10/5/2010

David C. Ansardi, Ph.D.

Bones can be Classified According to their

Shapes

Typical Long Bone Features and Terminology

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Zooming in on a Long Bone Diaphysis

Two Types of Osseous Tissue

•Spongy Bone

•a/k/a trabecular bone and cancellous bone

•Subunits = trabeculae

•Osteocytes are entrapped within the solid bone matrix

•Red marrow (myeloid tissue) fills spaces

•Flat bones, epiphyses of long bones, ribs, vertebrae

Two Types of Osseous Tissue

•Compact Bone (Lamellar
Bone)

•Bony matrix lacks spaces

•Matrix arranged in rings

(lamellae) to form osteons
(subunits of compact bone)

•Central canal contains

blood vessels and nerves

•Osteocytes (inside
lacunae) arranged in rings

•Canaliculi make
contact with
osteocytes in adjacent
rings

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Two Types of Osseous Tissue

Wedge shaped piece of an osteon highlighting some of the details

Osteogenesis/Ossification
•Connective tissues first
become ossified

•Intramembraneous versus Endochondral

•Ossification begins around 8 weeks of

gestation

•General events of ossification:

•Bone forming cells migrate into the

connective tissue

•“Bone forming cells” secrete osteoid

(organic components of bone tissue)

•Osteoid becomes calcified

•Remodeling/shaping occur

Cells Involved in Osteogenesis

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Intramembraneous Ossification
Ossification Center Forms

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid Osteoid calcifies and entraps

osteoblasts
become
osteocytes

Spaces contain red

marrow

New bone matrix is produced Compact bone develops just

randomly around blood deep to periosteum
vessels in the tissue
spongy
bone

Endochondral Ossification
1. Bony collar develops in periosteum
2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and deteriorates
3. Blood vessels and cells infiltrate
spongy bone forms

4. Osteoclasts degrade much of the spongy bone
forms medullary cavity;

remaining cartilage continues to elongate

5. Compact bone develops around edges of diaphysis; epiphyses ossify

• Hyaline cartilage remains at ends of epiphyses and epiphyseal plates

Epiphyseal Plates
•Zones of mitotically active chondrocytes
between epiphyses and diaphyses

•Remain active until epiphyseal plate closure

(calcification)
•Approx. age 18 in females and age 21 in
males

•Bone “chasing” cartilage

•1. mitotic chondrocytes

•2. dying chondrocytes

•3. calcifying cartilage that deteriorates

•4. replacement of deteriorated cartilage

with bone matrix by osteoblasts

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Epiphyseal Plates

Bone Growth and Remodeling

Longitudinal versus Appositional Growth