modules.
RESISTIVITY:
This command specifies the base value to be used when conductor resistivity values are
entered in the SYSTEM module.
SYSTEM Module
This module is used to enter data about the transmission line conductors and any other conductors in
the vicinity of the transmission line. The data includes the configuration of the conductors in cross-
section, the electrical characteristics of the transmission lines and conductors, and details of the
construction of the transmission line. This command must be specified in order for its subcommands
to be processed. It has no variables or qualifiers.
The user can choose between three modes of entering the system description:
GROUP: This is the primary input mode for TRALIN, since it is the most flexible, and this
mode must be used if the system contains underground, insulated, or pipe-
enclosed conductors. When the GROUP mode is used, the soil model must be
uniform (i.e., only 1 layer).
CIRCUIT: This mode is used for systems consisting entirely of aboveground, uninsulated
conductors, where conductors are arranged into bundles of identical conductors. It
is also assumed that all bundles are of the identical type. Within a bundle, the
conductors are assumed to be regularly positioned along the perimeter of a circle.
The soil model can contain up to 2 horizontal earth layers. If the user wishes to
calculate potential , electric gradients or radio noise, the conductors must be
specified in CIRCUIT mode.
TRALIN Page 2-14

SINGLE: This mode is also used for systems consisting of aboveground, uninsulated
conductors, but in this case the conductors do not have to grouped into regular
bundles, as required by the CIRCUIT mode. The conductors are described one at
time. This mode is more flexible but more time-consuming than the CIRCUIT
mode.
Note: only one data entry mode can be used in any given TRALIN run.
Key Commands:
GROUP:
This command specifies the location of the center of the conductor group to the program and
labels the group. GROUP mode must be used if the transmission line system contains
underground, pipe-enclosed, or insulated conductors. The soil model can contain only one
layer (uniform soil). Available calculations are line parameters and induction calculations.
CABLE:
This command specifies a cable's size and position relative to the group center. In GROUP
mode, a cable is the basic conductor unit. In TRALIN, a cable is defined as consisting of up
to 3 concentric conductors, each with an outer layer of insulation. The center conductor, or
core, may be a simple or stranded conductor. It is described using the CORE and STRANDS
commands. Just outside the core is the cable sheath, which is described using the SHEATH
command. The outermost conductor is the armor, which is described by the ARMOUR
command. Note that a cable must have a core, but if the cable does not have armor or a
sheath, simply omit the corresponding ARMOUR or SHEATH command.
The subcommands of the CABLE command are the commands CORE, SHEATH, and
ARMOUR. These subcommands describe the size and electrical properties of the cable's
core, sheath, and armor conductors and their respective insulations. The variables and syntax
for all three commands are identical.
CORE:
This command describes the core (central) conductor of a cable. Note that not more than one
CORE command may follow a given CABLE command. The CORE command is often
followed by the STRANDS command which specifies core characteristics not specified by
CORE. Note that if STRANDS is not specified, TRALIN will assume that the core is solid
(i.e. non-stranded).
SHEATH:
TRALIN Page 2-15

This command describes the sheath conductor of a cable. Note that not more than one
SHEATH command may follow a given CABLE command.
ARMOUR:
This command describes the armor conductor of a cable. Note that not more than one
ARMOUR command may follow a given CABLE command.
PIPE:
This command describes some of the characteristics of the optional group enclosure or pipe.
The characteristics of the pipe wall are specified with the WALL subcommand. These
commands are specified only once per group, and note that PIPE and WALL are optional
commands, which can simply be omitted if the group does not have an enclosure.
WALL:
This command describes some of the characteristics of the optional group enclosure or pipe.
LINES:
This command specifies that conductor data is to be entered in Circuit mode, and introduces
the command set which inputs the conductor data. Circuit mode is useful for transmission
line systems where all conductors are aboveground, uninsulated and grouped in regular
bundles. All the bundles in a given circuit are assumed to be identical. This allows rapid entry
of the system description. The soil model can contain a maximum of two (horizontal) earth
layers. Conductors can be solid or stranded. If the user wants to calculate electrostatic and
gradients the conductors must be specified in Circuit mode.
In order to define a transmission line system using Circuit mode, simply enter one CIRCUIT
command for every group of identical bundles; then use one PHASE command per bundle to
specify its location. The NEUTRAL command may be used independently of the CIRCUIT
command to define neutral conductors.
This command must be specified in order for its subcommands to be processed. It has no
variables or qualifiers.
TRALIN Page 2-16

CIRCUIT:
This command identifies conductor bundles and specifies their composition when bundles are
entered in the Circuit mode. By default all conductors defined using CIRCUIT are assumed
to be solid (non-stranded) and of the default material (annealed copper, unless it is explicitly
changed by issuing the REFERENCE command). Stranded conductors with non-default
properties are defined using the STRANDS command in conjunction with the CIRCUIT
command. The location of the bundles is given by the PHASE command.
PHASE:
This command identifies the phase bundles and specifies their locations. The PHASE
command must be used for every phase bundle present in a given circuit. Any set of PHASE
commands must be preceded by a CIRCUIT command to indicate to which circuit the set of
phase bundles belong.
NEUTRAL:
This command is used to describe neutral conductors (typically ground conductors) on an

individual basis, when conductor data is entered in Circuit mode. Note that when the
NEUTRAL command is used, the conductor it specifies is automatically assigned a phase
number of 0. This causes conductors specified with the NEUTRAL command to be
eliminated in the line parameter matrix reduction. If this is not desirable, enter the conductor
as a phase conductor element of a new circuit, using the CIRCUIT and PHASE commands.
SINGLE:
This command specifies the location, size, and identification of conductors entered in
SINGLE mode. SINGLE mode is useful for transmission systems for which all conductors
are above ground and uninsulated. The conductors are described one at a time. SINGLE
mode is the mode of choice when conductors are not grouped in regular bundles as required
by CIRCUIT mode. Soil models containing 1, 2, or 3 layers can be used.
Unless otherwise specified by the STRANDS command, all conductors defined by SINGLE
are assumed to be solid (non-stranded) conductors with the default permeability and
conductivity values. These defaults apply to annealed copper unless changed using the
REFERENCE command. Stranded conductors with non-default properties are defined using
the STRANDS command in conjunction with the LINES command.
STRANDS:
A central conductor (i.e. one specified either using the CORE, SINGLE, NEUTRAL or
CIRCUIT commands) can be either solid or stranded. If the central conductor is stranded,
the STRANDS command of the SYSTEM module is used to specify the construction of the
TRALIN Page 2-17

