TODAS As RESPOSTAS - Product Design Engineering - How Things Work - Physics

18/09/2016 Product Design Engineering: How Things Work Physics
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Product Design Engineering
TUESDAY, APRIL 9, 2013 WOLFRAM ALPHA SEARCH
How Things Work Physics
Introduction:
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Question 1:
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
While searching for your keys, you place your cup of coffee on the roof of your (Khan Academy)
parked car. Unfortunately, you forget about the coffee and climb into the car without
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it. As you start driving the car forward, you hear the coffee hit the ground behind the
car. Why didn't the coffee stay on the roof of the car? Holiday Booking (Icelolly)
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swallow is flying west at 60 mph (about 100 km/h). These two swallows have
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midway to the goal and nothing is touching it, why is the ball moving toward the ITV
goal? [Ignore any effects due to the air or gravity.]
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Inertia keeps the ball in motion.
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Which of the following is experiencing zero net force? Iranian TV Channels
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You are riding your bicycle forward on a level road, traveling in a straight line at a Limited company set up (Gov.uk)
steady pace. An animal suddenly runs in front of you, so you apply the brakes Mortgage Types (Financial
quickly and stop just in time to avoid hitting the animal. While the brakes are on and Advices)
you are experiencing a large net force, what is the direction of velocity and NI myDAQ
acceleration, respectively? Online Audio Converter
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Your velocity is forward, but your acceleration is backward.
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Question 6:
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You are coasting forward at constant velocity on your inline skates. Suddenly,
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your left. While your net force points toward the left, your acceleration R Programming
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forces. How do they move while you are pushing them? [The correct answer must Six Sigma Online
always be true, no matter how fast the skaters were moving before you began SolidWorks Blog
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Answer:
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The skater in red experiences less acceleration than the skater in blue.
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In what circumstance can you be accelerating forward and still be moving at a Courses)
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In no circumstance. If you are accelerating, you velocity is changing with time. Steve Spangler Science
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east at constant velocity. The net force on the chair __________________. Student Associates Scheme Log
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is zero. TED Ideas Worth Spreading
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A set of dishes sits motionless on a slippery silk tablecloth. If you pull the tablecloth
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sideways quickly, it will slide out from under the dishes and leave the dishes almost
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unaffected. Why won't that same result occur if you pull the tablecloth sideways
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The moving tablecloth exerts small forces on the dishes and, given enough time, USA & Persian Online Embassy
those forces will overwhelm inertia and cause the dishes to move with the tablecloth.
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‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺍﺣﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻠﺛﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻣﻭﻟﻬﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺳﺑﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻓﺭﻳﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻭﮐﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻓﺭﻳﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻭﮐﺎ‬
۴ ‫ﻳﻭﺗﻳﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺩﻳﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﭘﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﮐﺕ‬ ‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻭﮐﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﯼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻳﺩﻳﺑﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻳﻧﺩﻝ‬
‫ﮔﻭﮔﻝ‬ ‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻭﻳﯽ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻭﻳﺯﻳﻭﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺧﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺭﻳﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺷﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻭﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺻﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻭﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﯽ‬
‫ﺧﺭﺍﺯﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺩﻳﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺷﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻓﻳﻠ ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻧﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺯﺭﮔﺗﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻧﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻼﮒ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺍﺣﯽ‬ ‫ٴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋ‬
‫‪18/09/2016‬‬ ‫‪Product Design Engineering: How Things Work Physics‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﮕﺎﻩ‪ ‬ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﯽ‪ ‬ﺻﻧﺎﻳﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻭﮐﺭﺍﺳﯽ‪ ‬ﺳﮑﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻫﻧﮓ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻳﺱ‬
‫ﻣﮑﺗﺏ‪ ‬ﺧﻭﻧﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺱ‪ ‬ﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺗﻪ‪ ‬ﺳﻔﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺕ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺁﮐﺎﺩﻣﯽ‪ ‬ﺧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺭﺍﻫﻧﻣﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺟﻭﻣﻼ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺗﺎﺑﻧﺎﮎ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﮑﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﮑﯽ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ‬ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‪ ‬ﺑﻭﮐﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺻﻭﺗﯽ‪1‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺻﻭﺗﯽ‪2‬‬
‫ﮐﺗﺎﺑﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ‬ﻣﺟﺎﺯﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﮐﺗﺎﺏ‬
‫ﭼﻧﺩ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ‬ﻣﻔﻳﺩ‪ ‬ﺑﺭﺍﯼ‪ ‬ﺁﻣﻭﺯﺵ‪ ‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻳﺳﯽ‬
‫ٴﻪ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻳﺳﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻁﻼﺣﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻳﺎﻧ‬
‫ﻳﻙ‪ ‬ﻟﻳﺳﺕ‪ ‬ﺑﺳﻳﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺭﺩﻱ‪ ‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺩﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﮔﺭﺍﻓﻳﮑﯽ‪ ‬ﻣﺷﺗﻖ‪ ‬ﺁﻧﻼﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺑﻳﻪ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺯﯼ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﯽ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻡ‪ ‬ﻧﻣﻭﺩﺍﺭـ‪ ‬ﺁﻧﻼﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻭﺯﺵﻟﭖ‪ ‬ﺗﺎﭖ‪ ‬ﺳﺭﻗﺕ‪ ‬ﺷﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﺧﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ‪ ‬ﭘﻳﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﮐﻧﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻟﭖ‪ ‬ﺗﺎﭖ‪ ‬ﺳﺭﻗﺕ‪ ‬ﺷﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﺧﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ‪ ‬ﭘﻳﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﮐﻧﻳﺩ‬
‫)‪ (IRITN‬ـ‪ ‬ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﻧﯽ‬
‫ِﮏ‪ ‬ﻧﻭﻳﺱ‪ ‬ـ‪ ‬ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ِﮏ‪ ‬ـ‪ ‬ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺍﻧﺎﺗ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻭﺩ‪ ‬ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ‪ ‬ﻭﻳﺩﺋﻭﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﻳﻭﺗﻳﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻗﻳﺕ‪) ‬ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﮑﺭ‪ ‬ﮐﻧﻳﺩ(‬
‫ﻓﻳﻠﻣﻬﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﻗﺩﻳﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻓﻳﻠﻡ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﻧﻭﺳﺗﺎﻟﮊﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻭ‪ ‬ﺟﻭﺍﻥ‪) ‬ﺁﻫﻧﮕﻬﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ(‬
‫ﺁﻫﻧﮕﻬﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻳﮏ‪ ‬ﭘﺯﺷﮏ‬
‫ﺩﮐﺗﺭ‪ ‬ﻓﺭﻫﻧﮓ‪ ‬ﻫﻼﮐﻭﻳﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﯼ‪ ‬ﺩﮐﺗﺭﻫﻼﮐﻭﻳﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ‬ﺭﺳﻣﻲ‪ ‬ﺩﻛﺗﺭ‪ ‬ﻫﻼﻛﻭﻳﻲ‬
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DEGREERADIAN CONVERSION
Question 1:
Which force is your weight?
