UNIT- I DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

PART A
1. Name the different types of Analog to Digital Converter? (R2013/Jan2014)
 Flash ADC
 Sigma-delta ADC
 Dual slope converter
 Successive approximation converter
2. What is data acquisition system?
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the
resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. The components of data
acquisition systems include: Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals. Signal conditioning
circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values. Analog-to-digital converters,
which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
3. Define Sampling?
Quantizing the amplitude of continuous signal to digital data at discrete times is referred as sampling. The sampling
frequency or sampling rate, fs, is the average number of samples obtained in one second.
4. Define Sampling Theorem?
The Shannon sampling theorem is defined as “bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a
rate at least twice the maximum frequency component in it”.
fs>2fm
5. Define Aliasing?
If the signal is not sampled at a frequency greater than twice the high frequency component, the information is not
completely recoverable from sampled data. The distortion or artifact that results when the signal reconstructed from
samples is different from the original continuous signal. This under sampling results in an effect called aliasing.
6. What is Sampling Rate?
Sample rate is the frequency at which the ADC converts the analog input waveform to digital data. The oscilloscope
samples the signal after any attenuation, gain, and/or filtering has been applied to the analog input path and converts
the resulting waveform to digital representation.
7. Name some characteristics of ADC?
 Resolution
 Dynamic Range
 Quantization Error
8. What are the errors in ADC?
 Differential Nonlinearity
 Integral Nonlinearity
 Offset error
 Gain error
9. Define Conversion Time and throughput Rate?
Conversion time is the time the ADC takes to produce a valid binary output for an applied input. The throughput rate
is defined as the number of times the input signal can be sampled in one sec and it is calculated as the inverse of total
time required to complete one successful conversion.
10. Mention the objective of DAS?
 It must acquire the correct data at correct speed and time.
 Use of all data efficiently to inform the operator about the state of the plant.
 It must monitor the complete plant operation to maintain online optimum and safe operation.
 It must be reliable, and not have a down time greater than 0.1%
11. Explain the frequency mode of operation in Counter?
The frequency is defined as the number of events per time interval. The main gate switch is kept closed for a precisely
known time interval. This is done with the help of crystal oscillator. The input pulses pass through the main gate to
the decimal counting circuit and pulses are counted and recorded.
12. Define a Prescaler?
Prescaler is a module that scale the input down to a frequency range that can be accommodated by digital counters.
Prescalers are typically used at very high frequency to extend the upper frequency range of frequency counters, phase
locked loop (PLL) synthesizers, and other counting circuits.

13. What is a signal conditioner?

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Signal conditioning is the manipulation of a signal in a way that prepares it for the next stage of processing. Many
applications involve environmental or structural measurement, such as temperature and vibration, from sensors.
14. List the various components of DAQ?
 Sensors
 Signal Conditioning Circuits
 A/D converter
15. List the advantages of DAS?
 Reduced data redundancy
 Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
 Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
 Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages
 Improved data security
 Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
 Facilitated development of new applications program
16. Draw the block diagram of DAS?

17. Explain the principle of heterodyne converter for frequency measurement?

In this frequency range converter, the input is translated downwards in the frequency by mixing it with a signal,
which is now within the frequency range of the counter, is then counted and displayed.
18. Explain the single channel data acquisition system?
The single channel DAS consists of a signal conditioner circuit, analog to digital converter and a buffer. The ADC
performs the conversions repetitively at a free running internally determined rate. The digital output from the buffer
are further fed to either digital computer or storage or print-out device.

19. What is Known as multichannel data acquisition system? (R2013/Jan2014)

In multi-channel DAQS a separate sensor and conditioner for each physical parameter called as the channel is present
and then through a multiplexer and sample and hold circuits each signal is sent to a common analog to digital
converter. The multiplexed data are available at the input port of microprocessor which are collected and further
stored for processing.
20. Mention the modes of operation of electronic counter?
The electronic counters perform various different operation such as
 Totalizing(Counting) of input events,
 Measurement of frequency or time
 Time averaging
21. List the disadvantages of DAS?
 Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
 Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
 Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
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  Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system
 Initial training required for all programmers and users
22. Draw the block diagram of ADC?