central conductor(s), and can also be used to specify the permeability and conductivity of
conductors defined using the SINGLE, PHASE and NEUTRAL commands.
By default, all conductors defined with the above four commands are assumed to be solid
(non-stranded) conductors. Furthermore, conductors defined with the SINGLE, PHASE, and
NEUTRAL commands are assumed to have default permeability and conductivity values.
These defaults apply to annealed copper unless changed using the REFERENCE command.
If a given conductor is stranded or made of a material other than copper, then the stranding
and electrical characteristics should be specified for that conductor using the STRANDS
command.
Note: When you specify conductors in GROUP mode, and you elect to specify permeability
and/or resistivity values for the conductors, then the corresponding permeability
and/or resistivity values should be specified with the CORE command.
PARAMETERS Module
This command identifies the set of subcommands which control the base values and accuracies used
by TRALIN. It also identifies subcommands controlling induced voltage calculations.
Key Commands:
INDUCTION:
This command instructs TRALIN to carry out induction calculations. The induced
electrostatic voltage, or the induced electromagnetic voltage, or both, can be calculated. This
command also introduces the subcommands CONDUCTOR, CURRENTS, and
VOLTAGE, which specify which conductor to calculate induced voltages for, and the
voltages and currents on the other conductors which are inducing those voltages.
BASE-VALUES:
This command identifies the command subgroup which establishes base values for the
program, such as the power frequency and desired accuracy. Typically the user will specify
the power frequencies and use the program's default accuracy values. This command must be
specified in order for its subcommands to be processed. It has no variables or qualifiers.
FREQUENCY:
This command specifies which frequencies are to used for the line parameter and induced
voltage calculations. A maximum of 25 frequencies may specified one at a time with the
FREQUENCY command when the Group data entry mode is used; the maximum is 1 when
Conductor or Circuit modes are used. Frequencies are specified in hertz.
TRALIN Page 2-18

BESSEL:
This command introduces the subcommand set which specifies the accuracy with which
Bessel function series are to be evaluated. The subcommands are INCREMENT,
EVALUATION, TERMS, and SUMMATION. Normally, these values are determined
automatically by the program.
ACCURACY:
This command specifies the accuracy for evaluation of the enclosure series and for the
numerical integration algorithm.
SERIES-TERMS:
This command specifies the maximum number of series terms for the evaluation of enclosure
functions.
INTEGRATION:
This command specifies to what extent TRALIN is to use asymptotic approximations and
automatically determined integration parameters for calculating mutual and self impedances
when conductor data is entered in GROUP mode. It also introduces the subcommands STEP
and UPPER-LIMIT. Normally, these parameters are set automatically by the program.
GRADIENT Module
This module is used to evaluate electrostatic potentials and gradients. These calculations are
available only when conductors are entered in CIRCUIT mode. Both the electric potential and
electric field (potential gradient) may be calculated at any group of points around the system,
including conductor surfaces. More detail on electric and potential gradient calculations are given in
Appendix D.
RADIO NOISE Module
This module is used to evaluate radio noises. These calculations are available only when conductors
are entered in CIRCUIT mode. Radio noise may be calculated at any group of points or a profile on
the surface of ground. More detail on radio noise calculations are given in Appendix E.
Key Commands:
RESULTS:
Specifies whether gradients are calculated as per-unit relative to a reference voltage or as

actual values.
TRALIN Page 2-19

REFERENCE:
This command is used to enter the voltage to which per-unit specifications refer.
DISTRIBUTION:
This command specifies the instantaneous line voltages of the phases of all circuits.
DETERMINE:
This command introduces the subcommands PROFILE, SURFACE, INDIVIDUAL, and

POINT, which define the locations at which gradients or potentials are to be calculated. It
also specifies whether gradient calculations or potential calculations (or both) are desired at
these points.
STRIP:
This command describes the polygon used to model the cross section of conductors for the
gradient or radio noise calculations.
RADIO NOISE Module:
This command introduces the subcommands PROFILE and POINT, which define the
locations at which radio noises are to be calculated. It also specifies the FREQUENCY of
radio noise which is to be used in the radio noise calculation.
SOIL-TYPE Module
This command identifies the set of subcommands which describe the soil model selected by the user.
The current version of TRALIN only permits uniform soil models when conductors are specified in
Group mode, and up to 2 soil layers when conductors are entered in Single or Circuit mode.
Key Commands:
UNIFORM:
This command instructs the program to select an earth model with a soil that is uniform and
infinite. This is the only soil model available when the conductors are specified in Group
mode. The UNIFORM command specifies the soil resistivity (in ohm-m). A uniform soil of
100 ohm-m resistivity is the default model when no specific soil model is designated.
HORIZONTAL:
TRALIN Page 2-20

This command readies the program to accept the description of a horizontal soil model
having a two-layer structure. Two-layer soil models can be used when the conductors are
entered in Single and Circuit mode only. Should the actual structure consist of more than two
layers, then an equivalent two layer structure should be used. This equivalent 2-layer
structure must be determined by the user. This command must be specified in order for its
subcommands to be processed. It has no variables or qualifiers.
LAYER:
This command specifies the position, resistivity, and thickness of the layers making up a 2-
layer earth model. The command must be specified once for the top layer in the soil model,
and once for the bottom layer.
2.6.4 TRALIN Standard Commands

COMMENT:
This command allows the user to insert a comment line into the TRALIN command input file and
the session save file. The exclamation mark "!" can be used as a synonym for COMMENT.
ENDPROGRAM or EXIT or ENDFILE:
This command signals the end of the input file.
ENDMODULE:
ENDMODULE instructs TRALIN to exit the module to which the most recently specified command
belongs.
TEXT:
This command is used to insert comment lines at the beginning of the output file.
TRALIN Page 2-21

Chapter 3 Sample Computer Run: Conductor Basis
3 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: CONDUCTOR

BASIS
In this chapter and the following two, examples describe typical transmission lines commonly
encountered on power systems.
In this chapter a 230 kV transmission line is analyzed. Data is specified on a conductor basis.
3.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The double circuit 230 kV transmission line considered is shown in Figure 3.1. The heights of the
conductors shown are assumed to be average values. The characteristics of the conductors are also
shown in Figure 3.1. The soil modeled is uniform, with a resistivity of 100 ohm-m.
In this sample run, the two ground wires have been labeled as Phase 7 because the mutual coupling
between the phase wires and the ground wires was needed after bundle reduction. If the ground wires
had been labeled as ground wires by assigning them a zero phase number, they would have been
eliminated before the bundle reduction process.
Note also that in this run, the phase conductors of the second circuit have been labeled 4, 5 and 6,
because the mutual coupling between both circuits was also needed. If instead, 1, 2, and 3 had been used
to identify these phases, the program would have reduced the system into an equivalent three phase
system.
Another way to prevent the reduction of both circuits into an equivalent one is to identify the conductors
of each circuit accordingly, i.e., use the circuit number facility to label Conductors 1 and 2 as Phase 1 of
Circuit 1 and Conductors 9 and 10 as Phase 1 of Circuit 2.
Section 3.2 shows the TRALIN input file corresponding to this model. Both a user readable printout file
and a SPLITS-compatible data file are produced by this TRALIN simulation. Note that the
REDUCTION command in the OPTIONS module must be specified in order for the SPLITS-compatible
file to be produced. For more details on these files, refer to Section 1.3 of Chapter 1.
TRALIN Page 3-1