Answer:
The force that causes you to accelerate downward when you are high above the
surface of a trampoline. Explanation: Your weight is the force Earth's gravity exerts
on you. When no other forces are acting on you, your weight causes you to
accelerate downward.
Question 2:
You visit a bowling alley and examine the bowling balls that are available for use.
TRIGONOMETRY
They all look identical, but some are heavier (have greater weights) than others. How
can you identify the heaviest ball? [Neglect any effects due to air]
Answer:
Hold each ball motionless in your hand and choose the one that requires the largest
upward force to keep it from falling. Explanation: To keep a bowling ball from falling,
you must push the ball upward with a force that cancels its weight. With your support,
the ball is inertial and doesn't accelerate. The heavier the ball, the greater the
upward force you must exert on that ball to keep it from falling.
Question 3:
HOLE & SHAFT BASIS
You are traveling on an intergalactic cruise spaceship in deep, gravityfree space.
You find that the ship has a bowling alley! Once again, there are many identical
looking balls available for use. Without gravity, however, they all have the same
weight: zero. How can you identify the ball that will be heaviest when your cruise ship
lands on a planet and gravity is present? [Neglect any effects due to air]
Answer:
Shake each ball rapidly back and forth, and choose the ball that accelerates the least
in response to the same force as on Earth. Explanation: Without gravity, the bowling
balls have no weights. The balls still have masses, however, and each ball's weight
on Earth (or another planet) will be proportional to its mass. The most massive ball
will thus be the heaviest ball when gravity is restored. To find the most massive ball,
you can exert forces on the balls and observe their accelerations. The most massive
ball will be the one that accelerates least in response to a given same force as on
Earth.
Question 4:
You've learned to juggle 4 balls at once here on Earth. During a visit to the moon,
where the acceleration due to gravity is about 1/6th its Earth value, you decide to try
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juggling those same 4 balls. You find that, on the moon, each ball has
________________. Posts
Answer:
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less weight and falls more slowly than on Earth. It undergoes the same acceleration
as on Earth when exposed to the same force as on Earth. Explanation: The moon's
weaker gravity exerts relatively small downward forces on the balls; their moon FOLLOW BY EMAIL
weights are only about 1/6th their Earth weights. The balls' massesthe measures
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of their inertiadon't depend on gravity and remain unchanged on the moon; each
ball accelerates exactly as it did on Earth in response to a given force. When the
balls are falling, however, their weaker moon weights act on their unchanged SHARE ME
masses and they accelerate downward more slowly than on Earth.
Question 5:
While vacationing on a tropical island, you find the courage to step off a high cliff and FEEDBURNER FEEDCOUNT
fall for 4 seconds before entering the water below. Exactly 2 seconds into your fall,
you glance at the cliff face and see a secret treasure embedded in the rock. When
you recover from your plunge, you return to the cliff top and find that treasure
______________________. TOTAL PAGE VIEWERS
Answer:
1/4 the distance down from the cliff top to the water. Explanation: As you fall, you 457,834
accelerate downward at the acceleration due to gravity and your velocity increases
steadily in the downward direction. You cover more and more downward distance FOLLOWERS
with each passing second. During the first half of your fall (the first 2 seconds), your Seguidores (7)
average downward velocity is small and you move downward only 1/4 of the
distance from the cliff top to the water. During the second half of your fall, however,
your average speed is much greater and you move downward the remaining 3/4 of
the distance from the cliff top to the water. Since you saw the treasure only 2
seconds into your fall, it must be located much closer to the cliff top than to the
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water.
Question 6:
You are playing basketball and take a shot toward the basket. When the ball is
midway to the basket and nothing is touching the ball, what is the direction of the net
force on the basketball? [Neglect any effects due to air]
Answer:
Downward. Explanation: When you are not touching it, the basketball is falling. The
only force acting on the ball is its downward weight, so the net force on the ball is
downward. The basketball is falling, meaning that it is accelerating downward at the
acceleration due to gravity. Gravity affects only the basketball's vertical motion,
however, and the ball continues to coast horizontally toward the basket.
Question 7:
You throw a handful of different coins up and forward and watch them arc through
space. They leave your hand at the same moment and with the same starting
velocity. Neglecting any effects due to air, where and when do those coins hit the
level ground in front of your feet? [Note: air can significantly affect fastmoving coins.
If you want to test your answer experimentally, be careful to minimize those air
effects. Also, be safe!]
Answer:
All the coins hit the ground at the same time and at the same distance from your
feet. Explanation: After the coins leave your hand, they are falling vertically while
coasting horizontally. Since each coin's weight is proportional to its mass, they all
accelerate downward equally, at the acceleration due to gravity. Since they had the
same vertical component of velocity when they left your hand, they rise and fall
together, and hit the ground simultaneously. While they are falling, the coins are also
coasting horizontally. When you threw them, you gave them all the same horizontal
component of velocity and they retain that horizontal component of velocity until they
hit the ground. Since they're all coasting horizontally at the same speed from the
same starting point, and they hit the ground at the same moment, they all land
together and at the same distance from your feet.
Question 8:
You throw a priceless porcelain vase straight up and watch as it rises to peak height
and then drops safely back into your hands. Fortunately, the vase's owner wasn't
watching. What were the vase's velocity and acceleration at the moment it reached
peak height? [Do not test your answer experimentally, unless you take full
responsibility for any consequences!]
Answer:
The vase's velocity was zero. The vase's acceleration was the acceleration due to
gravity, which is not zero. Explanation: While the vase is above your hands, the only
force acting on it is its weight. Throughout its trip, the vase is therefore a falling
object and it is accelerating downward at the acceleration due to gravity. At the
moment the vase reaches its peak height, however, its velocity is momentarily zero
it has just stopped rising and has not yet begun to descend.
Question 9:
When an archer sends an arrow toward a target, the archer must aim the arrow
above the target's bullseye (its center) in order for the arrow to hit that bullseye. If
the archer uses a stronger bow and therefore a fastermoving arrow, how will that
change how the archer aims the arrow in order to hit the same target's bullseye?