23. Draw the diagram of a Prescaler?

24. Draw the basic block diagram of automation system?

25. Compare the different types of ADC?

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 Performance/ Integrating Sucessive Flash ADC Sigma-Delta
Characteristics ADC Approximation ADC
ADC
Speed Slow Fast Fastest Slow
Noise Noise rejection Noise not eliminated Noise not
using averaging eliminated
S/H device Not required Required Not required Not required
Resolution High High Resolution Low High
Resolution Resolution Resolution
Cost Low Modest Very High Low

PART B
1. Discuss the operation of an automated instrumentation system with a neat block diagram? (R2013/Jan2014)
2. Explain any one method of frequency measurement with necessary diagram? (R2013/Jan2014)
3. Explain in detail about Single channel and Multi-Channel Data Acquisition systems?
4. Discuss about the various types of Analog to digital Conversion techniques?
5. List the various characteristics of ADC?
6. With neat diagram, explain Heterodyne Converter for frequency measurement?
7. Explain any one method of time interval measurement with necessary diagram?
8. Explain in detail about Counters and operation modes?
9. Explain the sampling and errors in ADC?
10. Differentiate between Single channel and Multi-Channel Data Acquisition systems?
UNIT- II INTERFACING AND DATA TRANSMISSION
PART A
1. What is the purpose of multiplexing? (R2013/Jan2014)
Multiplexing basically involves taking multiple signals and combining them into one signal for transmission over a
single medium, such as a telephone line. The input signals can be either analog or digital. The purpose of multiplexing
is to enable signals to be transmitted more efficiently over a given communication channel, thereby decreasing
transmission costs.
2. What is data transmission system and mention its types?
Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels,
computer buses are some examples. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical
voltage, radio wave, microwave, or infrared signal. The types of data transmission is
1. Analog transmission, the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel
2. Digital Transmission, is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel.
3. Advantages of digital transmission over analog communication?
Advantages:
 Transmission quality is almost independent of distance between terminals. Hence the error rate is virtually
unaffected by distance due to regeneration.
 The capacity of existing transmission systems can be increased and are more economical for distances of 15-
40km.
4. Disadvantages of digital transmission over analog communication?
Disadvantages:
 It requires large width band requirement.
 Time digital Transmission is not compatible with frequency division analog transmission. Both cannot be
carried simultaneously.
5. What is Time-Division Multiplexing?
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common
signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the
line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern. The pulses are sent over a transmission medium are reverted
back to analog signal at end of transmission.
6. Mention the types of Analog Pulse Modulation?
Analog Pulse Modulation
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
 Pulse Time Modulation
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  Pulse Width Modulation
 Pulse Position Modulation
7. Mention the types of Analog Pulse Modulation?
Digital Pulse Modulation
 Pulse Code
 Delta Modulation
8. What is a signal conditioner?
Signal conditioning is the manipulation of a signal in a way that prepares it for the next stage of processing. Many
applications involve environmental or structural measurement, such as temperature and vibration, from sensors.
9. Define Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)?
The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that at samples is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that
sampling instant.
10. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)?
The sample is sampled at regular intervals such that the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration of length
or width is varied in accordance to the instantaneous value of analog signals.
11. Define Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)?
It is the modification of PWM. In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width with the position
of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of analog signal.
12. What is the principle of Pulse Code modulation?
The total amplitude range which the signal may occupy is divided into a number of standard levels. Instead of sending
a pulse train capable of continuously varying one of the parameters, the PCM generator produces a series of numbers
or digits Each one of these digits, most always in a binary code, represents the approximate amplitude of the signal
sample at that instant. By a process called quantizing, the level actually sent by any sampling time is the nearest
standard level.
13. Mention the applications of Pulse Code modulation (PCM)?
PCM is the most commonly used technique in digital communications. Used in application such as Telephone
systems, Digital audio recording, CD laser disks, voice mail, digital video etc.
14. Mention the advantages of Pulse Code modulation (PCM)?
 It can easily carry a mixture of traffic, such as telephony, telegraphy, data and encoded video information
 It can increase the capacity of single telephone channels over cable pairs by multiplexing,
 It can lend itself to novel facilities like cryptography, storage and other forms of digital processing.
 Its signal characteristics allow easy access to electronic switching in which group of digits are selected to be
switched in turn onto various highways.
15. What is Delta Modulation and mention the principle of Delta Modulation?
Delta Modulation is a process of modulation in which train of fixed width pulses is transmitted. It is based on the
principle that rather than quantizing the absolute value of the input analog waveform, it quantizes the difference
between the current and the previous step.
16. What are the different Code formats of pulse waveform?
 Full binary transmission, where both 0 and 1 bits are part of format
 Half binary transmission, where only the 1 are transmitted. The 0 is recognized by the absence of a pulse at
the time of clock transition.
 Multiple binary transmission, where ternary and quadratic coded are used for each transmitted pulse.
17. Define Quantization?
The process of converting analog signals to Pulse Code Modulation is called as quantizing. Since the original signals
can have an infinite number of signal levels, the quantizing process will produce errors called as quantizing noise.
18. What is the purpose of Buffer in microprocessor design?
Buffers provide amplified current and power output to drive address and data buses in microprocessor based system.
19. List the various types of Buffers?
The types of buffer are as follows:
 Tristate Buffer: Performs the function of a switch.
 Unidirectional Octal Buffer: Allows the transmission of 8-bit data in one direction.
 Bidirectional Octal Buffer: Allows the transmission of 8-bit data in either direction.
20. Why data and address must be de-multiplexed?
The address, data and control bus lines from microprocessor need to be buffered to prepare them to be connected to
many components in the system. The 8086 microprocessor multiplexes address ,data and status signals on AD15-
AD0 and A19/S6-A16/S3 lines.it outputs address in ‘T1’ state of a bus cycle and changes to data and status during

