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Contents
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1Background
2The occupation
o 2.1Resistance
3End of the occupation
4See also
5References
6Further reading
o 6.1Primary sources
Background[edit]
Main article: Philippines Campaign (1941–1942)
Japan launched an attack on the Philippines on 8 December 1941, just ten hours after their attack
on Pearl Harbor.[2]Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops both north
and south of Manila.[3] The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command
of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been recalled to active duty in the United States
Army earlier in the year and was designated commander of the United States Armed Forces in the
Asia-Pacific region.[4] The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to
leave; and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his
ground forces were impossible.[5] Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces
withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila
Bay.[6] Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction,[7] was occupied by the Japanese on 2
January 1942.[8]
The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of U.S.-Philippine forces on the Bataan
Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May.[9] Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by
the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison
camp 105 kilometers to the north.[9] Thousands of men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and
treated harshly by their captors, died before reaching their destination.[10]Quezon and Osmeña had
accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up
a government-in-exile.[11] MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to
the Philippines.[12]
Main articles: Philippine Executive Commission, Second Philippine Republic, Japanese war
crimes, Manila Massacre, and Moros during World War II
The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the
Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation,
they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943,
when they declared the Philippines an independent republic.[13] Most of the Philippine elite, with a few
notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.[14] The puppet republic was headed by
President José P. Laurel.[15] Philippine collaboration in puppet government began under Jorge B.
Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of Greater Manila before Quezon
departed Manila.[16] The only political party allowed during the occupation was the Japanese-
organized KALIBAPI.[17] During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United
States,[18] and war crimes committed by forces of the Empire of Japan against surrendered Allied
forces[19] and civilians were documented.[20]
Large number of local women were forced to work as so-called comfort women, the Bahay na
Pula is an example of it.[21]
Resistance[edit]
Main article: Philippine resistance against Japan
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and
guerrilla activity that increased over the years and that eventually covered a large portion of the
country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the
name of the old Constabulary during the Second Republic),[22][23] Kempeitai,[22] and
the Makapili.[24] Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla
organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous.
Such was their effectiveness that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-
eight provinces.[25]
The Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them.
Throughout Luzon and the southern islands, Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the
Japanese. The commanders of these groups made contact with one another, argued about who was
in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of American forces to
the islands. They gathered important intelligence information and smuggled it out to the U.S. Army, a
process that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine operation to support
the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander Charles "Chick" Parsons smuggle guns, radios and
supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of arms and
explosives and made plans to assist MacArthur's invasion by sabotaging Japanese communications
lines and attacking Japanese forces from the rear.[26]
Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from groups of U.S. Armed
Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia initially organized to
combat banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion.[27] Several islands in
the Visayas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as Colonel Macario
Peralta in Panay,[27][28] Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol,[27][29] and Captain Salvador
Abcede in Negros.[27][30]
The island of Mindanao, being farthest from the center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000
guerrillas who were eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer
Colonel Wendell Fertig.[27] Fertig's guerrillas included many American and Filipino troops who had
been part of the force on Mindanao under Major General William F. Sharp. When Wainwright had
ordered Sharp's forces to surrender, Sharp considered compelled to obey this order. Many of the
American and Filipino officers refused to surrender, since they reasoned that Wainwright, now a
prisoner who could be considered under duress, had no authority to issue orders to Sharp. For
several reasons it was unknown how many did not surrender, although probably around 100 to 200
Americans ended up with Fertig's guerrillas. The names of new Filipino recruits were purposefully
left off the lists of men to be surrendered. In other cases, documents were fabricated to report fewer
men than were actually under Sharp. Other troops died for various reasons after getting away and
others left Mindanao entirely.[31]
One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early 1942 under the leadership
of Luis Taruc, a communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and
extended their control over portions of Luzon.[32] However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were
hampered due to the heavy Japanese presence and infighting between the various
groups,[33] including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units.[34][35]
Lack of equipment, difficult terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these
groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942, all contact was lost with Philippine
resistance forces. Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed
Philippine 61st Division on Panay island, led by Colonel Macario Peralta, was able to establish radio
contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence
regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to SWPA command, as well as consolidating the once
sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to help in the war effort.[27]
Increasing amounts of supplies and radios were delivered by submarine to aid the guerrilla effort. By
the time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were dedicated exclusively to the delivery of
supplies.[27]
Other guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some
of these units were organized or directly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla
actions. An example of this was Troop C, 26th Cavalry.[36][37][38] Other guerrilla units were made up of
former Philippine Army and Philippine Scoutssoldiers who had been released from POW camps by
the Japanese.[39][40] Others were combined units of Americans, military and civilian, who had never
surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros, who had initially
formed their own small units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that not
only effectively resisted the Japanese, but formed a complete government that often operated in the
open throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by American
submarines which delivered supplies,[41] evacuate refugees and injured,[42] as well as inserted
individuals and whole units,[43] such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion,[44] and Alamo Scouts.[44]
By the end of the war, some 277 separate guerrilla units, made up of some 260,715 individuals,
fought in the resistance movement.[45] Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized
and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary.[46]
Rappler.com
Published 2:49 PM, September 05, 2015
COMMEMORATION. United States Ambassador to the Philippines Philip Goldberg is flanked by two
World War II veterans Graciano Clavano (left) and Sabas Hafalla during the commemoration of the 70th
anniversary of the surrender of the Japanese forces in the country – in the same room where this photo is
taken in Baguio City. Photo by Mau Victa/Rappler
BAGUIO CITY, Philippines – In the middle of the forest of John Hay in Baguio is a literal
piece of America. If you step behind its gates, you would technically be on American
soil.
