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Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems.

Final Evaluation.

Teacher: Alberto Campos Sánchez.

Students: Lorena Nohemí Briones Ledezma.

Norma Estefanía Coronado Martínez.

Noe Adrian Morales Guerrero.

TM 201-7

April, 16th 2018.

Introduction to hydraulics. 2

Hydraulic systems are found in a huge variety of applications and environments

from small assembly machinery or security gates through to piling rigs, theme park
rides, supersonic aircraft and the bascules on London’s Tower Bridge.

Tower Bridge was the largest and most sophisticated bascule bridge ever
completed (“bascule” comes from the French for “see-saw”). These bascules were
operated by hydraulics, using steam to power the enormous pumping engines. The
energy created was stored in six massive accumulators, as soon as power was
required to lift the Bridge, it was always readily available. The accumulators fed
the driving engines, which drove the bascules up and down. Despite the complexity
of the system, the bascules only took about a minute to raise to their maximum
angle of 86 degrees.

Today, the bascules are still operated by hydraulic power, but since 1976 they have
been driven by oil and electricity rather than steam.

How hydraulics work?

The use of hydraulics enables the operator to achieve significant work (lifting
heavy loads, turning a shaft, drilling precision holes, etc.) with minimum effort
through the application of Pascal’s Law, which states that the: “Pressure applied
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to any part of a confined fluid transmits to every other part with no loss. The
pressure acts with equal force on all equal areas of the confining walls and
perpendicular to the walls.” Because hydraulic fluid is nearly incompressible, it is
able to transmit power instantaneously.
In addition to hydraulic fluid, the main components that make up a hydraulic
system (often referred to as a hydraulic power pack or power unit) are the
reservoir, pump, valve(s) and the actuators, (the motor, cylinder etc.) Looking at
each of these in turn:
Reservoir: The reservoir holds a volume of hydraulic fluid and allows any solid
contaminants to settle at the bottom of the reservoir while transferring heat from
the system, and helping air and moisture to be released from the fluid.

Pump: The hydraulic pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by
moving, or transmitting, the hydraulic fluid. There are several types of hydraulic
pumps including gear, vane and piston. In all cases, the role of the hydraulic pump
is to displace fluid volume against a resistant load or pressure.
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Valves: Hydraulic valves are used to start, stop and direct the flow of hydraulic
fluid in the system.

Actuators: Hydraulic actuators come at the end of the process, where the
hydraulic energy is converted back to mechanical energy. This can be done
through using a hydraulic cylinder which converts hydraulic energy into linear
motion and work, or a hydraulic motor which converts hydraulic energy into rotary
motion and work.
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Introduction and Working Principle: The controlled movement of parts or a

controlled application of force is a common requirement in the industries. These
operations are performed mainly by using electrical machines or diesel, petrol and
steam engines as a prime mover. These prime movers can provide various
movements to the objects by using some mechanical attachments like screw jack,
lever, rack, and pinions etc. However, these are not the only prime movers. The
enclosed fluids (liquids and gases) can also be used as prime movers to provide
controlled motion and force to the objects or substances. The specially designed
enclosed fluid systems can provide both linear as well as rotary motion. The high
magnitude controlled force can also be applied by using these systems. This kind
of enclosed fluid based systems using pressurized incompressible liquids as
transmission media are called as hydraulic systems. The hydraulic system works
on the principle of Pascal’s law which says that the pressure in an enclosed fluid
is uniform in all the directions. The Pascal’s law is illustrated in the figure.

The force given by fluid is given by the multiplication of pressure and area of
cross-section. As the pressure is same in all the direction, the smaller piston feels
 a smaller force and a large piston feels a large force. Therefore, a large force can
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be generated with smaller force input by using hydraulic systems.

Working:
The hydraulic systems consists a number of parts for its proper functioning. The
schematic of a simple hydraulic system is show:

It consists of:
• a movable piston connected to the output shaft in an enclosed cylinder
• storage tank
• filter
• electric pump
• pressure regulator
• control valve
• leak-proof closed loop piping.

 The output shaft transfers the motion or force, however, all other parts help to
control the system.
The storage/fluid tank is a reservoir for the liquid used as a transmission media.
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 The liquid used is generally high-density incompressible oil. It is filtered to remove

dust or any other unwanted particles and then pumped by the hydraulic pump.
The capacity of the pump depends on the hydraulic system design. These pumps
generally deliver constant volume in each revolution of the pump shaft. Therefore,
the fluid pressure can increase indefinitely at the dead end of the piston until the
system fails.

 The pressure regulator is used to avoid such circumstances which redirect the
excess fluid back to the storage tank. The movement of piston is controlled by
changing liquid flow from port A and port B.
The cylinder movement is controlled by using control valve which directs the fluid
flow. The fluid pressure line is connected to the port B to raise the piston and it is
connected to port A to lower down the piston. The valve can also stop the fluid
flow in any of the port.

The leak-proof piping is also important due to safety, environmental hazards and
economical aspects.

Hydraulic Pumps:

The combined pumping and driving motor unit is known as a hydraulic pump.
They can be of two types:

1. Centrifugal pumps: Centrifugal pump uses rotational kinetic energy to

deliver the fluid. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or
electric motor.
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2. Reciprocating pumps: The reciprocating pump is a positive plunger pump.