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remaining period of the bus cycle. Address on address bus should be stable throughout a memory or I/O access bus
cycle to enable the memory or I/O devices for data transfer. Hence it is necessary to de-multiplexed.
21. Define an Interface standard?
An interface standard is a standard that describes one or more functional characteristics (such as code conversion,
line assignments, or protocol compliance) or physical characteristics (such as electrical, mechanical, or optical
characteristics) necessary to allow the exchange of information between two or more (usually different) systems or
pieces of equipment.
22. List the various operational Modes of 8255A?
 Bit Set-Reset Mode (BSR)
 I/O Mode with Mode 0, Mode 1(I/O with handshake), Mode 2(Bidirectional I/O Data Transfer)
23. Define DMA? Why hardware controlled data transfer techniques are used for transfer?
In microprocessor based systems, to carry out tasks such as Fetching of instruction, Execution and Decoding of
instruction the processor requires some considerable amount of time. In these situations, software Controlled transfer
of data is not suitable for large data transfers. In such situations hardware controlled transfer techniques are used. In
DMA, the external device is used to control data transfer. The external device generates address and controls data
transfer allows peripheral devices to directly access memory.
24. List the features of Programmable Interrupt Controller-8259A?
 8259A handles up to 8-vectored priority interrupts for CPU.
 It is cascadable up to 64-vectored priority interrupts without additional circuitry
 The priority modes can be changed or reconfigured dynamically at any time during main program
 It supports both edge and level triggered mode of interrupting.
25. List the addressing mode of 8086 microprocessors.
 Register Addressing mode
 Immediate Addressing mode
 Register Indirect Addressing mode
 Direct Addressing mode
 Indexed Addressing mode
 Base Relative Addressing mode
 Base Indexed Addressing mode
PART B
1. (i) Explain a pulse code modulation (PCM) system with a neat block diagram? (12)
(ii) It is given that a 5 bit encoder is used in a PCM system. Suppose if each level represents 1V, what is the
range of encoder? (4) (R2013/Jan2014)
2. (i) Explain the 8086 microprocessor based data transmission system with necessary diagrams? (10)
(ii) Discuss time division multiplexing as applied to telemetry? (6) (R2013/Jan2014)
3. Explain with necessary diagrams, the various Analog Modulation techniques?
4. Explain in detail the Interfacing of 8086 with (a) 8255A (b) 8259A(c) 8237(d) 8254?
5. Explain about various Pulse Code Format?
6. Explain the architecture of 8086 microprocessor.
7. List the various Peripheral Interfaces?
8. Explain about data transmission systems?
UNIT- III INSTRUMENTATION BUS
PART A
1. Define Bus? (R2013/Jan2014)
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. The technique was
developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, an
address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.
2. What is a Modem? Write the function of it. (R2013/Jan2014)
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines.
Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the
form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
Function
 Error Correction: In this process the device checks if the information they receive is undamaged.
 Compressing the Data: For compressing the data, it is sent together in many bits. The bits are grouped
together by the device in order to compress them.

