8 GIS Substation Design and Execution Apr 08 09 PDF

GIS Substation Design and Execution
HV and EHV GIS application and design considerations
Jean-Louis Habert
Alstom Grid
GIS product Line
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 1

List of contents
Session 1 – April 8th, 2014
z GIS introduction
z Surrounding conditions
z GIS vs. indoor AIS
z Replacing an outdated AIS by a GIS
z Reliability – availability - maintainability
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GIS introduction 1/7
SF6 properties 1/3
z A GIS is the implementation, within a complete HV substation, of

the remarkable sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) properties in terms of
voltage withstand and current interruption
z SF6 main data
z Neutral gas: insulators and live parts are perfectly protected

from contamination and oxidation
z Density 6.15 kg/m3 at atmospheric pressure
z To be considered in access rules / low points
z Reversibility of electric arc dissociation
z Circuit-breakers chambers most often require no maintenance
z High liquefaction temp, -25/30°C for 6.3/5.5 bar @ 20°C
z Liquefaction shall be avoided
z The lower the pressure, the lower operating temperature and lower ratings
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SF6 properties – Voltage withstand 2/3
6,0
z Dimensional
comparison, at 362 kV,
of a support insulator on Height (m)
its frame, within an air-
insulated substation
(AIS) and a GIS element 2,5
z GIS technology enables

to divide by 10 to 25 the 0,5
0,0
area of a HV switchyard
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SF6 properties – voltage withstand 12 3/3
z Dimensional
comparison, at 362 kV,
of an AIS main busbar
crossing, and a GIS
busbar crossing 6,0
Height (m)
z GIS technology enables
to divide by minimum 3
the height of a HV 2,5
switchyard
0,5
0,0
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SF6 properties – current interruption capability 1/1
z Arc cooling
z High dissociation energy
z Free electrons capture
z Fluor ions electronegativity
z Fast recovery of voltage withstand
z Very fast recombination of dissociated
molecules
z Oil to SF6 move, through
compressed air, enabled to Canada -
Mica - 550 kV
drastically simplify circuit-breakers - old 6-breaks
z At 550 kV, number of breaking CB replaced
chambers has been divided by up to by 2-breaks
modern CB
6, while both short-circuit current and
breaking requirements went up
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Applications - Generation 1/3
Brazil – Tucurui – 550 kV
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Applications - Transmission 2/3
UK –
Norton –
420 kV
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Applications - Distribution 3/3
USA - Anaheim – 69 kV
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Surrounding conditions 1/14
Overview 1/1
z GIS perfectly match all surrounding conditions

z Air pollution
z Saline contamination
z Altitude above sea level
z Sand winds / storms
z High humidity in tropical / equatorial countries
z Earthquake areas
z Hazardous areas
z Installation under the ground level
z Installation in multi-storey buildings
z GIS have minor environmental impact
z Low visual impact
z Low electromagnetic disturbances
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Retrofit / extensions 1/2
France - Lille - 245 kV

GIS has more bays than previous AIS
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Retrofit / extensions 2/2
France -
Strasbourg -
72 kV
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Pollution - urban / industrial 1/1
France - Paris –
72 and 245 kV
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Saline contamination – sea side / offshore 1/1
Spain – Biscaya –
420 kV on sea side
UK – Barrow wind
farm – 132 kV
offshore platform
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Hot conditions 1/1
Saudi Arabia - Qassim - 420kV

Outdoor temperature up to +55°C
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Cold conditions 1/1
Canada – Sainte Marguerite – 330 kV

-50 °C (-58 °F) outdoor temp
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Dry and sandy conditions 1/1
Saudi Arabia –
Jubail – 420kV
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Wet conditions 1/1
z 100 % humidity rate does not impact
GIS operation
z Gasket material shall prevent any
electrochemical process
Singapore – 72 kV GIS
Thailand – South Thonburi – 245 kV
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At high altitude above sea level 1/1
China – Sergu – 550 kV

4000 m a.s.l.
Peru - Pachachaca - 245 kV

4100 m a.s.l.
z SF6 density is not impacted, thus

GIS voltage withstand remains
unchanged
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In severe earthquake areas 1/1
Santiago 245 kV GIS
perfectly withstood
the major Feb 2010
earthquake, 8.8
magnitude
Santiago
z Main international stds
z IEEE 693 (1997)
z CEI 62271-2 (2003-02), 60068-3-3 (1991-02), 62155
(2003-05)
Concepción
z Main national stds
z Chili ETG 1.015 (1993), ETG 1.020 (1997)
z Venezuela ETGS/PAS 001 Rev 01(1999)
z New Zealand TZ 7881, TZ 7967
z Canada SN 29.1a (1990)
z India IS 1893 (1984)
z China GB/T 13540-92
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Hazardous areas 1/1
France – Flandres
refinery - 100 kV -
GIS and trafos
building can
withstand a major
blast – GIS is split
in two parts to
improve power
availability
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Under the ground 1/1
France – Paris center