Figure 3.1 230 kV Transmission Line
TRALIN Page 3-2

3.2 TRALIN INPUT FILE
TRALIN
TEXT,===========================================================================
TEXT, **** Case: SAMPLE 230 kV ****
TEXT, ! ! ! ! ! ! !
TEXT,123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789
TEXT,===========================================================================
DONE
COMM,===========================================================================
OPTIONS
UNITS,british
REDUCTION
RUN-IDENTIF,230 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
SOIL-TYPE
UNIFORM,100.
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
PARAMETERS
BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY,60.0
ACCURACY,0.000001
SERIES-TERMS,100
INTEGRATION
STEP,0.1
UPPER-LIMIT,0.3
ENDMODULE
COMM,---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM
SINGLE,1, 1, .5504, 16.75, 92.5
SINGLE,1, 1, .5504, 15.25, 92.5
SINGLE,1, 2, .5504, 39.75, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 2, .5504, 38.25, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 3, .5504, 16.75, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 3, .5504, 15.25, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 4, .5504, -16.75, 92.5
SINGLE,1, 4, .5504, -15.25, 92.5
SINGLE,1, 5, .5504, -39.75, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 5, .5504, -38.25, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 6, .5504, -16.75, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 6, .5504, -15.25, 70.5
SINGLE,1, 7, .1925, 24.00, 115.
SINGLE,1, 7, .453, -24.00, 115.
STRANDS,1,12,26,0.0375,0.1306,0.0875,0.204,2,3
STRANDS,13,13,7,0.002085,2.785,0.064,0.064,2,3
STRANDS,14,14,7,0.0353,0.3121,0.151,0.151,2,3
ENDMODULE
ENDPROGRAM
TRALIN Page 3-3

Chapter 4 Sample Computer Run: Circuit Basis
4 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: CIRCUIT BASIS

This chapter describes a 420 kV class transmission line which is specified on a circuit basis.

The second sample run is based on a single 420 kV circuit. The transmission line considered is shown in
Figure 4.1. The geometry and characteristics of the conductors are shown in this figure.
Note that when the overhead ground wires are shown as neutral wires (phase = 0), each ground wire is
considered to constitute one separate circuit in itself.
The characteristics of the phase conductors are described by relative permeability and ac resistance. The
characteristics of the ground wire are described using the GMR and the ac resistance.
Section 4.2 shows the TRALIN input file corresponding to this model. Both a user-readable printout file
and a SPLITS-compatible data file are produced by this TRALIN simulation. Note that the
REDUCTION command in the OPTIONS module must be specified in order for the SPLITS-compatible
file to be produced. For more details on these files, refer to Section 1.3 of Chapter 1.
Note that electromagnetic and electrostatic induction calculations have been requested in this sample run
for Conductor 7. The calculations have been carried out assuming that this conductor is open at both
ends. In the printout, the induction calculation results are printed immediately before the line parameters
are.
Note also that the sequence component transmission line parameters have been requested, and are shown
in the printout after the bundle reduction and ground wire elimination processes. Finally, electric
potential and gradient calculations are performed by the Gradient Calculation Module, and radio noise
calculations are performed by the Radio Noise Calculation Module.
TRALIN Page 4-1

Figure 4.1 420 kV Single Circuit Line
TRALIN Page 4-2


TRALIN
TEXT,==============================================================================
TEXT, **** Case: SAMPLE 420 kV ****
TEXT,==============================================================================
TEXT,123456789|123456789|123456789|123456789|123456789|123456789|123456789|12345678
TEXT,==============================================================================
DONE
COMM,===========================================================================
OPTIONS
UNITS,METRIC
SEQUENCE
RUN-IDENTIF,420 KV (PATRA+GRADI)
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
SOIL-TYPE
UNIFORM,300.
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
PARAMETERS
BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY,50.0
ACCURACY,0.000001
SERIES-TERMS,100
INTEGRATION
STEP,0.1
UPPER-LIMIT,0.3
COMM,---------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDUCTION,BOTH
CONDUCTOR,7
CURRENT,1,2,1.7
CURRENT,3,4,-0.25,0.433
CURRENT,5,6,-0.25,-0.433
CURRENT,8,8,0.2
VOLTAGE,1,8,0.0,0.0
VOLTAGE,3,4,-0.25,0.433
VOLTAGE,5,6,-0.25,-0.433
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
GRADIENT
RESULTS,PER-UNIT
REFERENCE,PHASE-PHASE,420.
STRIP,24,0.0
DISTRIBUTION,1,1,1.0
DISTRIBUTION,1,2,-0.5
DISTRIBUTION,1,3,-0.5
DETERMINE,BOTH
SURFACE,50,4,1
PROFILE,70,-20.0, 1.0,20., 1.0
PROFILE,70,-20.0,14.0,20.,14.0
ENDMODULE
COMM,===========================================================================
RADIO-NOISE,1000000
POINT,2
POINT,7
PROFILE, 100,-50,50
COMM,===========================================================================
SYSTEM
LINES
CIRCUIT,LINE A,2,0.228,180.,0.0152527
TRALIN Page 4-3

PHASE,PH A,1,-9.0,15.3
PHASE,PH B,2, 0.0,15.3
PHASE,PH C,3, 9.0,15.3
NEUTRAL,NEUT,0.00489,-6.15,25.0
NEUTRAL,NEUT,0.00489,6.15,25.0
STRANDS,1,1,37,1.0,0.0615,0.002178,0.0,1,3
STRANDS,2,3,7,0.00063,1.720,0.001633,0.0,2,3
ENDMODULE
ENDPROGRAM
TRALIN Page 4-4

Chapter 5 Sample Computer Run: Group Basis
5 SAMPLE COMPUTER RUN: GROUP BASIS

This chapter describes a 420 kV transmission line along with a pipe-type cable, which have been
specified on a group basis.

The final example involves overhead and buried conductors and cables as shown in Figure 5.1.
Note that in this example, the sheaths and armors of the cables are all assumed to be solidly grounded
and regularly bonded to the neutral wire and sky wires (this is achieved by specifying a zero phase
number for this conductors in the input file). If in practice this is not the case, it would be advisable to
assign a positive phase number value to each ensemble of nonenergized interconnected metallic paths.
Section 5.2 shows the TRALIN input file corresponding to this model. The resulting computer printout
is included in the file TRALIOUT.PUT, which is shipped with the TRALIN program. A SPLITS-
compatible data file is also produced by this TRALIN simulation. Note that the REDUCTION command
in the OPTIONS module must be specified in order for the SPLITS-compatible file to be produced. For
more details on these files, refer to Section 1.3 of Chapter 1.
TRALIN Page 5-1

Figure 5.1 420 kV Single Circuit Line and One Pipe-Type Cable
TRALIN Page 5-2


TRALIN
COMM,==========================================================================
COMM, **** Case: ONE CABLE + 8 WIRES (420 kV) ****
COMM,==========================================================================
TEXT,TEST WITH TRALIN
TEXT,Case of overhead conductors (6 phases, 2 skywires, 1 pipe-type cable)
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENT,One cable + 8 wires
UNITS,METRIC
REDUCTION
SEQUENCE
HIGH-FREQUE,YES,25.0
REFERENCE
CONDUCTIVITY,1.0,-14
RESISTIVITY,1.7241,-8
PERMEABILITY,1.25664,-6
PERMITTIVITY,8.854,-12
ENDMODULE
PARAMETERS
BASE-VALUES
FREQUENCY,50.
ACCURACY,0.0001
SERIES-TERMS,15
INTEGRATION
STEP,.1
UPPER-LIMIT,.4
ENDMODULE
SOIL-TYPE
UNIFORM,300.,1.,1.
ENDMODULE
SYSTEM
GROUP,GR-1,-9.228,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-1,1,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-2,-8.772,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-1,1,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-3,-0.228,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-2,2,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-4,0.228,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-2,2,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-5,8.772,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-3,3,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-6,9.228,15.3
CABLE,CA-1,0.015253
CORE,PH-3,3,0.015253,0.0,2.604167,1.,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-7,-6.150,25.0
CABLE,CA-1,0.00489
CORE,NEUT,0,0.00489,0.0,2.604167,8.2,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-8,6.150,25.0
TRALIN Page 5-3