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  Flow Control: Different devices vary in their speed of sending signals. Thus, it creates problems in receiving
the signals if either one of them is slow. In the flow control mechanism, the slower one signals the faster one
to pause, by sending a 'character'. When it is ready to catch up with the faster one, a different character is
sent, which in turn resumes the flow of signals.
3. List the features of RS-422?
 A multi-drop interface
 It uses differential signal, balanced transmission
 It communicates up to 1200 m
4. List the advantages of RS-485 over RS-232?
 It requires just a single +5V supply to generate the required minimum 2 V difference at differential outputs
 Rs-485 can have multiple drivers and receivers whereas RS-232 can have only two drivers
 They transfer at a data rate of 10 Mbps
5. List the various Modem standards?
The CCITT (now known as the ITU) has defined standards which relate to RS-232 and modem communications.
Each uses a V number to define their type. Some standards are as follows:
 Bell 103M & 212A: Older standards, Bell 103 transmits at 300 bit/s at 300 baud and 212A transmits at 1200
bit/s at 600 baud.
 Bell 202: Older standard for FSK at 1200 bit/s. Used for Caller ID in POTS telephony.
 V.21: Capable of only 300 bit/s, it is an international standard used mainly outside of the U.S.
 V.22: Capable of 1200 bit/s at 600 baud. Used mainly outside the U.S.
6. List the various Instrument Bus standards?
 RS-422
 RS-232
 RS-485
 RS-423
 RS-449
7. Define an Interrupt?
Interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate
attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code
the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing
a function called an interrupt handler (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption
is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types
of interrupts:
8. Write the types of interrupt?
Hardware interrupts
Software interrupts.
9. Define Interoperability?
The Fieldbus Foundation defines interoperability as "the ability to operate multiple devices, independent of
manufacturer, in the same system, without loss of functionality." The term multiple devices refers to a set of fieldbus
products that may include a mix of field devices such as valves and transmitters, and host devices such as control
systems.
10. Define Interchangeability?
Interchangeability ensures that devices from one manufacturers can be substituted with that of another. It requires an
open protocol specification which defines uniform device function and application interfaces.
11. List the advantages of RS-232 interface?
Advantages
 Up to 50 m between Micro link hardware and computer
 Over 250 channels per Micro link 3000
12. List the disadvantages of RS-232 interface?
Disadvantages
 Slow, runs at up to 38 400 baud over short distances; lower speeds as the distance
 Maximum logging speed with Streamer software = 700 samples per second, with
13. What is RS-232?
The RS-232 interface is the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard for the interchange of serial binary data
between two devices. It was initially developed by the EIA to standardize the connection of computers with telephone
line modems. The standard allows as many as 20 signals to be defined, but gives complete freedom to the user. Three
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wires are sufficient: send data, receive data, and signal ground. The remaining lines can be hardwired on or off
permanently. The signal transmission is bipolar, requiring two voltages, from 5 to 25 volts, of opposite polarity.
14. What is the category of signals used in RS232?
Signal functions in the EIA232 standard can be subdivided into six categories. These
Categories are summarized below, after which each signal described.
 Signal ground and shield.
 Primary communications channel. This is used for data interchange, and
 Secondary communications channel. When implemented, this is used for
 Modem status and control signals. These signals indicate modem status
 Channel test signals. Before data is exchanged, the channel may be tested.
15. What is the use of MAX232 IC?
The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from an RS-232
serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver
and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
16. What is the use of handshaking signals in serial communication?
The method of exchanging signals for data flow control between computers and data sets is called handshaking. The
most popular and most often used handshaking variant is called XON/XOFF; it's done by software, while other
methods are hardware-based.
17. List the features of USB.
 A maximum of 127 peripherals can be connected to a single USB host controller.
 USB device has a maximum speed up to 480 Mbps (for USB 2.0).
 Length of individual USB cable can reach up to 5 meters without a hub and 40 meters
With hub.
 USB can draw power by its own supply or from a computer. USB devices use power up to 5 voltages and
deliver up to up to 500 mA.
18. What is meant by bit-stuffing?
To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remain in the bit stream, USB uses bit stuffing where an extra 0
bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of 6 consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is
always an error.
19. List the primary differences between RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485?
Specifications RS-232 RS-422 RS-485
Mode of Operation Single-Ended Differential Differential

Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line. One 1 Driver 1 Driver 32 Drivers
driver active at a time for RS-485 networks 1 Receiver 10 Receiver 32 Receivers

Maximum Cable Length 50 ft (2500 pF) 4000 ft 4000 ft

160 Kbits/s (can
Maximum Data Rate (40 ft - 4000 ft for RS-422/RS-485) 10 Mbit/s 10 M
be up to 1Mbit/s)
20. What is packet in USB?
During USB communication data is transmitted as packets. Initially, all packets are sent from the host, via the root
hub and possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply
21. List the types of USB?
Handshake packets, Token packets, Data packets, PRE packet
22. What is bit Rate?
Bit rate is a measure of the number of data bits (that's 0's and 1's) transmitted in one second. A figure of 2400 bits
per second means 2400 zeros or ones can be transmitted in one second.
23. What is baud Rate?
Baud rate by definition means the number of times a signal in a communications channel changes state. For example,
a 2400 baud rate means that the channel can change states up to 2400 times per second.
24. Name the Secondary Communications Channel of RS232?
 Pin 14 - Secondary Transmitted Data (STxD)
 Pin 16 - Secondary Received Data (SRxD)
 Pin 19 - Secondary Request to Send (SRTS)

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  Pin 13 - Secondary Clear to Send (SCTS)
PART B

1. Discuss in detail about various signals used in RS232 standard?

2. Explain about USB system, signaling and method of data transfer?
3. Explain the following in detail about data Hand shaking? (R2013/Jan 2014)
4. Explain the following: Interoperability? (R2013/Jan 2014)
5. Explain about Modem standards? (R2013/Jan 2014)
6. Explain about the characteristics, communication, advantages and limitations of RS-422?
7. Describe the properties of RS-232 interfaces with necessary sketches. Also discuss the basic requirements of
instrument bus standards? (R2013/Jan 2014)
8. Describe the properties of RS-485 interfaces with necessary sketches. Also discuss the basic requirements of
instrument bus standards? (R2013/Jan 2014)
9. Explain about RS-422, signaling and method of data transfer?
10. Discuss in detail about various signals used in RS485 standard?

UNIT- IV VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

PART A
1. Compare the virtual instruments with standard instruments?
Traditional Instrument Virtual Instrument
Tasks defined by vendor Task defined by User
Range extension and customization not possible Range extension and customization possible
Special technology –cost high Pc based-Costs less
Lack of portability Portable

2. Define virtual instrument?

A virtual instrument consists of a computer equipped with powerful application software, cost effective hardware
such as PC plugin boards, and driver software, which together outperform the functions of traditional instruments
for test and automation.
3. Give the block diagram of Virtual Instrumentation?