245 kV underground GIS
Canada - 330 kV -
140 m below the
ground surface
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In multi-storeys buildings 1/1
Boston - Kingston St. -

Power tfrs on ground
floor, 362 kV and 1st
115 kV GIS on floor #1,
2nd 115 kV GIS on floor
#2
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GIS vs. indoor AIS 1/1
z Indoor AIS features

several weak points
z No rain-cleaning of
insulators
z Need to periodically
remove dirt, requiring multi-
days shutdown
z Need of heating and
ventilation, even
sometimes of dryers
z Internal failure mitigation
can raise tough safety
issues
69 kV AIS in building – main busbars
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Replacing an outdated AIS by a GIS 1/2
z Associated with HV cables,

GIS enables replacing an AIS
with minor disturbances
z New GIS is installed and
tested while pre-existing AIS
remains in operation
z GIS bays are connected, one
AIS by one, to lines and
transformers
z AIS is eventually removed
GIS and its area can be used for
any other purpose
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Replacing an outdated AIS by a GIS 2/2
z Main topics to go through

z Asset condition
z Site issues
z Health and safety issues
z Operational complexity
z Outage requirements
z System security
z Capital cost
z Resource requirements
z Environmental impact
Temporary HV cables can
ensure continuity of operation
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Reliability-Availability-Maintainability 1/28
Overview 1/2
Manufacturer’s Condition
Accessibility Safety rules
recommendations monitoring
Experience Preventive Gas

Maintainability partitioning
& design maintenance
Mean time to Bay

Reliability sequence
repair (MTTR)
Operation continuity Spares + tools

Quality + support availability
= Availability
►Drivers Single-line Isolating

►Steps Redundancy
diagram devices
►Objective
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Overview 2/2
z Mitigating a major failure requires to carefully analyze the non-

availability (NA) at 3 times
z Just after the failure
z Single-line diagram and redundancy are main topics which mitigate NA
z During the repair
z Accessibility, safety rules, gas partitioning, bay sequence, spares + tools +
support availability, are main topics which mitigate NA
z NB: repairing a major failure, for instance an internal flashover, generally
requires to replace the entire compartment where the failure occurred, including
all gas barriers of the defective compartment
z During the HV tests
z Isolating devices, jointly with SLD, are main topics which mitigate NA
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NA upon failure 1/4

Mean time to Bay

repair (MTTR)

= Availability

►Steps Redundancy
diagram devices
►Objective
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NA upon failure 2/4
z SLD impacts immediate (=just after failure) operation

Mitigation : bypass, transfer bus, BB disconnectors, etc.
z Single busbar is quite available as soon as redundancy is properly
implemented
z NB: single longitudinal disconnector does not prevent complete busbar
shutdown, in case major failure occurs in the said disconnector, as per
“Murphy’s law”
z Double busbar – single CB enables to shutdown no more than one bay,
after appropriate switching
z Ring and 1,5 CB diagrams mitigate CB NA
z Drawback: all CBs operate twice more (center CB only in 1,5 CB)
z Transfer busbar shall have same availability level as main busbar(s)
z NA of different SLD’s shall be assessed later on in this
presentation
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NA upon failure 3/4
z SLD’s with a single CB per feeder

z Intended to balance investment and availability
z Easier network management
Single busbar Single busbar with transfer Double busbar
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NA upon failure 4/4
z SLD’s with two CB ‘s or more per feeder

z Intended to mitigate CB failure
Double busbar -
Ring busbar One circuit-breaker and a half
double circuit-breaker
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NA upon repair 1/7

Mean time to Bay

repair (MTTR)

= Availability

►Steps Redundancy
diagram devices
►Objective
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NA upon repair 2/7
z Accessibility
z Despite commonplace, this matter shall be carefully consider, in order to
avoid “domino effect”
Access corridor
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NA upon repair 3/7
z Safety rules
z Specific safety rules : no additional mechanical stress shall be applied to
any pressurized gas-barrier
z Any component removal – with its gas barriers - requires to de-energize,
then de-pressurize all adjacent electrical circuits
Gas barrier
SF6 @ atm. pressure Gas barrier
/ air / “shield” insulator
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NA upon repair 4/7
z Safety rules
z Safety rules and gas partitioning deeply impact the repair process
z Repair process impacts compartments close to repair zone and can
require complete substation shutdown
Mitigation : partitioning and shield insulators
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NA upon repair 5/7
z Gas partitioning - Case 1: non-partitioned main busbar

z Replacement of just one faulty busbar disconnector, or one circuit-breaker,
can require to shutdown the complete substation
z Reasoning made of “passive” components is wrong, since many items,
such as sliding conductors, and grounding switches, are actually as
“active” as anywhere else in the GIS
Partitioning concept to avoid

