Sample Assignment For Reference Only

Tutorial 1

1. Show that the differential dG p of a function G , from a surface S to  3 is linear.

(proof) Let be G, F  C ( S ) . It is sufficient that for any  ,    ,



d ( F  G )   dF   dG .
Assume that p  S , X p  Tp S . Then

d (  F   G ) p X p  X p ( F   G )   X p F   X p G 
  dFp X p   dG p X p  ( dF   dG ) X p
(end)
2. Calculate the Gauss map, the Wiengarten map and the principal curvatures for
(a) A sphere of radius, R ,

(solution) x  R cos u cos v, y  R cos u sin v, z  R sin u !

xu   R sin u cos v, yu   R sin u sin v, zu  R cos u

xv   R cos u sin v, y v   R cos u cos v, zv  0

E  R 2 , F  0, G  R 2 cos2 u

H  EG  F 2  R 2 cos u

ru 2    R cos u cos v,  R cos u sin v,  R sin u 

ruv   R sin u sin v,  R sin u cos v,0 

rv2    R cos u cos v,  R cos u sin v,0 

        

 ( ru , rv , ru 2 )  R 3 cos u , ( ru , rv , ruv )  0, ( ru , rv , rv2 )  R 3 cos 3 u

1    R 3 cos u
L ( ru , rv , ru 2 )   2  R
H R cos u
1   
M   (ru , rv , ruv )  0
H
1    R 3 cos3 u
N   (ru , rv , rv2 )   2   R cos 2 u
H R cos u

-weingarten map:

 1 
 0 
1  GL  FM GM  FN  1   R 3 cos 2 u 0   R
A 2      
EG  F   FL  EM  FM  EN  R 4 cos 2 u  0  R 3 cos 2 u   1
 0  
 R
-Gauss map:
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

 
ru  rv   R 2 (cos 2 u cos v,cos 2 u sin v,sin u cos v),
 
 ru  rv R2
n     2 (cos 2 u cos v,cos 2 u sin v,sin u cos v)
ru  ru R cos u

-principle curvature:

1
k1  k 2   .
R

(b) A surface of revolution given by the curve x  f ( z ) rotated about the z axis, and
(solution)
 x  f ( z )cos 

 y  f ( z )sin 
z  z


r  ( f ( z )cos  , f ( z )sin  , z )

rz   ( f ( z ) cos  , f ( z )sin  ,1)

r   ( f ( z )sin  , f ( z )cos  ,0)
2 2
     
E   rz    f ( z )2  1, F  0, G   r    f ( z ) 2 , H  EG  F 2  f ( z ) f ( z ) 2  1
   

rz 2  ( f ( z ) cos  , f ( z )sin  ,0)

rz  ( f ( z )sin  , f ( z ) cos  ,0)

r 2  ( f ( z ) cos  ,  f ( z )sin  ,0)
        
( rz , r , rz 2 )   f ( z ) f ( z ), (rz , r , rz )  0, (rz , r , r 2 )  f 2 ( z )
f ( z ) f ( z ) f ( z )
L    ,
f ( z ) f ( z )  1 2
f ( z ) 2  1
0 f ( z)2 f ( z)
M   0, N   
f ( z ) f ( z )  1
2
f ( z ) f ( z )  12
f ( z ) 2  1

-weingarten map:
 2 f ( z ) 
  f ( z)  0 
1  f ( z )  1
2

A 2
f ( z )( f ( z )  1) 
2
f ( z) 
 0 ( f ( z ) 2  1)  
 f ( z )2  1 

 f ( z ) 
  0 
 ( f ( z ) 2  1)3/ 2
 
 0 ( f ( z )2  1)1/ 2  f ( z ) 

-Gauss map:
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

 1
n   f ( z ) cos  ,  f ( z )sin  , f ( z ) f 9 z ) 
f ( z)  f ( z ) 2  1
-principle curvature:
f ( z )
k1   , k2   f ( z )  f ( z )  1

( f ( z ) 2  1)3/ 2

(c) The surface of revolution about the z  axis of a circle in the xz  plane with center
(d ,0, 0) with radius r  d .
(solution)
 x  (d  r cos u )cos v

 y  (d  r cos u )sin v
 z  r sin u


ru   r sin u cos v, r sin u sin v, r cos u 

rv   (d  r cos u )sin v,( d  r cos u ) cos v,0 
 2  2
E  ru  r 2 , F  0, G  rv  (d  r cos u )2 , H  EG  F 2  r (d  r cos u )
 
ru  rv    r ( d  r cos u )cos u cos v,  r (d  r cos u ) cos u sin v,  r ( d  r cos u )sin u 

ru 2  (r cos u cos v, r cos u sin v, r sin u )

ruv  (r sin u sin v,  r sin u cos v,0)

rv2  ( (d  r cos u ) cos v, ( d  r cos u )sin v,0)
r 2 ( d  r cos u ) r (d  r cos u ) cos u
L  r , M  0, N     cos u
r (d  r cos u ) r (d  r cos u )
-weingarten map:
 1 
 0
1  (d  r cos u ) ( r ) 2
0   r 
A 2    
r (d  r cos u ) 2  0  r 2 cos u   0 cos u 
 
 (d  r cos u ) 2 
-Gauss map:

n  (cos u sin v,cos u sin v,sin u )
-principle curvature:
1 cos u
k1  , k2 
r ( d  r cos u ) 2
(d) The surface parametrized by

r (u , v )   u  u 3 / 3  uv 2 , v  v 3 / 3  vu 2 , u 2  v 2  .

