Construction and Building Materials 55 (2014) 153–157

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Workability and compressive strength of ductile self compacting

concrete (DSCC) with various cement replacement materials
Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin, Kok Yung Chang ⇑, Norzaireen Mohd Azmee
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Department of Civil Engineering, Perak, Malaysia

h i g h l i g h t s

 MIRHA is a new cement replacement material produced under controlled burning method using microwave system.
 All DSCC mixtures are fulfilled the requirements of self compacting abilities.
 DSCC with replacement of 10% FA and 10% MIRHA achieved the highest compressive strength.
 The usage of fly ash and MIRHA are able to improve the properties of concrete due to pozzolanic reaction with the cement.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Ductile self compacting concrete (DSCC) is one of the advanced materials which combines self compact-
Received 27 June 2013 ing abilities and ductility to address the current industry problems. A study on DSCC with various cement
Received in revised form 26 December 2013 replacement materials was conducted. Up to 20% of cement in DSCC was replaced by Microwave Incin-
Accepted 26 December 2013
erated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA), silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) in certain ratios. The experiments of self
compacting ability such as V-funnel test, slump flow and L-box test were conducted in order to ensure
the DSCC with various cement replacement materials fulfilled the requirements for self compacting.
Keywords:
Besides that, comparison of compressive strength is made between the control DSCC and DSCC with var-
Ductile self compacting concrete
Self compacting abilities
ious cement replacement materials. The results show that DSCC with replacement of 10% FA and 10%
Cement replacement materials MIRHA achieved the highest compressive strength without scarifying the self compacting abilities.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction deficiencies of high strength concrete can be overcome by reinforc-

Concrete is one of the most important construction materials,
the improvement of concrete is needed and essential in order to in-
crease the performance and sustainability. In the past few decades,
high strength concrete is more popular than normal concrete as it
gives better engineering characteristics and economic advantages
[1]. High strength concrete is used to avoid oversized structural
members and leads to reduction in dead loads of the building.
Moreover, it possesses uniform high density and impermeability
which enhance the durability of the concrete structures [2]. It
has been widely used in the construction practice around the
world even though it is low in tensile strength and weak deforma-
tion capability in other words it is brittle [3]. Furthermore, there is
a direct relationship between the brittleness and strength which
means that the brittleness of concrete will increase with the
strength [4]. Based on the past research, the brittleness and the
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 165686684.
E-mail addresses: fadhilnuruddin@petronas.com.my (M.F. Nuruddin),
kyung1987@gmail.com (K.Y. Chang), norzaireen@gmail.com (N. Mohd Azmee).
ing with short discontinuous fibers [5].
Steel fibers bridge gap between adjacent surfaces of existing
micro-crack, delay crack formation and limit crack propagation
by reducing the crack tip opening displacement [6]. This mecha-
nism is known as bridging mechanism. In addition to the effect
of crack bridging, steel fiber matrix bond strength also contributes
to the increasing fracture toughness of the DSCC. The bond of DSCC
between steel fibers and matrix is known as interfacial bond which
governs ultimate strength [7]. Generally, there are two types of
interfacial bond in fiber reinforced concrete which are known as
shear bond and tensile bond. The shear bond of fiber and matrix
control the transfer of stress parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the reinforcement and resist the pull-out of the reinforcement
from the matrix. On the other hand, the tensile bond resists dis-
placement caused by forces acting perpendicular to the interface
[8]. Thus, the energy absorption and impact strength of concrete
can be increased by the addition of steel fibers [9]. However, the
addition of steel fiber at high dosage has potential disadvantages
in terms of poor workability and increased cost [5]. In addition,
the high stiffness of steel fibers may lead to some micro-defects

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.094
154 M.F. Nuruddin et al. / Construction and Building Materials 55 (2014) 153–157