Main busbar failure repair requires to drain all busbar isolators
=> Complete substation shutdown during repair
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NA upon repair 6/7
z Gas partitioning - Case 2: partitioned main busbar

z Partitioned main busbar enables to limit the impact of a major failure to a
small compartment and subsequently decrease the repair time
Medium-class partitioning
=> 5 bays shutdown
during repair
Medium-class partitioning
=> 3 bays shutdown
during repair
Best partitioning
=> Single bay shutdown
during repair
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NA upon repair 7/7
z Availability of spares, tools and support staff

z This issue is quite too often disregarded at tender stage
z Despite a very high MTTR, “Murphy’s law”, again, can apply
z It can drastically impact repair time and revenues
z GIS life expectancy is significantly longer than AIS
z Spares
z Supply time is ranging from zero, when stored in GIS room, to more than 6
months, when equipment is phased out
z Selection depends on SLD
z Tools
z Tools will be consistently made available, versus spares
z Capital spares generally require special tools
z Support staff
z Only large organizations can have continuously and sufficiently trained staff,
otherwise manufacturer’s support is a must
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NA during HV tests 1/5

Mean time to Bay

repair (MTTR)

= Availability

►Steps Redundancy
diagram devices
►Objective
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z HV tests impact
z GIS features short clearances and high electric fields
=> High-voltage tests are mandatory to ascertain reliable operation after
heavy maintenance
z Disconnectors cannot withstand network voltage on one terminal while the
other terminal is connected to HV test voltage
z Without specific features, such as additional isolating gaps, HV tests can
require to de-energize the complete substation
z Mitigation
z Double isolating gap between tested (shutdown) busbar and the other
busbar
z Isolating devices: implemented transversally (e.g. MID) or longitudinally
(e.g. busbar longitudinal disconnectors)
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z Longitudinal isolating devices
Aluminium
smelter - 245 kV
GIS with N-1
continuous
availability
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NA upon HV tests 4/5
z Transversal isolating devices

z MID provides an additional gap between main busbar isolator and CB
z Operation must be achieved from the outside, with no degassing, in order
to shorten the repair process and prevent the need of further HV tests
Double busbar common point assembly with

close-close MID (normal position)
Close-close MID
Open disconnector
Close-open MID
Double busbar common point assembly with

open-close MID (right-side double gap)
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 43

z Maintenance isolating device (MID) drastically improves GIS

availability during maintenance, repair, HV tests and extension
z MID mainly provides a second disconnecting gap, in order to continuously
operate all bays but one, even during HV tests
z MID provides 3 positions
z Both gaps closed : normal operation
z Left gap open : right bus remains energised
z Right gap open: left bus remains energised
z MID cuts undelivered energy costs,
and subsequently reduces TCO
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 44

Availability assessment 1/10
z Non-availability (NA) of a circuit is the sum of the non-

availabilities of each item of such circuit
z Ground data are the numbers of failures and sample size
recorded in the CIGRE brochure titled “Report on the second

international survey on high voltage gas insulated substations
(GIS) service experience”, dated February 2010.
z Presentation is focused on 145 kV data
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 45

imm. / repair / tests
1CB1/2-2 feeders
DBB-overall GIS
1CB1/2-1 feeder
without buffer
without buffer
without buffer
without buffer
without buffer
without buffer
SBB-half GIS
SBB-1 feeder
DBB-1 feeder
Voltage class (kV) 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
(ppm)
2BB bay MTBF (y) 500 200 125 28 22 15 28
Item
NA
3ph. CB 4 31 14 20 4 4 20
3ph. CB mech. 5 32 14 20 5 5 20
3 ph. DS 1 24 11 20 10 10 20
3 ph. ES 1 9 8 1 1 1 1 busduct
1 m of 3ph. 0
3ph. CT 1 3 1 1 1 1 3ph. CB1 397 1 1
3ph. VT 2 19 5 1 1 1 3ph. CB1mech. 397 1 1
Immediate NA
3 ph. DS 132 3 3 3 3
Cable / TA / Tfo connect 1 8 7 11 6 6 11
3 ph. ES 5 4 4 3 4
Sigma 15 126 60 74 28 28 3ph. CT74 20 2 1 1 1
Voltage range (kV) 60-100 100-200 200-300 300-500 500-700 >700 3ph.300-500
VT 20 2 1 1 1
Cable / TA / Tfo connect 218 1 1 1
x 0
Total 1 507 456 1 463 0 674 0
1 m of 3ph. busduct 0
3ph. CB 132 2 3 6 7 3 2
NA during
Test NA (hour/
Item nbr / 2BB