[Neglect any effects due to air]
Answer:
The archer must still aim above the target's bullseye, but less far above the bullseye
than with the slowermoving arrow. Explanation: After the arrow leaves the bow, the
only force acting on the arrow is its weight and it accelerates downward at the
acceleration due to gravity. It falls vertically as it coast horizontally. During its brief trip
from bow to target, the arrow undergoes a change velocity: the vertical component
of that velocity increases in the downward direction. Instead of traveling in a straight
line path, therefore, the arrow arcs slightly downward and hits the target below the
point at which the archer was aiming the arrow. Increasing the arrow's speed,
however, shortens the duration of the arrow's trip and therefore the time the arrow
has to fall. The fastermoving arrow undergoes a smaller change in its velocity and
follows a straighter path. Although it still arcs slightly downward before hitting the
target, it arcs less than the slowermoving arrow. The archer must still aim above the
target's bullseye, but not as far above the bullseye as for the slowermoving arrow.
Question 10:
As you collect plastic bottles for recycling, one of the bottles rolls horizontally off the
kitchen counter and bounces on the floor about 1 foot (0.3 meters) outward from the
base of the counter. Why didn't the bottle drop straight down and hit the floor exactly
at the base of the counter?
Answer:
The bottle coasted horizontally outward as it fell vertically. Explanation: Once the
bottle leaves the counter, it begins to fall and its vertical motion is that of a falling
object. But the bottle also had a horizontal component to its velocity when it left the
counter and it continues to coast horizontally until it hits the floor. The bottle evidently
had enough horizontal speed to carry it 1 foot (0.3 meters) outward from the counter
before the bottle reached the floor.
=================================================
Module 3 Ramps:
Question 1:
You are in an ordinary room (both its floor and ceiling are horizontal). You throw a
ball directly upward and it bounces off the ceiling. While the ball is touching the
ceiling, in which direction is the ceiling's support force on the ball?
Answer:
The ceiling's support force on the ball is directed downward. Explanation: The ceiling
and ball exert support forces on one another to prevent them from occupying the
same space at the same time. Since their overlap gets worse as the ball moves
upward, the ceiling's support force acts downward on the ball as they touch.
Question 2:
You are playing volleyball and your teammate has just hit the ball forward toward
your opponents. To increase the ball's forward speed, you push it with a forward
force of 200 newton (45 poundsforce). What force, if any, does the ball exert on
you?
Answer:
A backward force of 200 newtons. Explanation: Regardless of the volleyball's
motion, the force it exerts on you is exactly equal in amount to the force you exert on
it, but in the opposite direction. That perfect pairing of forces is recognized in
Newton's third law of motion: the force you exert on the volleyball and the force the
volleyball exerts on you are equal in amount but opposite in direction.
Question 3:
When you stand and remain motionless on a bathroom scale, what force is the scale
exerting on your feet?
Answer:
An upward support force equal in amount to your weight. Explanation: To remain
motionless, you must be experiencing zero net force. Since your downward weight
hasn't vanished, the scale must be exerting an upward force on you equal in amount
to your weight. Those two forces, equal in amount but oppositely directed, sum to
zero and you are thus experiencing zero net force. Incidentally, the scale measures
the force it exerts on you in this situation and reports that force as its determination
of your weight.
Question 4:
As a ball bounces on the floor, the floor exerts an upward support force on the ball.
Can the amount of that upward support force on the ball be different from the ball's
weight?
Answer:
Yes. It can be greater than the ball's weight and it can be less than the ball's weight.
Explanation: The floor's support force on the ball can take any value, depending on
how far the ball and floor are denting into one another. During the bounce, the
support force starts small and increases as the ball dents deeper into the floor.
Eventually, the support force exceeds the ball's weight and the ball begins to
accelerate upward. That upward acceleration is crucial to stopping the ball's descent
and redirecting its motion upward. As the ball rebounds upward, the support force
gradually decreases and eventually becomes zero as the ball leaves the floor's
surface.
Question 5:
You are using a string to lift a heavy picnic basket up to your treehouse. Alas, the
string isn't strong enough for the job. The picnic basket becomes motionless, even
though you are moving the portion of string you are holding upward, and the string
breaks. Breaking the string required energy and that energy was provided by:
Answer:
you. Explanation: Energy is provided to the string by doing work on it. Since you
pulled the portion of the string in your hand upward and that portion of string moved
upward, you did work on it and provided the string with energy. The picnic basket
pulled downward on the portion of string it touched, but that portion of string, like the
picnic basket itself, was motionless. Therefore, the picnic basket did no work on the
string and gave it zero energy.
Question 6:
You are shopping in a store and want to go upward from the second floor to the third
floor. You can make that trip using an escalator, an elevator, or a staircase. Which
method of going from the second floor to the third floor will increase your
gravitational potential energy the most?
Answer:
All three methods will increase your gravitational potential energy by the same
amount. Explanation: Your increase in gravitational potential energy depends only on
your increase in altitude. In this case, that altitude increase is the upward distance
from the second floor to the third floor. How you accomplish this increase in altitude
doesn't matter. The work required to lift you from the second floor to the third floor is
the same for all three methods, because that work becomes your increased
gravitational potential energy. The elevator, the escalator, and your legs all do the
same work on you in lifting you from the second floor to the third floor. In the latter
case, your legs convert your chemical potential energy into your gravitational
potential energy, so your total energy doesn't change. However, the question asked
only about the increase in your gravitational potential energy.
Question 7:
A downhill skier is descending a snowcovered mountain. The skier steps off of a
level region of the mountain and onto a steep slope. The skier begins to accelerate
rapidly downhill on the slope. What force is causing the skier to accelerate downhill?
Answer:
The downhill ramp force that is the sum of the skier's weight and the support force
exerted on the skier by the snowcovered slope. Explanation: The skier experiences
two individual forces: the skier's weight and a support force exerted on the skier by
the snowcovered slope. The skier's weight is directed downward, toward the center
of the Earth. The support force acts perpendicular to the slope's surface and
therefore is directed up and forward. The skier accelerates in response to the net
force, so we must sum those two forces to determine the skier's net force and
acceleration. The two forces can't cancel because they don't act in exactly opposite
directions. Instead, they only partially cancel and sum to form a ramp force that is
directed exactly downhill on the slope. The steeper the slope, the greater the amount
of that ramp force and the swifter the skier's acceleration.
Question 8:
You have shopping cart full of groceries and that cart is on a ramp. You are exerting
an uphill force on the cart, so that the net force on the cart is zero. What energy
transfer is occurring?
Answer:
If the cart is moving uphill, you are transferring energy to the cart. If the cart is
moving downhill, the cart is transferring energy to you. Explanation: Energy is
transferred by doing work and you do work on the cart only when it moves in the
direction you are pushing it. Since you are pushing the cart uphill, you do work on it
and transfer energy to it only when it moves uphill. Similarly, the cart does work on
you only when you move in the direction the cart is pushing you. Since the cart is
pushing you downhill, it does work on you and transfers energy to you only when
you move downhill.