It is also known as positive displacement pump or piston pump. It is often
used where relatively small quantity is to be handled and the delivery
pressure is quite large. The construction of these pumps is similar to the
four-stroke engine.

Applications of hydraulic systems: The hydraulic systems are mainly used for
precise control of larger forces. The main applications of the hydraulic system can
be classified into five categories:

1. Industrial: Plastic processing machinery, steel making and primary metal

extraction applications, automated production lines, machine tool
 industries, paper industries, loaders, crushes, textile machinery, R & D
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equipment and robotic systems etc.

2. Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment,

material handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring
equipment, rail equipment, building, and construction machinery and
drilling rigs etc.

3. Automobiles: It is used in the systems like breaks, shock absorbers,

steering system, wind shield, lift, and cleaning etc.
4. Marine applications: It mostly covers ocean-going vessels, fishing boats,
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and navel equipment.

5. Aerospace equipment: There are equipment and systems used for rudder
control, landing gear, breaks, flight control and transmission etc. which are
used in airplanes, rockets, and spaceships.
Advantages: 11

• The hydraulic system uses incompressible fluid which results in higher

efficiency.
• It delivers consistent power output which is difficult in pneumatic or mechanical
drive systems.
• Hydraulic systems employ high-density incompressible fluid. The possibility of
leakage is less in a hydraulic system as compared to that in a pneumatic system.
The maintenance cost is less.

• These systems perform well in hot environmental conditions.

Disadvantages:

• The material of storage tank, piping, cylinder, and piston can be corroded with
the hydraulic fluid. Therefore one must be careful while selecting materials and
hydraulic fluid.
• The structural weight and size of the system is more which makes it unsuitable
for the smaller instruments.
• The small impurities in the hydraulic fluid can permanently damage the complete
system, therefore one should be careful and suitable filter must be installed.
• The leakage of hydraulic fluid is also a critical issue and suitable prevention
method and seals must be adopted.
• The hydraulic fluids, if not disposed of properly, can be harmful to the
environment.
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 1. In this first practice we use the Double Effect Cylinder,
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connected to the 3 / n vias valve with double solenoid, and we
also use a compressor and a tank that we connect to the valve
to give it the boost.
The electrical diagram was made in the form of a ladder, we use the relays, relay
with solenoid, shutter and pushbutton, the function is simple by pressing the first
pushbutton the retract and pressing the second the vastago is removed.
 2. In the second practice we use a double effect cylinder with
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end of travel dampers, also connected to the valve 3 / n vias
with two solenoids, connected to the compressor and tank.
We return to the staircase diagram, but this time it is well accommodated, with the
correct components, relay, solenoid, shutter and pushbutton and as an additional
thing we add pushbutton to make retention.
 3. In the third practice we use the single effect cylinder, the 3 / n
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vias valve with only one solenoid that we named L1 and
recoil, connected to a tank and compressor,
In the diagram, we combine a relay with a solenoid that is called equal L1 this so
that it makes the change, and a normally open button.

The function is simple when pressing the button, causes the rod to be extracted.
 4. In the fourth practice we use a combination of components,
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we use a double effect cylinder, we use two valves of 3 / n
with solenoid and twist, in one valve we use the tank and
compressor but in the other we use the motor unit.
We also made the ladder diagram with double relay and normally open shutter,
which work to make the changes in the actuator.
 5. Here it was used a double-acting actuator, connected to two 3
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/ n-way valves, each connected with a pair formed with tank
and compressor to give the impulse.
We use again the electric mesh in the form of stairs, but now we include a switch,
to be able to optimize the circuit and that it works to make the changes of state, of
course we also use relays, and solenoids.
 6. In this practice we have the perfect example of a stamping
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machine, to make you use a double acting actuator, a 3 / n vias
valve with solenoid and recoil, pressure limiting valve, two-
way directional regulator, tank and compressor.
The Maya again in the form of a staircase, we use the normally open pushbuttons,
open contacts, relays and solenoids.

The function is to press the button, make the actuator change, which would be
similar to a stamping in the industry.

7. In this practice we use the double effect cylinder and double

shank, with cushioning to help us in case of separating
materials in an assembly line or conveyor belt, we use it
connected to a 3 / n vias valve with double solenoid to be able
to perform the changes and finally compressor and tank.
In the circuit we went back to using the ladder diagrams, in this occasion we used
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relays, normally open and closed pushbuttons, normally open and closed contact
to create retention.

The objective is to keep the rod in a position, and in case it is required to retract
the rod, have it in reach by pressing a button.
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8. Here we use the double effect cylinder with end of travel

dampers, valve 3 / n vias, with the difference of using the
motor set instead of tank and compressor.
This time we arrange the diagram in a different way, so as not to lose practice with
different diagrams, we use relays, solenoids, open and closed pushbuttons, we use
them to create the retention.

This practice can be used for some security device that only retracts when
absolutely necessary.
Conclusion. 24

Hydraulic systems offer versatility and high power density as compared to other
types of power transmission.

Relatively small number of components, pumps, valves, and actuators that´s

basically it
a mechanism operated by the resistance offered or the pressure transmitted when
a liquid is forced through a small opening or tube.

Hydraulic braking systems are used in light vehicles such as cars, bikes, etc.,
because it requires less effort.

REFERENCES

(Hydraulics online, s.f.)

(Toppr, s.f.)