4. Mention any two applications of virtual instrumentation?

 Virtual instrument plays a vital role in the field of engineering, fault diagnosis, medicine, remote access
laboratory, internet communications, chemistry, physics, etc.
 The real time signals such as temperature, pressure can be monitored and controlled by using VI
5. What are the tools available in control palette?
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The Controls palette contains the controls and indicators you use to build the front Panel. The tools available in the
control palette are
 Numeric sub palette
 Matrix sub palette
 Boolean sub palette
 Ring & Enum sub palette
 String & path sub palette
 Graphs sub palette
 Array sub palette
 I/O sub palette
6. What is sub VI?
In order to simplify and abstract virtual instruments, it is possible to decompose a virtual instrument into modules
using sub-VIs where each sub-VI serves as a module. Sub-VIs are thus analogous to sub-routines for your Lab View
program and allow you to organize your Lab View programs into a hierarchy
7. What is the need for virtual instrumentation? (R2013/Jan 2014)
Virtual instrumentation is necessary because it delivers instrumentation with the rapid adaptability required for
today’s concept, product, and process design, development, and delivery. Only with virtual instrumentation can
engineers and scientists create the user defined instruments required to keep up with the world’s demands.
8. List the techniques used for data flow in virtual instrumentation? (R2013/Jan 2014)
 Charts
 Arrays
 Loops
 Structures
9. What are real times embedded systems?
Real-time systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an external environment. This
environment is connected to the computer system through sensors, actuators, and other input-output interfaces. It
may consist of physical or biological objects of any form and structure. Often humans are part of the connected
external world, but a wide range of other natural and artificial objects, as well as animals, are also possible. The
computer system must meet various timing and other constraints that are imposed on it by the real-time behavior of
the external world to which it is interfaced
10. Applications of Real Time Embedded Systems?
 vehicle systems for automobiles, subways, aircraft, railways, and ships
 traffic control for highways, airspace, railway tracks, and shipping lanes
 process control for power plants, chemical plants, and consumer products such as soft drinks and beer
 Medical systems for radiation therapy, patient monitoring, and defibrillation.
11. List the four major functions of DAS?
 Analog Input
 Analog Output
 Digital Input/output
 Timing I/O
12. Explain the function of Digital I/O in DAQ system?
Digital I/O provided an interface for transferring digital data from or to external digital equipment. Also involves
in Controlling on/off switches and monitoring the status of the switches.
13. What is the need for signal conditioning in DAQ?
The Signal conditioning functions are useful for amplification, filtering, and isolation, Multiplexing,
Simultaneous sampling and Digital signal conditioning. They improve the accuracy, effectiveness, and safety of
the measurements because of capabilities such amplifications, isolation, and filtering. In addition, using external
signal conditioners located closer to the signal source, or transducer, improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the
measurement by boosting the signal level before it is affected by environmental noise.
14. Name the factors for selecting A/D converter?
 Accuracy
 Offset Error
 Gain Error
 Differential Nonlinearity
 Integral Nonlinearity
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  System Resolution and Conversion Speed.
15. What is the use of Counter/Timers in Virtual Instrumentation?
The counter is used for following reasons:
 Frequency measurement
 Edge or event counting (totalizing)
 Pulse-width measurement
 Event timestamps
 Frequency generation
 Frequency shift-keying (FSK)
 Frequency division
 Pulse-train generation and pulse-width modulation (PWM)
16. Define Data Logging?
Data logging is the process of collecting and storing data over a period of time in order to analyze specific trends or
record the data-based events/actions of a system. It enables the tracking of all interactions through which data, files
or applications are stored, accessed or modified on a storage device or application.
17. What is a virtual channel?
 A physical channel is a terminal or pin at which you can measure or generate an analog or digital signal.
 Virtual channels are software entities that encapsulate the physical channel along with other channel specific
information range, terminal configuration, and custom scaling that formats the data. To create virtual
channels, use the DAQmx Create Virtual Channel function/VI or the DAQ Assistant.
18. What are the tools available in control palette?
The Controls palette contains the controls and indicators.
 Numeric sub palette
 Matrix sub palette
 Boolean sub palette
 Ring & Enum sub palette
 String & path sub palette
 Graphs sub palette
 Array sub palette
 I/O sub palette
19. What is the use of cluster in VI?
 A cluster is a data structure that groups data, like arrays. However, there some important difference for
cluster:
 Cluster can group different types of data (such as numerical, and string data).
 Cluster has fixed size
20. When buffered are used?
 Many samples are required at a faster rate than in practical to display, store or analyze real time
 Data is acquired/displayed continuously
21. When non-buffered I/O are used?
 The data set is small and short
 Reduced Memory overhead is required
22. List the any two DAC Techniques?
 Weighted Resistor
 R-2R Ladder
23. List the characteristics of DAC Techniques?
 Accuracy
 Resolution
 Range of operation
 Full-scale output
 Settling Time
24. Define Resolution?
The change in analog input for 1LSB change in digital input is termed as resolution.
Resolution = 1/2n *Vref
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25. List various Errors in DAC?
 Differential Non-linearity error
 Integral Nonlinearity error
 Offset Error
 Gain Error
PART-B
1. With a neat block diagram explain the architecture of virtual instrumentation system? (R2013/Jan 2014)
2. Write short notes on: Graphical programming technique using GUI? (R2013/Jan 2014)
3. Write short notes on: Real Time embedded system? (R2013/Jan 2014)
4. Discuss the various data flow techniques?
5. Write short notes on Digital I/O?
6. Write short notes on DAC in virtual Instrumentation?
7. Write short notes on Timers and Counters?
8. Discuss the various Peripheral Interfaces used in Virtual Instrumentation?
9. Explain about Loops, charts,
10. Write short notes on ADC in virtual Instrumentation?