Question 9:
You are trying to lift a heavy file cabinet into the back of a truck. The file cabinet
weighs 200 pounds (about 900 newtons) and you must raise it 2 feet (about 0.6
meters) upward. The file cabinet has wheels, so it rolls freely. You create a ramp
using rigid boards that are 8 feet long and successfully push the wheeled file cabinet
up the ramp and into the truck. What force did you exert on the file cabinet to keep it
moving up the ramp at constant velocity? [Assume the ramp was smooth, straight,
and exactly 8 feet long, and neglect any imperfections, such as friction or air
resistance.]
Answer:
You exerted a force of 50 pounds directed uphill along the ramp. Explanation: The
work you do lifting the file cabinet into the truck is equal to the increase in the file
cabinet's gravitational potential energy. Regardless of how you do that lifting, you will
have to do work equal to 200 pounds times 2 feet, or 400 footpounds. [The foot
pound is a unit of energy and 1 footpound is equal to about 1.36 newtonmeters or
1.36 joules.] Lifting the file cabinet straight up at constant velocity would require you
to exert an upward force of 200 pounds while that cabinet moves upward 2 feet. But
pushing the file cabinet uphill at constant velocity along the 8foot ramp required you
to exert an uphill force of 50 pounds while that cabinet moved uphill 8 feet. The
product of your force on the file cabinet times the distance the file cabinet moved in
the direction of your force is 400 footpounds, either way.
Question 10:
You talking on your cellphone and you accidentally ride your bicycle off the road. You
realize that you are going to collide with either a tree or a garbage can, so you must
choose which object to hit. The tree will not move at all if you hit the tree, but the
garbage can will move if you hit the garbage can. How will your choice of object
affect the energy you transfer to that object when you hit it? [Fortunately, you are
going slowly, so you won't be injured regardless of your choice.]
Answer:
You will transfer energy if you hit the garbage can, but you will not transfer energy if
you hit the tree. Explanation: Because the tree cannot move, you cannot do work on
it and therefore cannot transfer energy to it. You will retain all of your original energy
when you hit the tree, which is one of the reasons why hitting immovable objects is
often a poor choice during a collision. Giving away excess energy is usually helpful
during a collision because uncontrolled energy can lead to injuries. Since the
garbage can will move when you hit it, you can do work on the garbage can and
transfer energy to it. That's probably your safer choice.
===================================================
Module 4 Seesaws:
Question 1:
A toy top is a diskshaped object with a sharp point and a thin stem projecting from
its bottom and top, respectively. When you twist the stem hard, the top begins to spin
rapidly. When you then set the top's point on the ground and let go of it, it continues
to spin about a vertical axis for a very long time. What keeps the top spinning?
Answer:
The top has rotational inertia. Explanation: The top continues to spin because it is
approximately free of external torques and the net torque on it is essentially zero. It
moves according to Newton's first law of rotational motion, turning at constant
angular velocity.
Question 2:
To start a motionless toy top spinning, you twist it. What determines the direction in
which the top spins?
Answer:
The torque you exert on the toy top has a direction and the top undergoes angular
acceleration in the direction of the torque you exert on it. Explanation: The torque
you exert on the top is what causes it to begin spinning. In accordance to Newton's
second law of rotational motion, the top undergoes angular acceleration that is
proportional to the torque you exert on it and in the same direction as that torque.
Your choice of torques thus determines the direction in which the top spins.
Question 3:
You are traveling through deep space in a large spaceship and everything in the ship
is weightless. The ship is experiencing zero net force and it coasts forward.
However, in preparation for docking at a space station, the ship is rotating slowly.
You notice that one location in the coasting ship moves at constant velocity, even as
the rest of the ship rotates about that location. What is this special location in the
ship?
Answer:
The ship's center of mass. Explanation: This question focuses on the ship's inertial
behavior and therefore on its center of mass. The ship's center of mass is the
effective location of the ship's total mass. The ship's motion can be separated into
two parts: the translational motion of its center of mass and its rotation about its
center of mass. Because the net force on the ship is zero, the ship's center of mass
travels at constant velocity. At the same time, the ship can rotate about that center of
mass. Actually, if the ship isn't wobbling, then it rotates about an axis that passes
through the center of mass, but there are other locations along that rotation axis that
also travel at constant velocity. However, if the ship's captain changes the ship's
rotational axis (something that can be accomplished using rocket engines), the new
rotational axis will still pass through the ship's center of mass. That behavior makes
the center of mass unique—it's the only location in the ship that always travels at
constant velocity when the net force on the ship is zero.
Question 4:
A tall luxury hotel has a rotating restaurant at its top. The diskshaped floor of the
restaurant rotates slowly about the center of the restaurant and completes one full
rotation every 30 minutes. When the restaurant opens each day, the manager turns
on the motors that make the restaurant spin, but it takes several minutes for the
restaurant to begin spinning at its full angular velocity. Why doesn't the restaurant
reach full speed immediately?
Answer:
The restaurant's angular acceleration is proportional to the net torque exerted on it.
The motors produce a net torque on the restaurant and it immediately undergoes
angular acceleration. But it takes time for the angularaccelerating restaurant to
reach its full angular velocity. Explanation: A net torque causes angular acceleration,
not angular velocity. In this case, the net torque on the restaurant causes the
restaurant's angular acceleration. Opposing that angular acceleration is the
restaurant's enormous rotational mass—the measure of its rotational inertia.
Although the motors produce a large net torque on the restaurant, the restaurant's
rotational mass is so huge that the restaurant's angular acceleration is still small.
Since angular acceleration is the rate at which angular velocity is changing with time,
the restaurant's angular velocity changes gradually with time. It takes a few minutes,
but the restaurant's angular velocity eventually reaches its full operating value.
Question 5:
A modern bicycle has two pedals mounted on a rotating device known as a crank.
Pushing down on one pedal with your foot produces a torque on the crank, about its
pivot, except in which situation(s)?
Answer:
When the pedal is vertically above or below the pivot, your force on the pedal is
directed along the lever arm from the pivot to your force. A force that is parallel to
the lever arm produces zero torque. Explanation: If you are able to exert a force on
the pedal and that force has a component perpendicular to the lever arm from the
pivot to the pedal, you will produce a torque on the crank. There are two orientations
of the crank in which those requirements are not met. When the pedal is vertically
above or below the pivot, the lever arm from the pivot to the pedal is vertical and a
force exerted vertically down on that pedal has zero component perpendicular to the
vertical lever arm. This observation that you can't produce a torque on the crank
when the pedals are aligned vertically explains why it's so difficult to start riding a
bicycle when its pedals are arrange that way.