Test NA (ppm)
availability per
FR failure rate
Failure MTTR
Test duration
Failure SDTR
Total NA (%)
comp.*years
Failure non-
Failure non-
Re-pair non-
Re-pair non-
MTBF (year)
duration (h)
CIGRE data
NCY nb. of
3ph. CB mech. 79
NCF nb. of
(hour/year)
year (ppm)
(hour/year)
availability
availability
availability
failures
Repair
(hour)
(hour)
(ppm)
3 ph. DS 44 10 12
year)
(1/y)
bay
(h)
%
repair
3 ph. ES 2 5 6
Additional
3ph. CT 7 2 2 2
3ph. VT 4
1 m of 3ph. busduct 0 0 0 0 0,0000 0 360 120 0,000 Cable0 / TA / 120
Tfo connect
0,000 44 0 24 0,000 0 0
300-500 kV voltage class -
x 397 0132
Failure MTTR= 15 days
3ph. CB 20 27 27 2 800 0,0097 104 360 120 3,475 120 1,158 24 0,232 26 1
3ph. CB mech. 20 27 27 2 800 0,0097 104 360 120 3,475 Total
397 72 0,695 79264 410
24 1 242
0,232 1 464
26 410 278
1
3 ph. DS 27 27 8 400 0,0032 311 360 120 1,158 1m of 3ph. busduct
132 120 0,386 0 44 0 240 0,077 9 0 03
Additional NA during HV
20
3 ph. ES 1 1 1 11 200 0,0001 8 288 360 120 0,043 3ph. 5CB 120 0,014 26 2 3 243 0,003 0 0 04
3ph. CT 1 1 1 2 800 0,0005 2 072 360 120 0,174 3ph.20CB mech.120 0,058 26 7 24 0,012 1 0 01
3ph. VT 1 1 2 800 0,0005 2 072 360 120 0,174 3 ph.
20DS 72 0,035 9 4 3 243 2
0,012 21 3 01
1
tests
3 ph. ES 0
Cable / TA / Tfo connect 11 15 15 2 800 0,0053 188 360 120 1,911 218 72 0,382 44 4 244 4
0,127 4
15 4 0
1
3ph. CT 1 2 3 3 2
x 0 0 0 0 0,0000 0 360 120 0,000 0 72 0,000 0 24 0,000 0 0
3ph. VT 1 2 1 2 2 1 0
Sigma 74 100 100 2 800 0,0357 28 12,857 1 468 3,544 405 0,857 98
Cable / TA / Tfo connect 15 1 0 1 0
x 0 0 0 0 0
Total 127 112 22 22 48 3
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z Assessed SLD’s
z Single busbar
z Double busbar – single CB
z Double busbar – single CB with bypass
z Double busbar – single CB with transfer busbar
z One and a half circuit-breaker
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Single-line diagram availability assessment 4/10
z Bus coupler (double busbar SLD)

z Coupler is a circuit-breaker bay which normally features one CT on either
CB side in order to provide the appropriate BB protection (87N)
z Coupler CB shall usually be replaceable while at least one BB remains
energized during the repair
z The later requires to have one buffer compartment between CB and one
busbar isolator
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 48

z Bus tie
z Bus tie is a circuit-breaker bay which normally features one CT on either
CB side in order to provide the appropriate BB protection (87N)
z Single busbar diagram:
z No special gas partitioning is usually required, despite any bus tie CB repair/HV
test would shutdown the entire substation
z Double busbar diagram:
z No special gas partitioning is usually required
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z Single busbar
z 2*6 CB bays with double
busbar isolator (full
redundancy)
z Sectionalized (double DS)
single busbar is acceptable,
for industrial application,
when full redundancy is
implemented
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z Double busbar
z 6 feeders + 1 coupler
z Buffers significantly decrease NA
z With no availability features,
double busbar is not that much
better than single busbar
z With availability features, double
BB is much better than single BB
z Appropriate partitioning mitigates
repair NA but does not mitigates
HV tests NA
z Isolating devices (when they do
not require compartment opening
and gas treatment) mitigate HV
tests NA
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z One and a half circuit-

breaker / ring diagram
z No actual event can jeopardize
the entire GIS
z However, some events can
shutdown two feeders at a time
z Buffers decrease NA
z One ½ CB still features
significant NA, since center CB
operates twice more often than
a CB in single/double bus SLD
z The latter is even more
detrimental for any CB in a ring
diagram
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z Double BB with transfer BB

z Double BB with bypass
z Equivalent SLD’s in terms of

NA
z Still complete substation can
be shutdown
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 53