such as voids and honeycombs during casting due to improper its spherical shape that provides ball bearing effects, the rheology
compaction at low workability level [5]. properties have been improved which resulted excellent workabil-
The creation of good quality concrete structures requires ity and flowability in self compacting concrete [32]. On the other
adequate compaction during casting by skilled labors [9]. Thus, hand, MIRHA is a new cement replacement material produced
the concrete product relies on the workmanships even though under controlled burning method using microwave system. The
the designed concrete was very high strength and durable. In order addition of MIRHA in concrete gives better strength and reduced
to ensure the quality of designed concrete, independent from the porosity due to the pozzolanic reaction between MIRHA and
compaction is needed. Self compacting ability enables the concrete Ca(OH)2 [33–35]. Besides that, the use of silica fume significantly
self levelled and compacted under its own weight and without improves the bonding of transition zone of cement paste and
external or internal compaction [10]. DSCC has been made possible aggregate [36]. Silica fume consists of ultra fine particles and
by combination of self compacting concrete and fiber reinforced increases the bond strength between cement paste and aggregate
concrete. The development of DSCC is beneficial to the industry by making the interfacial zone denser [37]. It also plays an impor-
as it able to address the deficiency of normal concrete which is tant role on increasing of mechanical strengths of concrete due to a
the brittleness and overcome the compaction problems. This can pozzolanic activity.
be used in several structural applications with technical and eco- Although mineral admixtures improves the properties of
nomic advantages compared to the conventional reinforcement concrete, it possess setback as the fineness of the material such
concrete [11–14]. By incorporated of short discontinuous steel fi- as silica fume and MIRHA increase the water demand [36]. Hence,
bers in self compacting concrete, it improves ductility properties the binary blends of binder may not fully expedite the function of
such as increase in tensile and flexural strength, strain hardening mineral admixtures. According to previous researches, ternary
and toughness [15] as normal self compacting concrete possesses blends concrete indicates better performance than binary blends
low tensile strength, limited ductility and low resistance to concrete as ternary blends of binder synergy the effects of the
cracking. cement replacement materials and compensate the disadvantages
of the materials itself [34,35]. This has led to the research on the
1.1. Cement replacement materials possibilities of ternary blends of cement with MIRHA, silica fume
and fly ash in DSCC.
In construction industry, the production of cement is one of the
major emitters of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide
2. Material properties
(CO2) due to the calcinations of limestone and other raw materials
[16,17]. Hence, cement is a material which is commonly used in In this study, the ingredients of DSCC namely Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
the construction industry as binder in concrete, brings unfavour- and cement replacement materials acted as binders in the mixes while river sand
able impact to the environment. Approximately one tonne of CO2 adopted as the aggregate in DSCC mixes. Besides that, polycarboxylate ether
released to the environment with one tonne of cement produced (PCE) based superplasticizer was used as the superplasticizer (SP) in DSCC. This
product is Sika Viscocrete 2044; it is a third generation superplasticizer for concrete
[16,18]. The percentage of CO2 emission is increasing rapidly be-
and mortar which gives self compacting abilities. Steel fiber was used in the DSCC
cause cement production is increasing over the years [17,18]. mixes to give better ductility.
Therefore, CO2 reduction has become the most concerned issue
worldwide. There is a need of reducing the usage of cement by par-
2.1. Binders
tial replacement of cement with other materials.
Besides that, DSCC is made of high powder content (1000 kg/m3), The cement used in the DSCC mixes was Type I Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
it will increase the heat of hydration and leads to creep and shrink- manufactured in accordance to BS EN 107-1:2000. However, the cement replace-
age of concrete [19]. Incorporation of high-volume mineral ment materials used in the DSCC mixes were categorized in Type II which conform-
admixtures reduces heat of hydration as cement content in ing to BS EN 206-1:2000 [38]. The chemical composition of OPC and cement
replacement materials is shown in Table 1.
concrete was reduced and thus rate of hydration reduced [20]. The
Fly ash is one of the cement replacement materials which composed of spher-
total heat of hydration produced by the pozzolanic reactions with ical shape with particle size from 1 lm to 100 lm. The fly ash was obtained from
mineral admixtures is considered as half of the average heat of Manjung Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant Malaysia. MIRHA which is rich in SiO2
hydration produced by Portland cement [21]. Due to the reduced was produced by incineration of locally available rice husk under controlled
temperature by microwave incinerator [34]. The rice husk used was obtained from
heat of hydration, it leads to improvement of rheology properties
BERNAS’s paddy milling plant. After the incineration process, MIRHA was then
and reduces thermally-induced cracking of concrete as well as long ground using Los Angeles (LA) machine for 2000 cycles in order to increase its fine-
term properties of concrete [22,23]. ness. The particle size of MIRHA varies between 75 lm and 150 lm. Silica fume
ASTM C618 [24] defines pozzolanic material as a material that used in DSCC mixes was from Elkem Micro Silicafume. The particle size of silica
contains siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material by composi-
tion with little or no cementing property but it can provide
cementing property when it reacts with calcium hydroxide at
Table 1
ordinary temperatures in fine particle size with the presence of
Chemical compositions of OPC, fly ash, MIRHA and silica fume.
moisture [25]. Hence, mineral admixtures which has pozzolanic
characteristic can be incorporated in DSCC as cement replacement Constituent Percentage
materials. Large number of studies [26–28] have shown that min- OPC Fly ash MIRHA Silica fume
eral admixtures have been widely used as a substitute for Portland Na2O 0.20 – 0.12 –
cement in many applications because of their advantageous prop- MgO 2.42 – 0.49 –
erties which include cost reduction, reduction in heat evolution, Al2O3 4.45 29.1 0.45 0.71
decreased permeability and increased chemical resistance. Besides SiO2 21.45 51.7 89.34 90.36
P2O5 0.11 1.7 2.58 –
that, utilization of waste materials reduces the technical and K2O 0.83 1.6 4.98 –
environmental problems of plants and conserves existing natural CaO 63.81 8.84 0.76 0.45
resources [29,30]. TiO2 0.22 0.7 0.02 –
Fly ash is a common cement replacement material in concrete Fe2O3 3.07 4.76 0.40 1.31
SO3 2.46 1.5 0.90 0.41
as it improves the workability properties and reduces the require-
MnO 0.20 – 0.08 –
ment of superplasticizer and viscosity modifying agent [31]. Due to
 M.F. Nuruddin et al. / Construction and Building Materials 55 (2014) 153–157 155