Question 6:
Armwrestling is a simple game that two people can play. The players sit across from
one another at a table, place their right elbows together on the tabletop and clasp
their right hands together. When the competition starts, each person tries to twist the
pair of arms counterclockwise from that person's perspective until those arms touch
the table. It's a rotational problem, with the elbows acting as the pivot and the two
players trying to rotate the pair of arms in opposite directions. Suppose you are arm
wrestling with a friend and you are winning. Compare the torque you are exerting on
your friend to the torque that your friend is exerting on you.
Answer:
Those two torques are equal in amount but opposite in direction. Explanation: The
torques that you and your friend exert on one another form a Newton's third law
pair. The torque you exert on your friend and the torque your friend exerts on you
must be equal in amount but opposite in direction, no matter what is happening in
the game. The fact that you are winning is irrelevant.
Question 7:
You are armwrestling another friend and find that you are almost perfectly matched.
Your pair of arms is vertical and motionless, even though you are both trying hard to
win. To begin winning, you want that pair of arms to rotate counterclockwise from
your perspective. What must you do to make that happen?
Answer:
The counterclockwise torque you exert on the pair of arms must be greater in
amount than the clockwise torque your friend is exerting on that pair. Explanation: In
effect, the two of you are twisting an object—your pair of arms—in opposite
directions. While that pair is vertical and motionless, the net torque it experiences is
zero and it is rotationally inertial—the pair of arms is motionless and remains
motionless. If you increase the torque you exert on the pair, however, the net torque
on the pair is no longer zero and it undergoes angular acceleration. Its angular
velocity increases in the direction that you want in order to win.
Question 8:
You are making pizza and are spinning a ball of pizza dough in midair to make a
larger and larger disk. As the diameter of the disk increases, you find it more difficult
to change the disk's angular velocity. Why?
Answer:
The disk's rotational mass increases with its diameter, although its mass remains
unchanged. Explanation: The dough's mass doesn't depend on its shape, but its
rotational mass does. The larger the disk's diameter, the farther the dough's mass is
from its center of rotation—which, for a disk in midair, is its center of mass. Moving
the disk's mass outward from its center of rotational increases that disk's rotational
mass and makes it less responsive to torques. As the disk's rotational mass
increases, the disk undergoes a smaller angular acceleration in response to the
same net torque.
Question 9:
Your car has a flat tire and you are using an automobile jack to lift the corner of the
car so that you can change the tire. The jack involves a lever and you lift the corner
of the car upward by pushing the handle of the lever downward. You notice that as
the handle moves downward 10 inches, the corner of the car moves upward only 0.5
inches. Assuming that the jack is not wasting any energy, compare the downward
force you exert on the jack handle to the upward force that the jack exerts on the
car.
Answer:
The jack's upward force on the car is 20 times as large as your downward force on
the jack handle. Explanation: The work you do on the jack's handle is the same as
the work the jack does on the car. Since work is force times distance in the direction
of that force, the product of your downward force on the jack's handle times the
distance the jack's handle moves downward must be equal to the product of the
jack's upward force on the car times the distance the car moves upward. Because
the jack's handle moves 20 times as far as the car moves, the jack's upward force on
the car must be 20 times as large as the force you exert on the jack's handle.
Question 10:
Tower cranes are frequently seen in cities, where they are used to construct tall
buildings. In a tower crane, a huge metal beam sits atop a vertical metal tower. The
beam extends outward from the tower in two directions and it pivots about the top of
the tower. A lifting cable hangs from one end of the beam and heavy weights hang
from the other end of the beam. Since the lifting cable end of the beam is the only
end that seems to do anything, what useful purpose does the weightend of the
beam serve?
Answer:
The weightend of the beam ensures that the beam is approximately balanced about
its pivot and experiences approximately zero torque due to gravity. Explanation: To
be safe and to avoid tipping in unwanted ways, the tower crane must balance its
beam about the pivot at the top of its tower. If the beam is seriously unbalanced,
meaning that it is experiencing a large gravitational torque about that pivot, it may
undergo angular acceleration and thereby start to tip over. The tower itself can exert
torques on the beam and compensate for a modest imbalance in the beam. But
having the beam extend only in one direction from the pivot and lifting heavy objects
from the end of that beam would result in large gravitational torques on the beam
about its pivot. To balance the beam and avoid those large gravitational torques, the
tower crane extends the beam in both directions and places enough weight near the
second end to compensate for weight lifted by the cable near the first end.
Gravitational forces acting at the two ends of the beam produce opposing torques
that sum to approximately zero and leave the beam nearly free of gravitational
torque about the pivot.
=================================================
Module 5 Wheels:
Question 1:
You are walking at constant velocity on a sidewalk that slopes gently uphill. What
force(s) is the sidewalk exerting on you?
Answer:
A frictional force directed uphill, parallel to the sidewalk's surface, and a support
force directed perpendicular to the sidewalk's surface. Explanation: Since you are at
constant velocity, the net force on you is zero. Since your weight is downward, the
sidewalk's total force on you must be upward and equal in amount to your weight.
That total sidewalk force is the sum of two parts: a support force that pushes you
perpendicular to the sidewalk's surface and a frictional force that pushes you parallel
to the sidewalk's surface. The sidewalk's frictional force on you must be directed
uphill in order to cancel the downhill ramp force that is itself the sum of your weight
and the sidewalk's support force on you. In summary, (1) the sidewalk exerts a
support force on you to keep you from falling into its surface, (2) that support force
and your weight sum to become what we call the downhill ramp force, and (3) the
sidewalk exerts an uphill frictional force on you to cancel the downhill ramp force, so
that (4) the net force on you is zero and you move at constant velocity.
Question 2:
For millennia, people have ground grain into flour by placing a thin layer of grain
between two surfaces that slide across one another. Those two surfaces are usually
stacked on top of one another and the surface above the grain is that of a very
heavy object, such as a millstone. When motionless, the heavy millstone will exert
large support forces on the grain and thereby crush that grain to some extent, but it
won't make fine flour. Spinning the millstone while keeping the surface below the
grain motionless, however, will grind the grain as fine as you like. What role does the
millstone's weight play in this grinding process?
Answer:
The grinding process uses both support forces to crush the grain and sliding
frictional forces to wear the grain. Since frictional forces are approximately
proportional to support forces, the millstone's weight enhances both the crushing
and the wearing processes. Explanation: When the millstone is turning, sliding
frictional forces cause the grains to wear away into tiny particles of flour. Support
forces also contribute to the grinding process, by continuing to crush the grains, but
sliding friction is especially important in this millstone grinder. As the millstone spins
atop a stationary bottom surface, the grain experiences conflicting frictional forces—
each particle is pushed in opposite directions at its top and bottom. At least some of
those frictional forces are sliding friction and the millstone's great weight ensures that
those sliding frictional forces are large enough to wear the particles of grain into
flour.