Notice: spares and tools delivery

time can be extensive
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 54

Your questions and comments are welcome !
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List of contents
Session 2 – April 9th, 2014
z Civil interfaces
z Buildings
z High-voltage interfaces
z Low-voltage interfaces
z GIS elements
z Monitoring
z Project execution process
z The “digital substation”
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 56

Civil interfaces 1/3
Important features to consider 1/3
z Building
z Concrete slab planarity
z Dilatation joints / slab size
z Wall columns distance
z Accommodate GIB wall hatches
z Floor beams distance
z Accommodate HV cable floor hatches
z LV cables hatches / trenches / trays
z Grounding: 80-2000 - IEEE Guide for
Safety in AC Substation Grounding
z Unloading area
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z Outdoor civil works (CW)
z Ground settlement
z Trenches, pipes, etc.
z Access, clearances
z Water drainage
z Grounding
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z Floor design
z Accommodate CB dynamic loads
z Floor flexibility shall be avoided to
prevent excess movements which
stress live parts
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 59

Buildings 1/6
Conventional brick / concrete building 1/1
Switzerland – Oberuzwill – 145 kV
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 60

Buildings 2/6
Steel frames and panels building 1/1
Switzerland – Wimmis - 72 kV
USA – Port
Arthur – 69 kV
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 61
Buildings 3/6
Prefabricated electrical building - steel 1/1
Canada – Jackpine – 13 CB bays in

a steel PEB
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 62

Buildings 4/6
Prefabricated electrical building - concrete 1/1
France - Lussagnet - 72 kV - gas

liquefaction plant
Complete bay, including protection, control
and LV auxiliaries was installed within a
couple of days
z Concrete PEB can hardly accommodate more than a few

bays
z Associated to a prefabricated basement
z Resilient design
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Buildings 5/6
Mobile substation 1/1
z Mobile substations can

z Be rated up to 362/420 kV
z Accommodate up to 4 bays
z Integrate both GIS and
transformer, up to 145 kV
Algeria – 245 kV mobile substation
Spain – 145 mobile

substation – 4 CB
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 64

Buildings 6/6
Shelter 1/1
Malaysia –
Pergau –
245 kV
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 65

HV interfaces 1/5
SF6-air bushing 1/1
z Features to specify
z Ambient temp range
z Earthquake withstand
z Voltage withstand
z Insulator material
z Porcelain, composite
z Creepage distance
z Based on phase-to-
phase voltage
z Mechanical loads
z Altitude a.s.l.
India – Bhavini – 245 kV
z Terminal material and
dimensions
z IEC 60137-2008 std.
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 66

HV interfaces 2/5
HV cable connection 1/2
z Features to specify
z IEC std no. 62271-209
zTo avoid tough site difficulties
z Cable termination types
z Dry-type, plug-in / Fluid-type, not plug-in
z Important issues
z Bending radius 72 kV plug-in cable terminations
z Cable laying/support
z GIS test requirements
z Cable disconnection during tests
Plug-in cable
termination – 72 kV
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HV interfaces 3/5
HV cable connection 1/2
z Cable test requirements

z AC tests only need to open the cable disconnector
z DC tests (obsolete) require to disconnect the cable from the GIS
z Cable test bushing shall be supplied by cable manufacturer
z Enclosure continuity
z Varistors shall be installed at GIS enclosure - cable sheath interface to
provide smooth circuit to transients
z 6 varistors per phase are typical
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 68

HV interfaces 4/5
Direct transformer connection 1/1
z IEC 61639 – 1996

z GIS test requirement
Direct transformer connection with gas-

insulated surge arrester at foreground
Direct transformer connection with

adjustment bellow
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HV interfaces 5/5
Main busbars 1/1
z Recently issued standard

z IEEE C37.122.6: IEEE Recommended Practice for the Interface of New
Gas-Insulated Equipment in Existing Gas-Insulated Substations Rated
above 52 kV
z Main issues to decide
z Dimensions
z Materials
z SF6 density
z Mechanical loads
z Thermal expansion
z Earthquake withstand
z HV tests
z Who is responsible?
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LV interfaces 1/1
z Local control cubicle types / location Australia – Barrow Island – 145 kV

z Stand-alone
z Along the opposite wall
z Close-by GIS bay
z Integrated in GIS bay
z Protection relays
z Can be integrated in LCCs
Canada – Jackpine – Protection

relays in integrated LCCs
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GIS elements 1/18
Typical bay overview 1/1
CB drive FK3
Control Voltage
cubicle transformer
VT manual
link
Make proof
grounding
switch
Combined
isolator /
Combined grounding
isolator / switch
grounding Cable
switch Circuit-breaker Current termination
transformer
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 72