UNIT- V CASE STUDIES

PART A
1. What are data loggers? (R2013/Jan 2014)
A data logger is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in
instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. They generally are small, battery powered, portable.
Some data loggers interface with a personal computer and utilize software to activate the data logger and view and
analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone
device.
2. What are the advantages of using a Data logger?
 Its ability to record very long traces
 Measurement errors are eliminated and measures any electrical output ad logs automatically.
 Data Logging can be used to record data in hostile environments.
3. List out the major components required for PC based temperature measurement? (R2013/Jan 2014)
 Temperature Sensor
 Thermal buffer
 Measurement device
 Data storage
 Software
 Alarming
4. List the various operation aided by DAS?
 The measurements data can be saved in data files and enables future analysis.
 Controls various modules in an instrumentation system automate the measurement process
 DAQ is used for various analysis and display routines for various measurement systems
5. List out the major components required for PC based flow measurement?
 Level Sensor
 Thermal buffer
 Measurement device
 Data storage
 Software
 Alarming
6. Discuss the various characteristics of Data logger?
 Modularity
 Reliability
 Accuracy
 Management tool
 Easy to use
7. What are the features of compact data logger?
 Small yet robust
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  Cost effective temperature recording
 High accuracy and resolution (12 bit)
 Has inbuilt Microprocessor to control interval of operations through a single A/D converter.
8. What are the disadvantages of Data loggers?
 If the data logging equipment breaks down or malfunctions, some data is lost
 Equipment has higher initial cost
 The equipment takes approximates reading only at logging interval which has been set up. In case of errors
the data’s are not collected.
 Sensors needs to be calibrated before use for true readings.
9. Sketch the block diagram of data logger?