Table 2
Physical properties of steel fiber.

Fiber properties WSF0220 GSF0325

Average fiber length (mm) 20 25
Average fiber diameter (mm) 0.2 0.3
Aspect ratio (I/d) 100 83.33
Tensile strength (MPa) 2300 2300
Elastic modulus (GPa) 200 200

fume varies between 0.15 lm and 45 lm. The addition of micro silica gives benefits
to fresh concrete properties, improving the rheology for better pumping and stabil- Fig. 1. Slump flow baseplate (mm) & (s).
ity of the concrete mix as well as hardened properties.

2.2. Steel fiber

Two types of steel fibers that conform to BS EN 14889-1:2006 were used in all
DSCC mixes. The steel fibers used were straight steel fiber with diameter of 0.2 mm
and fiber length 20 mm (denoted as WSF0220) and end-hooked with diameter of
0.3 mm and fiber length 25 mm (denoted as GSF0325). All the fibers were fabricated
from very high strength steel and having ultimate tensile strength of 2300 MPa.
Fibers characteristics are shown in Table 2. In this study, DSCC is incorporated with
2% of steel fiber by volume fraction.

3. Experimental programme

3.1. DSCC mix proportion

Table 3 shows the mixing composition of each DSCC with different percentage
of binders and C0 is the control mix with 100% OPC while C1 to C6, 20% of OPC is
replaced by various cement replacement material. All DSCC mixes with different
water/binder (w/b) ratio are selected from the trial mixes which achieved the
requirements of self compacting abilities. Each design mix has different w/b ratio
and dosage of superplasticizer (SP) in order to achieve self compacting ability.

3.2. Mixing procedures

The mixing procedures of DSCC are in accordance to the previous research [39]
with adjustment in mixing time and steps. The mixing time of the DSCC mix is Fig. 2. V-funnel (s).
dependent on the type of binders used in the DSCC. Pan mixer was adopted in mix-
ing DSCC, the binders and sand was mixed for 2 min and followed up by pouring in
50% of the total mixing water and mixed for 3 min. Next, 40% of water and 70% of SP
were poured then mixed for 5 min and subsequently the remaining water and SP
were added and mixed until form. The mixing time of the last stage varied from
3 to 10 min which depended on the type of cement replacement materials. Finally,
the steel fibers were dispersed evenly to prevent fiber balling and mixed for 2 min.

3.3. Workability tests

In order to ensure the self compacting abilities of DSCC, 3 types of workability

tests were selected. Slump flow test, V-funnel test and L-box test were conducted
immediately after the DSCC were freshly mixed. The procedures of the tests were
referred to BS EN 12350:2010 Part 8 to Part 10 [40–42]. The results of the tests
are cross checked with the requirements of self compacting abilities [43]. Based
on the tests and results, DSCC mixes which passed the requirements were selected
from the trial mixed and shown in Table 3. Figs. 1–3 show the equipment of slump
flow, V-funnel and L-box respectively.