CABLE,CA-1,0.00489
CORE,NEUT,0,0.00489,0.0,2.604167,8.2,0.0,1.
GROUP,GR-9,15.0,1.0
CABLE,CA-1,0.07,-30.0,.1
CORE,PH-1,1,0.02,0.01,1.,1.,0.0,10.
SHEATH,NEUT,0,0.04,0.03,7.002801,20.,0.0,12.
ARMOUR,NEUT,0,0.06,0.05,8.000000,30.,0.0,14.
CABLE,CA-2,0.07,210,.1
CORE,PH-2,2,0.02,0.01,1.,1.,0.0,10.
SHEATH,NEUT,0,0.04,0.03,7.002801,20.,0.0,12.
ARMOUR,NEUT,0,0.06,0.05,8.000000,30.,0.0,14.
CABLE,CA-3,0.07,90,.1
CORE,PH-3,3,0.02,0.01,1.,1.,0.0,10.
SHEATH,NEUT,0,0.04,0.03,7.002801,20.,0.0,12.
ARMOUR,NEUT,0,0.06,0.05,8.000000,30.,0.0,14.
PIPE,.28,0.0,10.,1.
WALL,NEUT,0,0.22,0.20,7.002801,20.,0.0,15.
STRANDS,1,11,
ENDPROGRAM
TRALIN Page 5-4

Appendix A Earth Representation
APPENDIX A
EARTH REPRESENTATION
The characteristics of the air/soil environment surrounding transmission line conductors have an
important effect on line parameter calculations. Hence, TRALIN allows the user to specify this
environment in detail. Figure A.1 illustrates a horizontally-layered air/soil structure consisting of one air
layer and three soil layers.
ρo εo µo Air
_____________________
h1 ρ1 ε1 µ1 Top Earth Layer
_____________________
h2 ρ2 ε2 µ2 Middle Earth Layer
_____________________
ρ3 ε3 µ3 Bottom Earth Layer
Figure A.1 Earth Structure
The data required to describe each layer is the following:
h: thickness of layer. This is infinite for the air layer and bottom earth layer: simply leave
this entry blank when this is the case.
ρ: resistivity of layer. For air, the value is enormous (order of 1.0E+37 ohm-meters): this
entry should be left blank for air.
µ: relative permittivity of layer
ε: relative permeability of layer
When conductors are entered on a conductor or circuit basis, the earth model may contain anywhere
from 2 layers (air + uniform soil) to 4 layers (1 air layer and 3 earth layers); however, conductors must
all be above ground level.
When conductors are entered on a group basis, the earth model may contain either 1 or 2 layers (the
latter representing an air + uniform soil case); however, conductors may be both above and below
ground level.
Earth models with several earth layers can be valuable when earth characteristics are known and are
obviously far from being uniform. A nonuniform soil affects the line parameters at power frequencies.
At high frequencies, the parameters are only affected by the top few feet of earth: consequently a
uniform soil approach is adequate.
TRALIN Page A-1

Appendix A Earth Representation
Finally, note that Carson's method is used to compute line parameters when conductors are specified on
a conductor or circuit basis, and there are two layers: in this case, user-specified permittivity and
permeability values are ignored by the program.
TRALIN Page A-2

Appendix B Conductor Data
APPENDIX B
CONDUCTOR DATA
B.1 INTRODUCTION
A variety of conductors, ranging from simple bare solid wires to insulated pipe-enclosed coaxial cable
groups with stranded cores, may be modeled using the TRALIN program. The electrical characteristics
of such conductors may be specified by various means. Because of this large variety in the input data, a
detailed discussion is in order. This appendix describes how to specify the physical make-up of a
conductor to the TRALIN program, as well as its electrical characteristics.
The TRALIN program is organized into two different portions, each of which allows the specification of
different types of conductors, and which proceeds somewhat differently when the electrical
characteristics are specified. These two portions are: Conductor or Circuit Specification Mode and
Group Specification Mode.
B.2 CONDUCTOR OR CIRCUIT SPECIFICATION MODE
B.2.1 Conductor Types

When conductors are entered on a conductor or circuit basis, all must be situated above the earth's
surface. They may be of any of the three types illustrated in Figure B.1.
The physical appearance of the conductor is described by the following data:
Conductor Radius
Radius of Outer Strands. Note that "outer strands" are all strands not in the core.
Radius of Core
These quantities are illustrated in Figure B.1. Note that not all of these quantities have a significance for
the three conductor types and are therefore not illustrated: in particular, a solid conductor does not have a
core radius or an outer strand radius; a stranded (non-composite) conductor does not have a core radius.
In these cases, the user should set the undefined quantities to zero for input to the program.
TRALIN Page B-1

Figure B.1 Available Conductor Types for Conductor or Circuit Specification Mode
B.2.2 Conductor Electrical Characteristics

Electrical data of transmission line conductors is normally obtained from standard tables (see Reference
[4] for example) or from manufacturer catalogues. This data is not always compiled in the same form by
the various manufacturers; it also varies from one country to another. In consequence, TRALIN accepts
the electrical data necessary for defining a conductor's internal impedance under various forms, and
adapts it accordingly. The switches or codes specified with the STRANDS command indicate under
what form the user is entering this data for a given conductor.
Some means of specifying electrical characteristics are more suitable than others, depending upon the
operating frequency and the structure of the conductor. This is discussed below. Note however, that
these values are used to determine the internal impedance of the conductors, which in general represents
only about 10% of the total impedance; hence, inaccuracies are diminished by a factor of 10 in the
calculation results. The internal impedance consists of the sum of an internal reactance and an internal
resistance.
Internal Reactance
Internal Reactance is specified by the user as one of the following:
Relative Permeability (with respect to free space)

Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)
Reactance at 1 Foot Spacing
The choice of value is made according to availability, and all are equally accurate. Relative permeability
is generally specified for solid (uniform) conductors, while GMR and reactance at 1 foot spacing are
used for stranded and composite conductors.
TRALIN Page B-2

Internal Resistance
Internal Resistance is specified as one of the following:
Relative Resistivity (with respect to annealed copper)

