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Tolerance
Pain Tolerance
Pain Threshold: least
experience of pain that
a subject can recognize.
Pain unpleasantness
Pain Tolerance: greatest
level of pain the subject
is prepared to tolerate. Pain
‐upper level of ‘pain
unpleasantness’.
Pain Threshold
‐involves cognitive and
affective components
NO PAIN
Age affects Pain Threshold and Pain
Tolerance
• Pain Threshold INCREASES
with age (Gagliese, 1999)
Pain Tolerance
– Only 3/40 studies report
opposite effect
unpleasantness
Pain
Pain
• Pain Tolerance DECREASES
– 5 studies report DECREASE (Yehuda Pain Threshold
1997; Collins, 1966; Edwards, 2001; Walsh, 1989;
Woodrow, 1972)
• Definition: applying a
painful stimulus to one
body part leads to
inhibition of pain in
another remote region
of the body.
Decreased Descending Inhibition Mechanisms in the
Elderly promote central sensitization and chronic pain
1. animal studies show descending
pain inhibition DECREASES with
age (Bodnar, 1988).
2. recent human study shows
significant DECREASES in DNIC
responses in older people.
(Washington, 2000)
Responsible for persistent
c/sens??
TREATMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF PAIN
Melzack‐Wall Gate Theory of Pain
• Modulation of pain signals by “touch”
pathways (large myelinated fibers)
• Large Myelinated fibers carry
mechanosensation (touch,
pressure,proprioception)
Melzack‐Wall Gate Theory of Pain
• Gate neuron (interneuron) in spinal cord
– inhibited by C fibers (pain) (small fibers)
– activated by Ab fibers (touch) (large fibers)
What are commonly used modalities
in acute pain management?
Gate Control
Mechanisms in
pain
management
• Acupuncture points
contain 3x greater number
of large myelinated fibers
(A‐beta)
– Needle stimulation of
an acupoint reduces
pain
• Joint/spine manipulation
– Stimulation of joint
mechanoreceptors
• Massage
• Exercise
Biopsychosocial Model of Pain
Chronic Pain
Management:
psychological
• Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy (CBT)
– Cognitive
restructuring to
encourage positive
thought, emotional
and behavioural
patterns
– Breathing skills,
biofeedback
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
Chronic Pain Management:
• Medications
medications
– ‘pain ladder’ – recommended by
WHO
• Mild pain: acetaminophen, NSAIDS
• Mild‐moderate:
acetaminophen/NSAID + weak
opioid (Tramadol)
• Moderate‐severe:
– opioids (Morphine, Fentanyl,
Oxycodone)
» Risk: tolerance, dependency,
addiction
– Antidepressants
» Gabapentin
– Cannabinoids: medical marijuana –
very effective in controlling pain
– adjuvant analgesics: World Health Organization
• Medications not primarily designed
to control pain, but have a pain
relieving influence:
– antidepressants and anticonvulsants.
Chronic Pain
Management:
Diet
• Diet
– Ketogenic, Paleo diet: anti‐
inflammatory
– High protein diets
• Endogenous pain relievers are protein
derivatives
• Decreases inflammation
– Foods to Avoid
• Sugar
• Caffeine
• Food additives (aspartame, MSG, etc.)
• Minimize high carb (grains, processed)
• Supplementation
– Turmeric, white willow bark
– magnesium
– glucosamine