Question 3:
Walking on ice can be treacherous, but some techniques are safer than others. In
general, you are less likely to slip and falling if you lower your foot vertically into
place on the ice as you take each step than you are if you slide your foot horizontally
into place on the ice as you take each step. Why is the vertical landing method of
walking on ice usually safer than the horizontal sliding method?
Answer:
The static frictional forces you can obtain from the ice using the vertical landing
method are larger, and more effective at preventing sideways slips, than the sliding
friction forces you are likely to obtain from the ice using the horizontal sliding method.
Explanation: You need horizontal frictional forces to walk safely. Without them, it's all
too easy for one of your feet to slip sideways and lose its ability to support your
weight properly. If you walk on a frictionless surface, chances are that you will
eventually slip and fall. Ice is treacherous in this regard because it can suddenly
become almost frictionless if you're not careful. In general, static friction is stronger
than sliding friction and that observation is especially true when one of the two
surfaces is ice. If your foot is motionless on horizontal ice, you can often obtain
substantial static frictional forces from the ice and those horizontal forces allow you
to avoid slipping and falling. But once your foot is actually sliding across horizontal
ice, that ice can develop a liquid water layer. That water layer lubricates the sliding
motion so effectively that the sliding frictional force the ice exerts on your foot is
nearly zero. The ice then becomes a nearly frictionless surface and you are likely to
slip and fall.
Question 4:
Most automobiles have mechanical brakes on all four of their wheels. Each of these
brakes consists of two surfaces—one surface that rotates with the wheel and one
surface that doesn't rotate. When you put your foot on the brake pedal in such an
automobile, those two surfaces begin to slide across one another. The harder you
press on the brake pedal, the more tightly those surfaces are pressed against one
another. Why do the brakes permit the two surfaces to slide across one another,
rather than locking those two surfaces together so that they don't slide across one
another?
Answer:
The purpose of the brakes is to waste the moving automobile's kinetic energy, using
sliding friction, and thereby slowing the automobile safely. Locking the brakes would
result in static friction in the brakes and prevent the brakes themselves from wasting
more than a tiny fraction of the automobile's kinetic energy. Explanation: A moving
automobile carries kinetic energy. To slow that automobile, you must get rid of that
kinetic energy. In principle, you could transfer it elsewhere or turn it into potential
energy. Some modern electric or hybrid automobiles actually can turn some of their
kinetic energy into potential energy in their batteries during braking. Most vehicles,
however, aren't so sophisticated and simply grind their kinetic energy up into thermal
energy. They use sliding friction in their brakes to waste their kinetic energies. Since
static friction does not waste energy, locking the brakes would be counterproductive
and cause the automobile's kinetic energy to go somewhere else instead. Most likely,
that energy would be ground up into thermal energy as the suddenly motionless
wheels skidded across the pavement. Skidding the wheels of a car has many
undesirable features: it wears out the tires and pavement, it prevents the wheels
from steering the car's motion, and it often increases the stopping distance. A
skidding car doesn't stop instantly—it decelerates gradually in response to the
weaker forces of sliding friction that the pavement exerts on the skidding tires.
Permitting the brake surfaces to slide allows them to waste the automobile's kinetic
energy, avoids wear in the tires and pavement, maintains steering, and probably
stops the vehicle more quickly. The vehicle's rolling wheels obtain the strong forces
of static friction from the pavement and decelerate the vehicle more rapidly. Because
skidding tires on pavement is almost never desirable, locking the brakes is
something to avoid. Many modern cars have antilock brakes that ensure that the
brake surfaces continue to slide across one another during braking.
Question 5:
The harder you press on an automobile's brake pedal, the greater the support forces
that the two surfaces in each brake exert on one another. Why does this increase in
support forces in the brakes result in more rapid deceleration (acceleration opposite
its velocity) of the automobile?
Answer:
The sliding frictional forces the two brake surfaces exert on one another are
approximately proportional to their support forces on one another. As the support
forces increase, the sliding frictional forces also increase; they waste the
automobile's kinetic energy faster, so that it slows more rapidly. Explanation: The
short explanation is that stronger support forces in the brakes result in stronger
frictional forces in the brakes, so that the brakes slow the car more rapidly. The
longer explanation starts with net force. A car decelerates when the net force it
experiences is directed opposite its velocity. During braking, the decelerating part of
the net force comes from the static frictional forces exerted by the pavement on the
car's tires. The car brakes' act to slow the rotation of its wheels, so the pavement
responds by trying to keep those wheels rotating. The brakes use sliding frictional
forces to slow the wheel and those forces increase as the support forces in the
brakes increase. Overall, the greater the support forces in the brakes, the more the
brakes act to slow the wheels and the more strongly the pavement must respond to
keep the wheels rotating. The pavement's static frictional forces on the car increase
and the car decelerates more rapidly.
Question 6:
The front wheel of your bicycle spins freely on its axle and rotates at almost constant
angular velocity if nothing outside the bicycle exerts a torque on it. Suppose the front
wheel is motionless as you stand next to your bicycle. You get on the bicycle and
pedal forward. As the bicycle begins to move forward, why does its front wheel
begin to rotate?
Answer:
The ground exerts a backward static frictional force on the bottom of the front wheel
to prevent that wheel from sliding across the ground. That frictional force, exerted at
a lever arm from the wheel's center of rotation, produces the torque that causes the
wheel to begin rotating. Explanation: Because the front wheel of your bicycle rotates
freely, it will only start rotating if something outside the bicycle exerts a torque on it. It
was motionless before you started forward and, in the absence of friction with the
ground, that front wheel would remain motionless. But the ground and front wheel
do exert frictional forces on one another and, as the bicycle begins to move forward,
the bottom of that wheel threatens to slide forward across the ground. To prevent
the start of that sliding, the ground exerts a backward static frictional force on the
bottom of the wheel. That friction force successfully prevents sliding, but it also
produces the torque that causes the wheel to start spinning.
Question 7:
When you drive a car on a level (horizontal) road that is slippery with ice, you usually
have no problems except when you try to speed up, slow down, or turn. Why does
the icy road make those three actions hazardous? [neglect any effects due to air]
Answer:
Each action involves a horizontal acceleration and requires a horizontal force. The
only forces that level pavement can exert on the car are frictional forces and the
slippery ice reduces those frictional forces. Explanation: A car that is moving at
constant velocity on level pavement is inertial and needs no horizontal forces. It
therefore has no need for frictional forces from the pavement. But when the car is
speeding up, slowing down, or turning, it is accelerating horizontally and needs a
horizontal force. Level pavement can exert vertical support forces and horizontal
frictional forces, so those three actions require that the pavement exert horizontal
frictional forces on your car. It's those frictional forces that become difficult to obtain
when the pavement is icy. Static friction decreases significantly on ice and sliding
decreases dramatically on ice, though not all the way to zero. To stay safe on icy
roads, minimize your horizontal accelerations and try to keep your wheels rolling
properly so that they experience the stronger static friction rather than the weaker
sliding friction whenever possible.