DC Resistance
AC Resistance
At low frequencies (less than 2 kHz), user-specified values are converted to AC resistance before
calculations begin. Hence it is most accurate in this case to specify the AC resistance of the conductor at
the operating frequency of the analysis, as no conversion is then required of the program. If relative
resistivity or DC resistance are specified, conversion to AC resistance is carried out as follows, and the
reader can judge how accurate this will be for the situation at hand:
Relative Resistivity / (π x (Conductor Radius)2) → AC Resistance
DC Resistance → AC Resistance (no true conversion)
The program does not carry out any skin effect adjustments.
At high frequencies (greater than 2 kHz), user-specified values are converted to resistivity before
calculations begin. Hence, it is most accurate in this case to specify the relative resistivity of the
conductor. This is of course straightforward if the conductor is uniform (solid, or at least stranded and
non composite). For composite stranded conductors at high frequencies, due to the skin effect, resistivity
of only the outermost part of the conductor is of interest. It is possible to determine the skin depth using
Equation B-1.
1
G
a Sf PV f
1/ 2 (B-1)
where
G = skin depth in meters
f = frequency in Hertz
P = permeability of conductor in Henries/m
V = conductivity of conductor in Siemens/m
DC resistance of the conductor may also be specified, while AC resistance is not recommended, unless it
is specified for a low frequency such as 60 Hz. The conversion of these to resistivity values by the
program is carried out as follows:
AC or DC Resistance x π x (Conductor Radius)2 → Resistivity (no frequency adjustment)
TRALIN Page B-3

Note for DC resistance that "area represented by outer strands" is equal to the conductor cross section for
solid conductors. Skin effect adjustments are carried out by the program when it calculates the internal
impedance at high frequencies.
B.3 GROUP SPECIFICATION MODE
B.3.1 Group Definition

When conductors are entered on a group basis, they may be situated both above and below the earth's
surface. Not only can the conductor types described in the previous section ("Conductor or Circuit
Specification Mode") be specified, but coaxial cables and pipes are also allowed. Furthermore, any
number of cables or other conductors may be located within a pipe enclosure. Hence, group specification
mode is the most flexible and comprehensive means of entering conductor data.
GROUP
ONE OR MORE OPTIONAL PIPE
CABLES ENCLOSURE
CABLE CORE OPTIONAL SHEATH OPTIONAL ARMOUR
Figure B.2 Structure of a Group
Figure B.2 shows the structure of a group; Figure B.3 illustrates various types of possible groups. In its
simplest form, it consists of just one cable core (no pipe enclosure, no cable sheath or armor); e.g., a
stranded Phase A conductor of a transmission line. In its most general form, it consists of several cables
arbitrarily located within a bare or insulated metallic pipe enclosure. Each cable may consist of several
concentric metallic paths (up to 3 in this version of the program) separated by arbitrary insulating
materials. The inner or central path is the cable core. The next concentric paths are the sheath and the
armor. The sheath and armor are assumed to be uniform, as is the pipe enclosure. The core may be one
TRALIN Page B-4

of several types as discussed below. Note that when a pipe enclosure does not exist, each cable should be
entered as a separate group. Note, it is important that the thickness of each pipe enclosure (if any) wall
could be any value weather it is greater than the skin depth at the analysis frequency or not (see
Equation B-1).
Figure B.3 Various Types of Possible Groups
Each metallic path is assigned a phase number as defined by the user. A zero phase number may be used
to identify conductors which are to be eliminated when line parameter matrices are reduced to yield
parameters on a phase basis: this is sometimes done for neutral conductors, i.e., conductors which are
not directly energized (skywires, counterpoises, cable sheaths and armors, etc.), and the line parameters
of the other conductors are altered by TRALIN to take this elimination into account. If elimination of
neutral conductors is not desirable, nonzero phase numbers should be assigned to them.
TRALIN Page B-5

B.3.2 Core Conductor Types

All conductor paths other than the cable core are uniform: hence, specification of these to TRALIN is
straightforward and will not be discussed further. The cable core, however, may consist of any one of
four conductor types, as illustrated in Figure B.4.
Figure B.4 Available Conductor Types for Cable Cores
The physical appearance of the conductor is described by the following data:
Inner Radius
Outer Radius
Radius of Outer Strands. Note that "outer strands" are all strands not in the core.
Radius of Core
These quantities are illustrated in Figure B.4. Note that not all of them have a significance for the four
conductor types and are therefore not illustrated: in particular, a solid conductor does not have an inner
radius, a core radius, or an outer strand radius; a hollow conductor does not have a core radius or outer
strand radius; etc. In these cases, the user should set the undefined quantities to zero for input to the
program.
B.3.3 Cable Core Electrical Characteristics

As described in Section B.2.2, electrical characteristics may be expressed in various forms to specify a
conductor's internal reactance (relative permeability, GMR, reactance at 1 foot spacing) and internal
resistance (relative resistivity, DC resistance, AC resistance). The remarks made in Section B.2.2 apply
to cable cores, except for the differences discussed here.
Firstly, no distinction is made between "low frequency" and "high frequency" when Group Specification
Mode is chosen: skin effect adjustments are always made; internal resistance values specified by the user
TRALIN Page B-6

are always converted to resistivity values (never AC resistance). Consequently, AC resistance should not
be specified, unless its value is given for a low frequency such as 60 Hz.
Finally, the conversion of AC & DC resistance values specified by the user into resistivity values is
carried out as follows:
AC or DC Resistance x π x [(Outer Radius)2 - (Inner Radius)2] → Resistivity
Note for DC resistance that "area represented by outer strands" is equal to the conductor cross section for
solid and hollow conductors. Also note that "inner radius" is 0 for all conductors which are not hollow.
TRALIN Page B-7

Appendix C Induction Calculations
APPENDIX C
INDUCTION CALCULATIONS
TRALIN performs electrostatic and electromagnetic induction calculations upon request. In order to
illustrate this option, assume that it is desirable to calculate the electrostatic and electromagnetic induced
voltages on Conductor X as shown in Figure C.1.
Figure C.1 Induction Calculation
Although Conductor X is obviously not a part of the transmission line, it would have to be entered as
such in the System Definition Module, preferably with a unique phase number.
Secondly, the PARAMETERS and INDUCTION commands would have to be included in the input file.
Next, the conductor number of X would have to be ascertained according to the following rules:
the conductor numbers are those assigned automatically by the program as they are read from the
input file. If conductors have been defined on a per-conductor basis, then Conductor 1 is the first
conductor defined; Conductor n is the nth conductor defined. If conductors have been defined on
a per-circuit basis, then Conductors 1 to m are the m conductors of the first phase defined;
Conductors m + 1 to p are the p-(m+1) conductors of the second phase defined, and so on.
TRALIN Page C-1

Appendix C Induction Calculations
Ground wires are numbered after all phase wires have been numbered. If conductors have been
defined on a per-group basis, then Conductors 1 to g are the g conductors constituting the first
cable defined, and so on.
This number would be specified with the CONDUCTOR command. In Figure C.1, the conductor
number is 9.
Finally, for each case, electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction, the user would have to
specify which of the conductors (other than X) are carrying voltages and currents, and how much. This
data is specified with the CURRENTS and VOLTAGE commands.
Note that any voltage or current values may be specified in the conductors (other than X) for the
induction calculations.
Note also that the electrostatic and electromagnetic induction calculations are completely independent of
each other. (except, of course, that they are both performed for the same conductor).
Finally, induction calculations may be performed for any conductor in the transmission line system such
as G2 (Conductor 8) or Conductor 4, a phase wire. When induction calculations are made, no distinction
is made between phase wires, ground wires, pipes, and cable conductors.
TRALIN Page C-2