GIS elements 2/18
Enclosures 1/1
z Aluminium alloy
z No corrosion
z Low resistance
to return
current
z No eddy
current losses
z Lower weight
z Industrial
castings,
except straight
extruded /
welded tubes
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 73

GIS elements 3/18
Conductors 1/1
z Aluminium alloy material, most often

z For light weight
z For mechanical properties
z Silver-plating for sliding contacts
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GIS elements 4/18
SF6 sealing 1/1
z Sealing design requirements

z Tightness (<0.5 % per year)
z Lifetime (50 years)
z Avoid under-gasket corrosion
z Gasket material is essential
z No electrolytic corrosion
z Lifetime
z Tight across the temperature range
z Tight dynamic sealing
z Sealing manufacture requires utmost care
z Prevent leakages
z Avoid scratches, hair, etc.
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GIS elements 5/18
Insulators 1/1
z Insulators 3-phase
gas barrier
z Gas barriers
z Support insulators
Gas barrier Support insulator
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 76

GIS elements 6/18
SF6 accessories 1/2
z Each GIS compartment shall be

associated with one set of accessories
z Density sensor
z Pressure switch, temperature-compensated
with/without gauge
z Analogue / digital sensor, for continuous
monitoring
z Most important is to ensure sensors are at
same temperature as enclosures
z Avoid pipes (circulating currents threats, too)
z SF6 valve
z Valves can be no return / tap
z Section shall be high enough to enable
appropriate vacuum (< 1 mbar) within a
reasonable time
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 77

GIS elements 7/18
SF6 accessories 2/2
z Each GIS compartment shall

be associated with one set of
accessories (cont’d)
z Moisture adsorber = Molecular
sieve
z Adsorption surface: 20 to 800
sq.m/g
z Adsorption ratio; 10~20 %, by
mass
z Pressure relief
z Section shall be such that
pressure does not go beyond the
enclosure limit pressure
z Heat-resistant deflectors shall
protect personal in case of
internal flashover
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 78
GIS elements 8/18
Circuit-breaker 1/1
z Main substation item

z Grading capacitors in case of several breaks per pole
z Tested at 10,000 Close/Open cycles
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 79

GIS elements 9/18
Circuit-breaker drive 1/2
z Different types
z Spring drives, with no driving fluid
z Recognized by CIGRE report as
more reliable
z Hydraulic drives
z Gas storage
z Spring storage
z Pneumatic drives
z Out-dated
z Need of water draining
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 80

GIS elements 10/18
Circuit-breaker drive 2/2
z No move when
CB is not
operated, while
hydraulic and
pneumatic
mechanisms daily
require several
pump starts for
pressure topping-
up
z Stable timing,
insensitiveness to
temperature and
pressure, ideal for
POW switching.
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 81

GIS elements 11/18
Disconnector (isolator) 1/1
z Does not break any other current than

z Capacitive current of short lengths of GIS: < 0.1~0.5 A
z Transfer current of double BB substations: 1600 A @ 10~40 V
z Can be associated with a grounding switch
Grounding
switch
Isolator
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 82

GIS elements 12/18
Earthing (grounding) switch 1/2
z Speed
z Low speed, sometimes combined with an isolator
z High-speed, with short-circuit making capability
z Interrupting capability
z Inductive coupling current, when both ends of a parallel OHL are grounded
z Capacitive coupling current, when one end of a parallel OHL is grounded
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 83

GIS elements 13/18
Earthing (grounding) switch 2/2
z Insulation Not insulated

z Grounding switch is normally
connected to the ground
z Can be insulated for tests Insulated
z Contact resistance
z CB timing
z CT primary injection
z Safety issue
z Never disconnect a GS from
ground when 0 voltage is not Not insulated
ascertained
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 84

GIS elements 14/18
Isolators and grounding switches – viewports 1/1
z Isolator: check full-open position

=> ascertain voltage withstand
z Grounding switch: check full-close position
=> ascertain capability to carry full

short-circuit current
z Large viewports (approx. 2-3 inches diameter)
z Can be used to both lighten and view

z Small viewports (less than 1 inch diameter)
z Two viewports are required, one for lighting, second for viewing
z Viewport access
z When access is too difficult, one shall use either a mirror device (arm’s
length), or a video camera
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 85