Question 8:
Pedaling your bicycle provides power to its rear wheel and propels your bicycle
forward. What force(s) is principally responsible for the bicycle's forward acceleration
as you pedal your bicycle forward from rest on a level (horizontal) road?
Answer:
The pavement exerts a forward frictional force on the bottom of the rear wheel.
Explanation: As you pedal your bicycle, you are providing power to its rear wheel
and causing the rear wheel to spin. As the rear wheel begins to spin, the bottom of
that wheel threatens to slide backward across the road pavement. To prevent the
start of that sliding, the pavement exerts a forward static frictional force on the
bottom of the wheel. That forward frictional force successfully prevents sliding, but it
also pushes the entire bicycle forward and causes it to accelerate forward.
Question 9:
If you throw a ball directly upward at 10 meterspersecond (22 mph), it will rise
upward about 5 meters before coming momentarily to a stop. If you throw that ball
directly upward at 20 meterspersecond (44 mph), how far will it rise upward before
coming momentarily to a stop?
Answer:
About 20 meters. Explanation: By throwing the ball directly upward, you are causing
the ball to transform its kinetic energy into gravitational energy. We therefore need to
know how doubling its speed affects its kinetic energy and how that change in kinetic
energy affects the altitude to which it can rise when all of its kinetic energy is
transformed into gravitational potential energy. Since the kinetic energy in a ball's
translational motion is proportional to the square of its speed, the 20 m/s ball has 4
times as much kinetic energy as the 10 m/s ball. That ball's gravitational potential
energy is proportional to its altitude, so with 4 times as much kinetic energy, the 20
m/s ball can rise 4 times as far as the 10 m/s ball, or 20 m upward.
Question 10:
Earth's oceans exhibit tides, so that the average water level near most shores rises
and falls at roughly sixhour intervals. A somewhat simplistic explanation for the tides
is that the moon's and sun's gravity slightly distort Earth's oceans, creating high and
low regions, and the Earth's rotation causes those high and low regions to shift on
the Earth's surface. There are a few tidal generating plants on Earth that use energy
in the tides to generate electricity. Where does nearly all of the energy in the tides
originally come from?
Answer:
The kinetic energy in the Earth rotational motion. Explanation: The Earth has a vast
amount of kinetic energy in its rotational motion. Even though its angular speed is
small (it completes only about one rotation per day), its rotational mass is so
fantastically huge that its rotational kinetic energy is phenomenal. As the Earth turns
and causes the tides to rise and fall, any energy extracted from those tides by people
or nature itself eventually leads to a reduction in the Earth's rotational kinetic energy.
The Earth's angular velocity is slowly decreasing due to this tidal energy loss, but
only by about 0.0023 seconds per century.
===========================================================
Module 6 Bumper Cars:
Question 1:
A meteor is streaking toward city hall and will hit the building in a few second. As it
moves through the sky, what physical quantities is the meteor carrying with it?
[Ignore any effects due to air or Earth's gravity]
Answer:
Energy, momentum directed toward city hall, but no force. Explanation: The meteor
carries several conserved quantities with it, including energy and momentum, but it
cannot carry a force with it. Forces are not conserved quantities and are exerted
between objects rather than carried by them. The fact that the meteor is carrying an
enormous amount of momentum directed toward city hall means that when it
actually hits city hall, the meteor will exert a large impact force on city hall as it
transfers some of its momentum to city hall by way of an impulse.
Question 2:
You have a midnight craving for ice cream and are walking quickly through your
pitchblack apartment when you collide with the wall. You come to a complete stop.
Fortunately, your interior decorator mounted a thick woolen tapestry (wallhanging)
on the concrete wall and that soft tapestry saves you from injury. Compare the
momentum you transferred while coming to a stop on the tapestrycovered wall to
the momentum you would have transferred if you had come to a stop on the bare
concrete wall.
Answer:
You would have transferred the same momentum in either case, but in stopping on
the tapestrycovered wall you transferred that momentum with a smaller force over a
longer period of time. Explanation: Since momentum is conserved, the momentum
you transfer to the tapestry or wall must be equal to your change in momentum.
Since your change in momentum is the same in either case (you come to a complete
stop), the momentum you transfer to the tapestry is the same as the momentum you
would have transferred to the bare concrete wall. You thus do the same impulse on
either the tapestry or the concrete wall. While stopping on the soft tapestry, you did
the impulse by exerting a relatively small force on the tapestry for a long time. Had
you stopped on the hard concrete wall, however, you would have done the impulse
by exerting a relatively large force on the wall for a short time. The concrete wall
would have exerted an equal but oppositely directed force on you during that impact
and it would have hurt. Colliding with the soft tapestry prolonged the momentum
transfer and resulted in more gentle, less painful forces.
Question 3:
A car traveling at 60 mph (100 km/h) veers off the road and hits a tree. The car
immediately comes to a complete stop. Fortunately, the airbag inflates and the driver
comes to a stop in the airbag instead of coming to a stop on the steering wheel.
Hitting the airbag rather than the steering wheel saves the driver's life because the
driver.
Answer:
Transfers all of her momentum to whatever stops her, but that transfer is slower and
involves a smaller force when she hits the airbag. Explanation: While the car and
driver are moving forward, the driver carries several conserved quantities with her.
One of those conserved quantities is momentum and the driver's momentum is
directed forward. Force is not a conserved quantity and is exerted between objects
rather than carried by individual objects, so the driver cannot carry a force with her.
When the car collides with the tree, the car stops abruptly and the driver is suddenly
surrounded by nearly motionless objects. Fortunately, she collides with the airbag.
She transfers all of her forward momentum to that airbag, just as she would have
transferred all of her forward momentum to the steering wheel. But while the
momentumtransferring impulse she did to the airbag was the same as the impulse
she would have done to the steering wheel, the airbag impulse took more time and
therefore involved a smaller, safer impact force. Incidentally, the car crumpled
strategically during its collision with the tree to further prolong the driver's impulse
with the airbag. Moreover, the crumpling car and airbag also let the driver to work on
them and rid herself of excess kinetic energy. Together, the car and airbag did
everything they could to extract the driver's energy and momentum slowly, gently,
and safely, so that she walked away uninjured.