Appendix D Electrical Field and Potential Calculations
APPENDIX D
ELECTRIC FIELD AND POTENTIAL CALCULATIONS
D.1 POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS

GATRA uses the "Strip Simulation Method" to calculate potentials and gradients at or around line
conductors. This method basically consists of simulating a round conductor by a polygonal conductor
(see Figure D.2). Of course, improved accuracy is obtained by increasing the number of segments.
However, the user must be aware of the following:
There is a limit on the number of strips per phase allowed by the program (see Section 3.3 of the
CDEGS Installation Guide for the actual limit). For example, if a maximum of 197 strips per phase
are allowed by the program and a phase consists of a bundle of 4 conductors, then a maximum of
197/4 = 49 segments or strips per conductor are allowed.
Computing time increases with increasing segment number.
An excellent accuracy is normally reached with 6 segments per conductor. The gradient values
computed for 6 and 88 strips do not differ by more than 8% even with no corrective factor applied to
the maximum gradients (see below for explanation of corrective factor).
If the gradient is calculated at a distance exceeding the conductor radius, there is virtually no
difference between the values computed for 6 segments and the values obtained with many more.
Figure D.1 Phasor Diagram
A rigorous analytical corrective multiplier is applied to the maximum gradients computed for a
limited number of strips, in order to approach the infinite-number-of-strips case. The effect of this
corrective term makes the accuracy gap between low and high strip numbers still smaller, as shown
by Figure D.3.
TRALIN Page D-1

Figure D.2 Simulation of a Round Conductor With Strips
Figure D.3 Effect of Strip Number
The potential and gradient calculations are carried out at selected points. The user must directly or
indirectly provide these points, using the PROFILE, SURFACE, or INDIVIDUAL/POINT commands.
D.1.1 Maximum Phase Gradients

GATRA calculates potentials and gradients at any point in the air caused by transmission line
conductors. However, in many cases, only maximum gradients on conductor surfaces are of interest. The
program's automatic feature spares users the tedious task of calculating the coordinates of selected points
on conductor surfaces (such calculations have to be very accurate because the gradient drops sharply as
the distance from a conductor surface increases). It is recommended that the origin of the coordinate
system be as close as possible to the conductors in order to achieve optimum accuracy.
TRALIN Page D-2

Also essential to the program for the calculation of the maximum gradients is an adequate instantaneous
phase to ground voltage distribution (in p.u.) of all phase conductors for each circuit. "Adequate" means
a voltage distribution which will cause the maximum gradient to occur.
For example, a single three phase circuit (flat type) will have its maximum phase gradients for the
following p.u. voltage distribution:
1. -0.5 -0.5 (0)
Such a distribution leads to three possible cases:
Phase Phase Phase

A B C
(1) 1.0 -0.5 -0.5
(2) -0.5 -0.5 1.0
(3) -0.5 1.0 -0.5
Cases (1) and (2) are asymmetrical and give the so-called maximum side phase gradient. Case (3) will
give the maximum center phase gradient.
GATRA will determine the maximum gradient for Phase A, assuming the voltage distribution of Case
(1), then for Phase B, assuming Case (3) and finally for Phase C, assuming Case (2). However, the user
does not have to provide the distributions for all three cases, but only one voltage distribution for the
transmission line studied. The program will perform the necessary permutations to obtain the required
values.
D.1.2 Potentials and Gradients at the Centers of Strips

The user may obtain potentials and gradients at different points on the surface of a conductor without
having to calculate and then enter, the coordinates of the desired points. The potentials and gradients are
automatically calculated by the program at the center of each conductor strip, starting with the one
whose angle is specified by the user, and continuing until the total, also specified by the user, has been
reached. Note that strips are counted in a clockwise manner. In this case, the desired point locations
should be specified with the SURFACE command.
D.1.3 Potentials and Gradients at Specified Points

If the user wishes to provide the coordinates of the points in air where the calculations are to be carried
out, the PROFILE or INDIVIDUAL/POINT commands should be used.
TRALIN Page D-3

D.2 SIMPLIFIED GRADIENT CALCULATION

If the transmission line studied has a single circuit line, three phase, flat horizontal type configuration, it
is possible to avoid the complex gradient calculations used in GATRA by selecting a simplified but
accurate method based on Timasheff's work [1,2]. Note that this option is available only when the input
file is in fixed format: the Timasheff option cannot be accessed via the command input format.
In order to do so it is necessary to enter the appropriate values in Data Line 4 of the fixed-format input
file. TRALIN will then call all the program routines which calculate the maximum center phase and side
phases gradients, the surge impedance and the surge impedance loading. The maximum gradients occur
for the following per unit phase-to-ground voltage distributions (see Figure D.1):
Maximum Center Phase Gradient:
A = -0.5 p.u.
B = 1.0 p.u.
C = -0.5 p.u.
Maximum Side Phase Gradients:
A = 1.0 p.u.
B = -0.5 p.u.
C = -0.5 p.u.
or:
A = -0.5 p.u.
B = -0.5 p.u.
C = 1.0 p.u.
The values of maximum gradients are necessary for the radio noise calculations carried out by the
RITRA module. If RITRA is to be called in a later step, the maximum gradient values will be
transmitted to RITRA automatically.
TRALIN Page D-4

Appendix E Radio Noise Calculations
APPENDIX E
RADIO NOISE CALCULATIONS

E1. NOISE GENERATION FUNCTIONS
In principle, radio noise level is determined by the electric gradients of conductor surfaces. When the
radio noise calculation is requested in the input file, the program will automatically generate observation
points on the surfaces of conductors and calculate the electric gradients at these points. The maximum
gradients on each surfaces will be selected to determine the generation function.
Generation function
LMΓ1 OP
Γ =M
MN
Γ2 P
Γ 3PQ
Γi=Γ
Γr+38log(d/3.8)+Kn
Where Γr is the heavy-rain generation factor referred to a conductor diameter of 3.8 cm and Kn is an
adjustment factor depending on the number of conductors in the bundle.
Γr=78-580/Es
Where Es is the maximum electric gradient on the surface of conductor.
E2. MODEL MATRIX AND ATTENUATION CONSTANT

In order to determine the radio interference field strength, the attenuation factors and the modal matrix
are necessary. If these values are known, the user can save computing time by providing these values as
input data. Otherwise, the program must calculate these quantities using complex eigenvalues. Note that
radio noise calculations are available only when the input file is in fixed format: the Timasheff option
cannot be accessed via the command input format.
For example, in the case of a three-phase circuit, with the effect of ground wires neglected, the modal
matrix can be approximated by the normalized Clarke transformation matrix [3]:
TRALIN Page E-1

Appendix E Radio Noise Calculations
1 6 1 1 2 3
2 6 0 1 3
1 6 1 2 1 3
For a ground resistivity of 100 ohm-meters and measuring frequency of 1 MHz, the modal attenuation
constants Ai can be approximated as shown in Table E.1. Different measuring frequencies and ground
resistivities affect only the attenuation constants and can be accounted for using the relationship:
a
A'i = F 0.8 ρ 100 f
12
Ai
where,
F is the frequency in MHz,