10. Discuss the various functional modules of data logger?

 Scanner controller
 Data exchanger
 Processor
 Programmer
 DVM interface
11. Write the applications of PC based Data Acquisition systems?
 Controlling and Automating a Continuous Process Industry Plant
 To perform long-term condition monitoring of equipment such as turbines and compressors to identify
problems before a failure occurs
 To develop diagnostic systems for identifying the root cause of a failure. Applications range from portable,
ad-hoc measurements of machinery to automated image inspection systems.
12. Distinguish between monochrome and Color video display?
Color monitors, display text and graphics in multiple colors through the use of alternating-intensity red, green, and
blue phosphors, whereas monochrome monitors have only one color of phosphor (mono = one, chrome = color). All
text and graphics are displayed in that color.
Monochrome monitors, pixel-for-pixel, produce sharper text and images than color CRT monitors. This is because
on a monochrome monitor, each pixel is made up of one phosphor, located in the dead center of the pixel; whereas
on a color monitor, each pixel is made up of three phosphors (one red, one blue, one green), none of which are in the
center of the pixel.
13. Advantages of using CRT based displays?
 Low cost because of volume of production.
 Speed of updating and the retention of image is good.
 Colour display is available.
 Text and graphics display modes
14. Disadvantages of using a CRT based display?
 Large size and weight: Typical CRT displays are at least as deep as they are wide
 High voltage and power consumption. Also generate a lot of heat.
 CRT displays are glass vacuum tubes, and are therefore relatively fragile.
 The microprocessor interface is relatively complex.
15. Discuss the various characteristics of RTD?
 Sensitivity of RTD is related to temperature resistance coefficient of metal used.
 Resister vs temperature relationship is nonlinear for wide range of temperature.
 Requires maximum excitation current, hence a stable current source is required.
16. Discuss the various characteristics of Thermocouple?
 The thermal emf produced by thermocouple is very low and is in range of -10 mv to 50 mv
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  Resister vs temperature relationship is nonlinear for wide range of temperature.
 It requires cold junction compensation.
17. Discuss the various characteristics of Thermistors?
 Range of thermistor is limited to temperature from -75 to 300C
 They are highly sensitive and highly negative temperature coefficient.
 Have faster response time.
18. Discuss the various PC based Pressure measurements sensors?
 Mechanical Pressure sensor
 Electrical Pressure Sensor
 Capacitive type Pressure Sensor
19. Discuss the advantages of Electromagnetic flowmeter?
 No moving Parts
 No obstruction of pipes
 Linear analog output
20. Discuss the disadvantages of Electromagnetic flowmeter?
 Liquid should have Conductivity
 Not suitable for gas
 Bulk and expensive for gas
21. Discuss the various Health Concerns of CRT?
 CRTs can emit a small amount of X-ray radiation as a result of the electron beam's bombardment of the
shadow mask/aperture grille and phosphors. The amount of radiation escaping in most CRTs must have
emissions below this limit.
 Older color and monochrome CRTs may contain toxic substances, such as cadmium, in the phosphorus. This
represents an environmental hazard if disposed improperly.
22. What is a Cathode Ray oscilloscope?
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, and a phosphorescent screen
used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the
images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor),
radar targets or others. CRTs have also been used as memory devices.
23. List the advantages of Doppler Flowmeter?
 It is more suitable for use as a flow switch
 The flowmeter works with laminar or turbulent flow
24. List the disadvantages of Doppler Flowmeter?
 Flow stream should contain particles
 Not suitable for clear liquids
 Measures particle velocity
25. What is the principle of Transmit Time flowmeter?
Transmit time flowmeter works on the principle that the effective velocity of sound in moving medium is equal to
The velocity of sound relative to the medium plus the velocity of the medium.
PART-B
1. Explain the operation of a PC based Data Acquisition system with a neat schematic block diagram. Also mention
its application? (R2013/Jan 2014)
2. With neat diagram, explain the operation of a practical closed loop pressure control system in a process industry?
(R2013/Jan 2014)
3. Distinguish between monochrome and Color video display? (R2013/Jan 2014)
4. Discuss the various Temperature based industrial process measurements?
5. Discuss the various pressure based industrial process measurements?
6. Explain in detail of the data logger, its functions and characteristics?
7. Explain in detail about CRT interface and controller with monochrome?
8. Explain in detail about CRT interface and controller with color video display?
9. Discuss the various flow based industrial process measurements?
10. Discuss the various level based industrial process measurements?

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