Question 4:
A diver stands upright at the edge of the 10 meter platform at the Olympics. The
diver jumps off the platform, folds into a ball shape, completes 3.5 somersaults,
unfold out of the ball shape, and plunges headfirst into the water. Compare the
diver's angular momentum about the diver's center of mass at three different
moments while that diver is not touching anything: (a) before folding into a ball
shape, (b) while ballshaped, and (c) after unfolding out of the ball shape [Note that
the diver's weight, which acts at the diver's center of gravity, produces zero torque
on the diver about the diver's center of mass. Ignore any effects due to the air.]
Answer:
The diver's angular momentum is the same at all three moments. Explanation: While
the diver is not touching anything, the diver is experiencing zero torque about the
diver's center of mass and cannot be exchanging angular momentum with anything
else. The diver's angular momentum is therefore constant throughout the dive. That
constancy of angular momentum accounts for some of the challenge of doing
complicated dives. The diver must leave the platform with enough angular
momentum to complete all the desired somersaults and/or twists, but the diver must
somehow look as if the diver is not rotating when entering the water. It's not easy.
Question 5:
The chef at a pizza restaurant tosses a spinning disk of pizza dough into the air. As
the disk stretches outward in midair and its diameter increases, what happens to the
disk's angular momentum and angular velocity about the disk's center of mass?
[Note that the disk's weight, which acts at the disk's center of gravity, produces zero
torque on the disk about the disk's center of mass. Ignore any effects due to the air.]
Answer:
The disk's angular momentum is constant, but the disk's angular velocity decreases.
Explanation: The disk is isolated from external torques, so its angular momentum is
constant. As the disk's diameter increases, its mass shifts farther from its center of
mass (the center of rotation) so the disk's rotational mass increases. For the disk's
angular momentum to remain constant as its rotational mass increases, the disk's
angular velocity must decrease. Incidentally, because the disk is not rigid, Newton's
first law of rotation does not apply to it.
Question 6:
You are riding on a large carousel at an amusement park and you are enjoying the
moving scenery as the carousel spins about its center of rotation. The ride comes to
an end and the carousel gradually slows to a stop. Why does it take so long for the
carousel to stop rotating?
Answer:
The spinning carousel carries a large amount of angular momentum and the angular
impulse needed to remove that angular momentum with a reasonable torque
requires a long time. Explanation: The spinning carousel carries several conserved
quantities, including angular momentum. When the ride ends, the carousel must
transfer its large angular momentum to something else in order to slow to a stop. It
must do an angular impulse on something else. That angular impulse is the product
of the torque it exerts and the duration of that torque. To avoid having to exert an
enormous, possible dangerous torque on whatever stops the carousel, the carousel
stop slowly. It does its angular impulse using a smaller torque exerted for a longer
time.
Question 7:
A "lazy susan" is a diskshaped rotating platform that a restaurant places at the
center of a large dining table. Dishes of food are placed on the lazy susan and diners
can rotate the lazy susan by hand to bring various dishes closer to them. A large
torque exerted for a short time makes the motionless platform begin rotating rapidly,
but that dangerous technique risks tipping over some of the food dishes. How can
you make the same motionless platform and dishes begin rotating just as rapidly, but
with a smaller, safer torque?
Answer:
Do the same angular impulse as the dangerous technique, but by exerting a smaller
torque for a longer time. Explanation: Since the lazy susan is the same as before
and you want to make it spin just as rapidly as with the dangerous technique, you
need to do the same angular impulse as the dangerous technique. That means that
the product of your torque and the time (or duration) of that torque must be the same
as for the dangerous technique. By using a smaller torque, exerted for a longer time,
you can obtain that same angular impulse but without the abrupt and risky angular
acceleration of the dangerous technique. The lazy susan will experience a slower
angular acceleration and all the dishes will remain safely in place.
Question 8:
To win a big prize at the fair or festival, all you have to do is toss a basketball into a
bucket located about 10 feet (3 meters) in front of you and have the basketball
remain in the bucket. The rigid bucket cannot move and it opens toward you.
However, the bucket is tilted upward just enough that the basketball will remain in it
if someone places the basketball in the bucket by hand. You try a dozen times to get
the basketball to stay in the bucket, but it keeps bouncing back out of the bucket.
Why is it so difficult for the basketball to come to rest in the bucket?
Answer:
To stop moving, the basketball must transfer both energy and momentum to the
bucket and, while it transfers momentum easily to the bucket, it transfers almost zero
energy to the bucket. Explanation: The fastmoving basketball carries energy and
momentum as it approaches the bucket and it must get rid of both of those
conserved quantities in order to stop moving. During its impact with the bucket, the
basketball transfers momentum easily to the bucket by way of an impulse; it exerts a
force on the bucket for time. Because the bucket is rigid and immovable, however,
the basketball is unable to do any significant work on the bucket; it exerts a force on
the bucket but the bucket barely moves any distance in the direction of that force.
The basketball therefore cannot transfer any significant energy to the bucket. Instead
of stopping in the bucket, the basketball bounces out of the bucket. It retains nearly
all of its original energy, but it reverses its direction and therefore its momentum.
Question 9:
You have just added a massive stone sculpture to your modern art collection.
Unfortunately, the people who delivered the sculpture accidentally set it on its side.
What barbarians! To tip the sculpture onto its proper base, you transfer as much
momentum as you can to the highest point on the sculpture. You accomplish this
transfer (successfully, I might add) by running full speed toward the sculpture and:
Answer:
Hitting the highest point on the sculpture with your feet as you jump against it so that
you end up reversing your velocity. Explanation: If you come to a stop due to your
impact with the sculpture, you will have transferred all of your forward momentum to
the sculpture. However, if you jump against the sculpture and reverse your velocity
due to your impact, you will have given the sculpture more forward momentum than
you had before impact. You will end up heading backward, opposite your original
forward velocity, but you will have transferred an exceptionally large amount of
forward momentum to the sculpture. By bouncing off the sculpture in this manner,
you transfer more forward momentum to the sculpture than you could do by simple
coming to rest against it.
Question 10:
Your dynamic sculpture combines magnets, springs, and elastic bands with a variety
of moving parts, including levers, pulleys, and pendulums. When someone jostles
those parts, a complicated series of motions occurs and predicting how things will
proceed seems nearly impossible. You point out, however, that there is a simple rule
governing the motion of each part at any moment in time. That rule is that each part:
Answer:
Accelerates in the direction that reduces its total potential energy as quickly as
possible. Explanation: The parts may interact and therefore exchange energy,
momentum, and angular momentum. They may also accelerate or coast, depending
on the exact circumstances. What is always true, however, is that each part will
accelerate in the direction that reduces its total potential energy as quickly as
possible. In other words, it will accelerate in the direction opposite its total potential
energy gradient.
====================================================
+1 Recommend this on Google
Posted by Yashar khatib shahidi at 11:28 AM
Labels: How Things Work Physics
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