U is the ground resistivity in ohm-meters,
Ai is the attenuation factor for Phase i at 1 MHz and 100 ohm-meters soil resistivity,
A ic is the new attenuation factor for Phase i at the new frequency and resistivity.
VOLTAGE CLASS ATTENUATION CONSTANT

-1 -1 -1
(KV) A1(m ) A2(m ) A3(m )
362 8.0 x 10-6 60 x 10-6 350 x 10-6
550 9.3 x 10-6 70 x 10-6 350 x 10-6
800 10.0 x 10-6 70 x 10-6 350 x 10-6
1200 10.6 x 10-6 84 x 10-6 350 x 10-6
1500 10.6 x 10-6 84 x 10-6 350 x 10-6
Table E.1 Modal Attenuation Constants for Simplified Radio Interference Calculations
TRALIN Page E-2

Appendix F Selection of Suitable Integration Step and Interval Size
APPENDIX F
SELECTION OF SUITABLE INTEGRATION STEP AND INTERVAL

SIZE: GROUP SPECIFICATION MODE
TRALIN calculates mutual impedances based on one of the following three optional methods:
1. Carson's formulas (Conductor and Circuit Mode Specification, uniform soil)

2. SES's multilayer soil approach (Conductor and Circuit Mode Specification)
3. SES's generalized approach (Group Mode Specification).
Buried pipelines and/or pipe type cables can be modeled accurately only using the last method, which is
based on exact solutions of the electromagnetic field equations. These equations involve Bessel
functions. Part VIII of the CDEGS Technical Manual (1989 version and subsequent) describes in detail
all equations used in the TRALIN code.
The Bessel-based functions are evaluated (when appropriate) by numerical integration. The default
integration step and integration interval used by TRALIN are 0.1 p.u. and 0.3 p.u. respectively. These
default values are usually suitable for typical transmission line right-of-way problems involving
moderate to high values of soil resistivity and conductor separations from a few meters to about 500 m.
For very large separations and/or very low resistivity values, however, it is necessary to select narrower
integration steps and, occasionally, wider integration intervals. This is required because the Bessel-based
integral kernels exhibit an increasingly oscillatory shape as separations and resistivities approach
extreme values. Indeed, inadequate integration steps and intervals can result in negative mutual
impedances being generated by TRALIN; negative values, of course, have no realistic physical meaning.
To overcome this problem, new routines were implemented in the 1989 version of TRALIN, which
automatically (if you so choose) select appropriate integration steps and intervals and use asymptotic
algorithms to compute mutual impedances between conductors which are very close or very distant from
each other.
If you do not select the automatic integration step and interval determination feature then it is suggested
that you use integration steps from 0.01 to 0.001 p.u. (as appropriate) and integration intervals on the
order of 0.5 p.u. to insure accurate mutual impedance computations.
Please note that the computation time increases as the integration step size decreases. At this point we
estimate that for 2 Ω-m soil resistivity and separations of up to 2 km, a 0.01 p.u. integration step is
appropriate. It should be decreased to 0.005 p.u. for a soil resistivity of 1 Ω-m and separations of up to
10 km .
The following example illustrates the effects of variations in the integration step and integration interval
on the line parameter computations. Printout F.1 lists the soil, frequency, and conductor data used for 5
TRALIN Page F-1

TRALIN runs in which the integration step is varied from 0.1 to 0.001 and the integration interval is
varied from 0.3 to 0.5. Figure F.1 is an illustration of the example problem which models three
conductors: an ACAR transmission line phase conductor which is 19.15 m above the earth's surface, and
two 0.8" diameter steel pipes buried 1.5 m deep in a very low resistivity soil (1.0 ohm-meter). The pipes
are far from the transmission line phase conductor (1 km and 10 km respectively).
From the tabulated results at the end of this appendix, it is clear that accuracy improves with an increase
of the integration interval and a decrease of the integration step. However, it is also evident that the
improvement in the computation accuracy is marginal beyond Case 2.
Figure F.1 Conductor Configuration Used to Demonstrate Effect of Integration Step Size
and Integration Interval on Accuracy (not to scale)
TRALIN Page F-2

ENVIRONMENT DATA:
-----------------
RESISTIVITY RELATIVE RELATIVE THICKNESS
MEDIUM IN PERMEABILITY PERMITTIVITY IN
NUMBER ohms-meter henrys/meter farads/meter meter(s)
------ ----------- ------------ ------------ ----------
(air) 0.1000E+38 0.1257E-05 0.8854E-11 0.1000E+05
2 1.000 0.1257E-05 0.8854E-11 0.1000E+05
FREQUENCY OF HARMONIC CURRENT: 60 Hertz

-----------------------------
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDUCTOR GROUPS

===================================
IDENTIFICATION <COORDINATES-OF-GROUP-CENTER> GROUP <CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE'S INTERIOR MEDIUM> TOTAL-NUMBER-OF ENCLO-
GROUP GROUP ABSCISSA HEIGHT / DEPTH RADIUS PERMEABILITY PERMITTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY CONDUC- INNER SURE
NUMBER NAME meter(s) meter(s) meter(s) henrys/meter farads/meter siemens/meter TORS CABLES No.
------ -------- ------------- -------------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------- ------ ------
1 P-09 0.000 19.150 0.0152000 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 1 0 0
2 UJN 10000.000 -1.500 0.3910000 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 1 0 0
3 UJN 1000.000 -1.500 0.3910000 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 1 0 0
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CABLES

=============================
<--- BASIC DATA ---> <- POLAR COORDINATES -> OVERALL <--- CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLE'S CENTRAL CONDUCTOR (i.e., innermost) --->
CABLE CABLE NUMBER OFF-CENTER ANGLE WITH CABLE NUMBER OF <--- RADIUS OF ---> 60 HZ 1' REAC- RESISTANCE SELECTED
NUM- ID. OR OF DISTANCE HORIZONTAL RADIUS STRANDS OUT.-STRD. CORE TANCE ohms/km (ac or dc) MU RO
BER NAME COAX. meter(s) degrees meter(s) TOT. OUT. meter(s) meter(s) or GMR meter(s) ohms/km flag flag
----- -------- ----- ------------- --------- --------- ---- ---- --------- ---------- --------------- ------------ ---- ----
1 BU-1 1 0.000000 0.000 0.01520 18 19 0.00217 0.01090 0.11700E-01 0.58200E-01 3 2
2 BU-2 1 0.000000 0.000 0.39100 1 0 0.38100 0.38100 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1 1
3 BU-3 1 0.000000 0.000 0.39100 1 0 0.38100 0.38100 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CONDUCTORS