GIS elements 15/18
Current transformer 1/1
z Ratings
z Power
z Quite often over-specified
z Accuracy
z Safety factor
z No more an issue with modern measuring units
z Saturation
z To be carefully engineered
z Low ratios
z Difficult to achieve with a single primary turn
z Overvoltage protection
z Specific design to implement inside GIS
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 86

GIS elements 16/18
Voltage transformer 1/1
z Ratings
z Power
z Quite often over-specified
z Accuracy
z Ferro-resonance
z Mainly in case of CB grading
capacitors
z Can be avoided using a special
inductance
z Requires a specific study
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 87

GIS elements 17/18
Surge arrester 1/1
z Overhead line connections

z Generally air-insulated
z Sometimes gas-insulated
z Cable connection / direct transformer
connection
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 88

GIS elements 18/18
Gas-insulated line / bus 1/1
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 89

Monitoring 1/6
Intro 1/1
z Condition monitoring is an
important driver of
preventive maintenance,
Experience Preventive reliability and availability
z “better prevent than cure”
concept
Reliability
Operation continuity
= Availability
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 90

Monitoring 2/6
SF6 1/1
Local
control User-friendly
cubicle HMI
Monitoring
BCU
Sensors
Internet link
Expert remote support
Copper wires
Ethernet fiber optic
BWatch
sensor User-friendly HMI
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 91
Monitoring 3/6
Circuit-breaker, isolator, grounding switch 1/1
z CB
z Travel curve
z Need of a sensor
z Contact wear
z Σ I² * t
z Isolator / grounding switch
z Operating time
z Motor inrush current
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 92

Monitoring 4/6
Partial discharges / UHF 1/3
z More than 50% of defects have a

dielectric origin
z Defects trigger partial discharge
(PD) activity before any flashover

z PD trigger ultra-high frequency
(UHF) radio waves

z Partial discharges cannot be easily
and continuously monitored

z UHF signals are thus monitored,
using capacitive couplers (antennas

/ UHF sensors)
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 93

Monitoring 5/6
z EM waves are broadcast from 300 MHz up to 20 GHz

z UHF monitoring is applied to frequencies ranging from 300 MHz
to 1,2 GHz
z Sensor location is essential
z GIS manufacturer experience is a must
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 94

Monitoring 6/6
z Electromagnetic noises can

z hide typical PD signal
z be interpreted as PD signal
z Signal pattern analysis => defect type
z Expert system helps in making decision
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 95

Point-on-wave switching 1/9
Intro 1/1
z Individual CB pole switching @ the appropriate time
z 2014 Singapore GIS Users Group features a conference on POW switching
INCOMING ORDER
SYNCHRONIZATION
OUTGOING ORDER 1
OUTGOING ORDER 2
OUTGOING ORDER 3
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 96

Overhead lines 1/3
z Existing techniques to mitigate switching overvoltages impact

z Closing resistors
z Surge arresters
z At line terminals, at some intermediate points
z Point-on-wave (POW) switching
z And/or combination of above means
z Additional requirements
z Compensated overhead lines
z Entails “beat waves”
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 97

Overhead lines 2/3
SOURCE ~
z Non-compenstated line with

capacitive VT
CB drive
Cin
z Faulted phase
Cout
Control z Line is discharged by the fault
LINE
z Reclosing at ZERO source-
CB data
voltage
CVT
z Healthy phase
2 z Line has kept DC trapped charge
1.5 z Reclosing at PEAK source-
1 voltage with same polarity as DC
Line s ide voltages (pu)
0.5 trapped charge

0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Tim e (m s )
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 98

Overhead lines 3/3
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 99

No-load transformer switching 1/3
Core flux Core

Saturation
Characteristic
s
Residual
flux
Prospective flux
Instant of energisation
No-load curren
1) Large flux grading,

2) Transformer core driven
into saturation,
Î Strong inrush currents
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 100
z Random closing following random opening

z Inrush current peak value = 4500 A
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 101

z Controlled closing subsequent to controlled opening

z Inrush current peak value = 500 A
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 102

Reactor switching 1/1
z Main issue: Current re-ignition during breaking

z POW will trigger opening in order to avoid short arcing times
Circuit-breaker current
Circuit-breaker recovery voltage
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 103

Capacitor bank switching 1/1
z Parallel capacitor banks switching entail high inrush currents and

overvoltages
z Such phenomena occur upon making (switching-on)
z POW will trigger the closing order in order to make the current
when voltage across CB is zero (Ù busbar voltage is zero)

z Such issue is detailed in IEC and IEEE stds
z Long cables can benefit from same technology
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 104

Project execution process 1/3
RFQ process 1/1
z RFQ specification
z Has to specify the functions / features / ratings to achieve
z Has to let free the ways to get these achievements
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 105