3.4. Mechanical tests

There are 2 mechanical tests conducted in comparing the control DSCC mix and
DSCC mixes with various cement replacement materials. Compressive strength
tests at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days were conducted while flexural strength tests at 7, 14
and 28 days were conducted. The testing procedures of both compressive and
Fig. 3. L-box (ratio).
flexural strength tests are in accordance to BS EN 12390:2000 Part 3 & 5 [44,45].

Table 3
DSCC mix proportion.

Mix Description OPC (kg/m3) SF (kg/m3) MIRHA (kg/m3) FA (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Steel fibers (%) SP (%) w/b ratio
C0 OPC 1000 – – – 1000 2.0 2.5 0.17
C1 OPC&SF 800 200 – – 1000 2.0 3.5 0.24
C2 OPC&MIRHA 800 – 200 – 1000 2.0 2.5 0.24
C3 OPC&FA 800 – – 200 1000 2.0 2.0 0.17
C4 OPC&SF, MIRHA 800 100 100 – 1000 2.0 3.5 0.24
C5 OPC&SF, FA 800 100 – 100 1000 2.0 3.5 0.19
C6 OPC&MIRHA, FA 800 – 100 100 1000 2.0 3.0 0.18
156 M.F. Nuruddin et al. / Construction and Building Materials 55 (2014) 153–157

Table 4 Compressive Strength of DSCC

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Acceptance criteria of self compacting abilities.

Characteristic Min Max

Slump flow (mm) 650 800
T500 (s) 2 5
L-box (ratio) 0.8 1.0
V-flow (s) 6 12

Table 5
Workability results.
Age (days)

Design mix V-flow (s) Slump flow L-box Fig. 4. Compressive strength development of DSCC.

T500 (s) Diameter (mm)

C0 9.0 2 720 0.80 high water demand by MIRHA, it reduced the water usage
C1 6.0 3 690 0.80
compared to other ternary blends DSCC mixes. Hence, it has a
C2 6.5 2 875 1.00
C3 6.0 2 795 0.80 higher strength than other DSCC mixes with cement replacement
C4 6.0 2 805 0.80 materials due to lower w/b ratio [47].
C5 7.0 3 705 0.80 Besides that, the high SiO2 content in fly ash and MIRHA facili-
C6 10.0 3 700 0.85 tated the formation of calcium silicate hydrates. Fineness of the
MIRHA also affects the strength as it filled up the micro pores with-
in the concrete matrix [35] and densified the concrete. Even
4. Results and discussion though the w/b ratio of C6 is higher than C0, the benefits brought
by MIRHA and fly ash have improved the properties of DSCC such
4.1. Workability as porosity reduced and better bonding in inter transition zone.

According to EFNARC [24], self compacting ability has to fulfill 5. Conclusion

all requirements shown in Table 4.
Based on the workability results shown in Table 5, all of the An overview of the development, properties of DSCC has been
DSCC mixes achieved the acceptance criteria of self compacting outlined. Based on the experimental studies, several general
abilities as shown in Table 4. Hence, all DSCC mixes shown are suit- conclusions can be drawn:
able to be used as self compacting concrete.
1. The DSCC mixes proposed are fulfilled the requirements of
self compacting abilities.
4.2. Compressive strength 2. DSCC with various cement replacement materials can be
used as high strength ductile self compacting concrete with
The compressive strength of various DSCC mixes is shown in the appropriate water/binder ratio and superplasticizer.
Table 6 and Fig. 4. As expected, the compressive strength of DSCC 3. DSCC with replacement of 10% MIRHA and 10% of fly ash
increased with age. At 1 day, the control DSCC mix (C0) recorded at (C6) has highest compressive strength without scarifying
62 MPa and it achieved 131 MPa at 28 days. Based on Fig. 4, the the self compacting abilities.
trend of strength development of the other DSCC mix with cement 4. The usage of fly ash and MIRHA in DSCC improved the
replacement materials (C1 to C6) are low compared to the control properties of concrete due to complementary and synergy
DSCC mix (C0). This is because of the addition of the cement behavior of the two materials that enhances the pozzolanic
replacement materials which reduced the early strength develop- reaction with the cement.
ment. However, the SiO2 content in the cement replacement mate-
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