=================================
<---------- FUNDAMENTAL DATA -----------> <----- CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC PART -----> CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATION/COATING
CONDUC- GROUP CABLE COAX. <--- PHASE ---> INNER OUTER <----- Material Used -----> OVERALL <----- Material Used ----->
DUCTOR NUM- NUM- NUM- NUM- IDENTI- RADIUS RADIUS PERMEABILITY RESISTIVITY RADIUS PERMITTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY
NUMBER BER BER BER BER FICATION meter(s) meter(s) henrys/meter ohms-meter meter(s) farads/meter siemens/meter
------ ---- ---- ---- ---- -------- --------- --------- ------------ ------------- --------- ------------ --------------
1 1 1 1 1 PH-A 0.00000 0.01520 0.13155E-05 0.42244E-07 0.01520 0.88540E-11 0.00000E+00
2 2 2 1 2 PH-3 0.36800 0.38100 0.31416E-03 0.29310E-06 0.39100 0.88540E-11 0.13280E-05
3 3 3 1 3 PH-3 0.36800 0.38100 0.31416E-03 0.29310E-06 0.39100 0.88540E-11 0.13280E-05
Printout F.1 Soil, Frequency, and Conductor Data for the Example Analysis
SERIES IMPEDANCES - (ohms/kilometer)
Numerical Integration algorithm (case 1) Accuracy : 0.1000E-03

Step Size : 0.1000
Integration Interval: 0.3000
Equivalent Phase/
Conductor Number: 1 2 3
1 0.1013 +j 1.286
2 0.1145E-01 +j 0.2282E-01 0.1162 +j 0.5946
3 0.4039E-03 +j 0.8073E-04 -0.1056E-01 +j-0.1561E-01 0.1162 +j 0.5946

Step Size : 0.0100
Equivalent Phase/
1 0.1013 +j 1.286
2 -0.1281E-05 +j-0.6571E-05 0.1162 +j 0.5946
3 0.4039E-03 +j 0.8237E-04 0.3727E-05 +j-0.1119E-04 0.1162 +j 0.5946

Step Size : 0.0100
Integration Interval : 0.5000
Equivalent Phase/
1 0.1013 +j 1.286
2 -0.1281E-05 +j-0.6583E-05 0.1163 +j 0.6067
3 0.4039E-03 +j 0.8288E-04 0.3775E-05 +j 0.3556E-05 0.1163 +j 0.6067
TRALIN Page F-3


Step Size : 0.0010
Integration Interval : 0.3000
Equivalent Phase/
1 0.1013 +j 1.286
2 0.4050E-05 +j 0.8344E-06 0.1162 +j 0.5946
3 0.4039E-03 +j 0.8237E-04 0.3705E-05 +j-0.1130E-04 0.1162 +j 0.5946

Step Size : 0.0010
Equivalent Phase/
1 0.1013 +j 1.286
2 0.4050E-05 +j 0.8226E-06 0.1163 +j 0.6067
3 0.4039E-03 +j 0.8288E-04 0.3753E-05 +j 0.3355E-05 0.1163 +j 0.6067
TRALIN Page F-4

Appendix G Computation of Equivalent Resistivity and Permeability of a Conductor
APPENDIX G
COMPUTATION OF EQUIVALENT RESISTIVITY AND

PERMEABILITY OF A CONDUCTOR
The equivalent relative permeability (with respect to free space) and relative resistivity (with respect to
annealed copper) of a conductor can be determined from other quantities such as GMR, reactance at 1 ft
spacing, and AC/DC resistance as follows:
Equivalent Relative Permeability
a
Relative Permeability = - 4.0 * log GMR R f
or
b g a
Relative Permeability = X a * K1 f + 4.0 * log R f
Equivalent Relative Resistivity
Relative Resistivity = K 2 * R DC * R 2
or
Relative Resistivity = K 2 * R AC * R 2
Where:
GMR : Geometric Mean Radius, in feet

Xa : Reactance at 1 foot spacing, in ohms/mile
R DC : DC resistance, in ohms/mile
R AC : AC resistance, in ohms/mile
R : Conductor radius, in feet
f : Frequency, in Hertz
K1 : 1977.884
K2 : 10518.98
log : Natural logarithm function
TRALIN Page G-1

Appendix H Fixed Format Input Files
APPENDIX H
FIXED FORMAT INPUT FILES

Data entry for older versions of TRALIN was made by means of fixed-format input files. While this
input mode has been superceded by the more user-friendly command language, it can still be invoked for
user with older input file. Simply insert the following two command lines at the beginning of the fixed-
format file in order to invoke the fixed-format mode:
TRALIN
OLD-FASHION
TRALIN Page H-1

References
REFERENCES
1. A. S. Timascheff, "Fast Calculation of Gradients for the Center Phase of a Three Phase Bundle
Conductor Line with Any Number of Subconductors", IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. 90, Jan./Feb.
1971, pp. 157-164.
2. A. S. Timascheff, "Fast Calculation of Gradients of a Three-Phase Bundle Conductor Line With
Any Number of Subconductors", IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. 94, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1975, pp. 104-
107.
3. Edith Clarke, "Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems: Vol. I. Symmetrical and Related
Components", New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1943.
4. General Electric Company, "Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and Above", New
York, Electric Power Research Institute, 1975.
5. N. Nagakawa, K. Iwamoto, "Earth Return Impedance for the Multi-Layer Case", IEEE Paper
F75 570-2.
TRALIN Page R-1

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TRALIN Page U-1

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USER’S MANUAL

TRALIN USER’S MANUAL

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1978-2000

June 1978 Version 1 at Revision Level 1

Address comments concerning this manual to:

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1

TRALIN Page iii

5.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................5-1

Table 2.1 Basic TRALIN Modules, and Subcommands.......................................................................................................... 2-3

1.1 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL

TRALIN Page 1-1

1.2 PREPARING INPUT DATA

For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.

1.3 VIEWING, PRINTING AND PLOTTING COMPUTATION

TRALIN Page 1-2

For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.

1.4 GENERAL DATA

1.5 SYSTEM DEFINITION

TRALIN Page 1-3

1.5.1 Data Entry: Conductor Basis

1.5.2 Data Entry: Circuit Basis

1.5.3 Data Entry: Group Basis

1.6 INDUCTION CALCULATIONS

TRALIN Page 1-4

1.7 GRADIENT CALCULATIONS

1.8 RADIO NOISE CALCULATIONS

TRALIN Page 1-5

2 TRALIN COMMAND INPUT FILES

2.1 WHAT'S IN THIS CHAPTER ?

2.2 THE TRALIN INPUT COMMAND LANGUAGE

TRALIN Page 2-1

2.3 TRALIN COMMAND HIERARCHY

2.4 OUTLINE OF A TYPICAL TRALIN INPUT FILE

TRALIN Page 2-2

Table 2.1 Basic TRALIN Modules, and Subcommands

TRALIN Page 2-3

RADIO NOISE MODULE

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of a Complete TRALIN Input File

2.4.2 The Elements of a Typical TRALIN Input File

TRALIN Page 2-4

A Template TRALIN Input File

TRALIN Page 2-5

Figure 2.2 Template Structure of a TRALIN Input File

TRALIN Page 2-6

2.4.3 A Sample Basic TRALIN Input Command File

Descriptions of the Physical Situation

TRALIN Page 2-7

TRALIN Page 2-8

TRALIN Page 2-9

TRALIN Page 2-10

2.5 THE THREE METHODS OF SPECIFYING CONDUCTORS

The Group Method

The Circuit and Conductor Methods

TRALIN Page 2-11

2.6 ESSENTIAL TRALIN MODULES

2.6.3 Sections, Modules, and Commands of a Typical TRALIN Input File

TRALIN Page 2-12

TRALIN Page 2-13

TRALIN Page 2-14

TRALIN Page 2-15

TRALIN Page 2-16