Site installation 1/1
z Supervion of installation by a specialist

of the GIS manufacturer is a must for
the warranty coming-into-force
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 106

Energizing 1/1
z As far as possible, in order to anticipate a failure (despite the HV

tests), energizing shall be made in such a way that a failure
would trigger a low short-circuit current
z To achieve the above
z Length of the supply lines/cables shall be extended as much as possible

z A low power transformer shall be used to supply the energizing voltage
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 107

Protection & Control 1/1
Double busbar SLD - the GIS “anomaly” 1/1
z In case of a failure inside an open BB isolator, both busbars will

be tripped (same as in case of a coupler CB failure)
z Fast operation restore requires to shortly find out the faulty
disconnector
z Internal failure localisation system is appropriate to ascertain
such a short localisation

z SF6 continuous monitoring can be fitted with appropriate
features to provide this function
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 108

The “digital substation” 1/8
Overview 1/1
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 109

IEC 61850 1/1
z A crucial technology enabler

z Enables full digitalizing of substation signals, so that large data amounts
can be managed and communicated for the real-time management of a
modern power grid – a smarter grid.
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 110

Architecture 1/1
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 111

Measuring 1/1
z Rogowski sensors dispense
with the conventional CT core
and instead implement
windings as tracks on a multi-
layer printed circuit board.
The sensor output is a low
level voltage, which is
accurately correlated to the
primary current.
z Capacitive dividers dispense
with the conventional VT.
Capacitors are built from
special electrodes laid inside
the enclosure.
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 112

Conversion 1/1
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 113

Protection 1/1
z Customer benefits
z Proven algorithms of conventional applications remain unchanged, no need for
reapprove
z Time-critical performance is maintained irrespective of the architecture, number of
functions enabled, or extent of logic programmed
z Safer test and maintenance operations – no wired CT
z Accurate measurement capabilities
z Station bus communication redundancy available: PRP (Parallel Redundancy
Protocol) and RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 114

Control and monitoring 1/1
z Issues to be managed
z Substation automation
z Redundant architectures
z Substation/grid control room communications
z Cyber security
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 115

Asset Health Management 1/1
z With less wiring and fewer commissioning tests, asset

management is grounded on a set of tools that optimize
preventive maintenance and extend lifetime
z Maximize the substation availability
z Operate assets, more efficiently and safely
z Optimize maintenance, repair and retrofit, with minimum outages
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 116

Alstom Grid team in US
z Clarence Wallace Area Sales Manager

clarence.wallace@alstom.com +1 281 744 2662
z Pablo Gonzalez GIS Sales Specialist USA

pablo.gonzalez@alstom.com +1 484 497 1037
z Paul Benoit Unit Commercial Director, SYS

paul.benoit@alstom.com +1 3012660777
z David C Rains Director Oil & Gas NAM Region

david.c.rains@alstom.com +1 832 757 5491
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 117

Speaker
z Jean-Louis Habert GIS PL Marketing Director

jean-louis.habert@alstom.com +33 479 887 940
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 118

Your questions and comments are welcome !
2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 119

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GIS Substation Design and Execution

HV and EHV GIS application and design considerations

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 1

z GIS vs. indoor AIS

z Replacing an outdated AIS by a GIS

z Reliability – availability - maintainability

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 2

z A GIS is the implementation, within a complete HV substation, of

z Neutral gas: insulators and live parts are perfectly protected

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 3

z GIS technology enables

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 4

Brazil – Tucurui – 550 kV

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 7

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 8

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 9

z GIS perfectly match all surrounding conditions

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 10

France - Lille - 245 kV

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 11

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 12

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 13

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 14

Saudi Arabia - Qassim - 420kV

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 15

Canada – Sainte Marguerite – 330 kV

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 16

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 17

Thailand – South Thonburi – 245 kV

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 18

China – Sergu – 550 kV

Peru - Pachachaca - 245 kV

z SF6 density is not impacted, thus

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 19

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 20

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 21

France – Paris center

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 22

Boston - Kingston St. -

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 23

z Indoor AIS features

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 24

z Associated with HV cables,

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 25

z Main topics to go through

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 26

Experience Preventive Gas

Mean time to Bay

Operation continuity Spares + tools

►Drivers Single-line Isolating

z Mitigating a major failure requires to carefully analyze the non-

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 28

Experience Preventive Gas

Mean time to Bay

Operation continuity Spares + tools

►Drivers Single-line Isolating

z SLD impacts immediate (=just after failure) operation

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 30

z SLD’s with a single CB per feeder

Single busbar Single busbar with transfer Double busbar

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 31

z SLD’s with two CB ‘s or more per feeder

2014/04 - Houston - CED – GIS - 32