It is the Ambassador’s Residence, and this is where American ambassadors have been
entertaining guests. Many of Baguio's prominent residents have been invited here
during the Holidays and, sometimes, during Thanksgiving.
But last Thursday, September 3, Ambassador Philip Goldberg invited a select group of
guests to what he said wasn’t a celebration but a commemoration.
It was the commemoration of the 70th year of the signing of the Instrument of Surrender
of the Japanese and the Japanese-controlled Armed Forces in the Philippine Islands to
the Commanding General of the United States Army Forces of the Western Pacific.
The surrender document was signed by Major General Edmond Leavey, Deputy
Commander of the US Army Forces for Western Pacific, and General Tomoyuki
Yamashita of the Imperial Japanese Army and Denhici Okochi, Vice Admiral of the
Imperial Japanese Navy.
The signing took place in the living room of the Ambassador’s Residence. Yamashita
knew the place too well – it was also his headquarters when Japanese forces invaded
the Philippines. In fact, the look of Bedroom Number 5 has been more or less preserved
as it was 70 years ago, with Japanese linen and bed covers.
At the back of the viewer is Yamashita and his men. Facing Yamashita is not Lieutenant
General Jonathan Wainwright, who was assigned by General Douglas MacArthur as his
emissary, but British General Sir Arthur Percival. Wainwright, who spent 3 years in
Japanese detention, decided to give Percival the privilege because, in 1942, Percival
yielded Singapore to Yamashita. But a painting of Wainwright is displayed in the living
room.
At 10 minutes past noon, Yamashita presented their swords and signed the two-page
document. By 12:10 pm, September 3, 1945, the surrender of all Japanese forces in the
Philippines was completed.
Present during the 70-year commemoration last Thursday were members of the Baguio
media and artists, officers and cadets of the Philippine Military Academy,
representatives of the National Historical Commission, the Japanese military attaché,
and two men in their 80s.
Both Privates Graciano Clavano and Sabas Hafalla were in their teens when they joined
the guerrilla forces, and 19 when the Japanese surrendered. Hafalla, father of famous
Cordilleran photographer Tommy Hafalla, was then recuperating from injuries when
Japanese forces bombed his “Charlie” company in Mankayan, Benguet. He had been
shot in April 1945 and again on June 25.
Clavano, originally from Dumaguete City, was at that time in Zamboanguita, Negros
Oriental, providing security to the American forces.
“I didn’t know that the war had ended. I was sleeping beside corpses of Japanese
soldiers,” Clavano recalled.
“I am deeply humbled and honored to join you here today as we commemorate the
courage and sacrifice of the Americans and Filipinos who liberated these islands, many
of whom perished in or were wounded doing so,” said Goldberg.
“It was the relentless and indomitable spirit of a generation from both our nations that
forged a great alliance – the US-Philippine alliance – which is the oldest in the region
and has helped preserve and protect the security and stability of the entire Pacific
region,” he added.
To the people at Thursday's gathering, the international news featuring China's lavish
military parade commemorating the defeat of Japan in World War II didn't matter. At that
moment at the place where everything ended and started, everyone was solemn under
the evening rains of Baguio. – Rappler.com