(solution)
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only


ru  (1  u 2  v 2 , 2uv, 2u )

rv  (2uv,1  v 2  u 2 , 2v)
 2
E  ru  (1  u 2  v 2 ) 2 , F  0, G  (1  u 2  v 2 ) 2 , H  (1  u 2  v 2 )2
  
ru 2  ( 2u , 2v, 2), ruv  (2v,2u ,0), rv 2  (2u , 2v, 2)
 
ru  rv   2u (u 2  v 2  1),2v(u 2  v 2  1),1  (u 2  v 2 ) 2 
4(1  u 2  v 2 ) 4
L  , M  0,
(1  u  v )
2 2 2
1  u 2  v2
4(1  u 2  v 2 ) 4
N  
(1  u  v )
2 2 2
1  u 2  v2

-weingarten map:

 4 
  0 
1  4(1  u  v ) 2
02
 (1  u  v 2 )3
2

A     
(1  u 2  v 2 ) 4  0 4(1  u 2  v 2 )   4 
 0 2 3 
 (1  u  v ) 
2

-Gauss map:

 1
n (2u (1  u 2  v 2 ),2v(1  u 2  v 2 ),1  (u 2  v 2 ))
(1  u  v )
2 2 2

 2u 2v 1  u 2  v2 
  , , 2 
 1 u  v 1 u  v 1 u  v 
2 2 2 2 2

-principle curvature:

4 4
k1   , k2 
(1  u  v )
2 2 3
(1  u  v 2 )3
2

Tutorial 2

1. Show that the second fundamental form II p is symmetric.

(proof) we take two arbitrary tangent vectors  ,  Tp S and two arbitrary real number
 ,    . Then we have, first of all:

A 1
 2 ( ,  )  1 ( A( ),  )   1 ( , A( ))   1 ( A( ), )   2 ( , ) ,
self-adjoint symmetrical

which means that  2 is symmetrical. (end)

 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

i
2. Show that the elementary symmetric functions Si (k1 ,, kn 1 ) are the coefficient of x in
the expansion of (1  k1 x) (1  kn 1 x) .
(proof) When n  2 ,
(1  k1 x)(1  k2 x)  1  (k1  k2 ) x  k1k2 x 2  1  S1 x  S2 x 2 .
Therefor S0  1, S1 (k1 , k2 )  k1  k2 , S 2 (k1 , k2 )  k1k2 .
When n  3 ,

(1  k1 x)(1  k 2 x)(1  k3 x)  1  ( k1  k 2  k3 ) x 
 (k1k2  k2 k3  k1k3 ) x 2  k1k 2 k3 x 3

So S0  1, S1  k1  k2  k3 , S 2  k1k2  k2 k3  k1k3 , S3  k1k2 k3 .

…
n
(1  k1 x)(1  k2 x) (1  kn x)  1  x  ki  x 2  ki1 ki2 
i 1 i1  i2

   x k1k2  kn
n

n
so S 0  1, S1  k ,i 1
i S 2   ki1 ki2 ,  , Sn 1  k1  kn .
i1  i2

3. Calculate the frames for the sphere based on

(a) the standard parameterization

(solution)

r  (cos u cos v, cos u sin v, sin u )

ru  ( sin u cos v,  sin u sin v, cos u )

rv  ( cos u sin v, cos u cos v, 0)

(b) stereographic projection

4. Calculate frames for
(a) The torus

(solution) the equation

x  (a  b cos u )cos v 

y  ( a  b cos u )sin v  .
z  b sin u 



ru  ( xu , y u , zu )  (b sin u cos v, b sin u sin v, b cos u )

rv  ( xv , y v , zv )  ((a  b cos u )sin v,(a  b cos u )cos v,0)

(b) The catenoid

 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

u u
x  a cosh cos v, y  a cosh sin v, z  u
a a
  u u 
ru   sinh cos v,sinh sin v,1 
 a a 
  u u 
rv    a cosh sin v, a cosh cos v,0 
 a a 

Tutorial 3

1. Calculate the first fundamental form for

(a) The sphere of radius, R ,

(solution) r  ( R cos u cos v, R cos u sin v, R sin u ) ,

  r
ru     R sin u cos v,  R sin u sin v, R cos u 
u
 
  r
rv     R cos u sin v,  R cos u cos v,0 
v
 2   2
g11  ru  R 2 , g12  ru rv  0, g 22  rv  R 2 cos 2 u .

Therefor the first fundamental form is the following:

R 2 du 2  R 2 cos 2 udv 2 .

(b) The torus with inner radius, r and outer radius, R

(solution) the equation

x  (a  b cos u )cos v 

y  ( a  b cos u )sin v 
z  b sin u 


Rr Rr
Where a  , b . Therefor
2 2

 Rr Rr  
x  cos u  cos v 
 2 2  
 Rr Rr  
y  cos u  sin v  .
 2 2  
Rr 
z sin u 
2 

i.e.
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

rR rR Rr

xu  sin u cos v, yu  sin u sin v, zu  cos u
2 2 2
Rr Rr   Rr Rr 
xv     cos u  sin v, y v    cos u  cos v, zv  0
 2 2   2 2 

( R  r )2 1
 g11  xu2  y u2  zu2  , g 22  [( R  r )  ( R  r )cos u ], g12  0
4 4

1
Therefor the first fundamental form is
4
( R  r ) 2 du 2  [( R  r )  ( R  r )cos u ]2 dv 2  .

2. Use your answers to the previous question to find the length of

(a) A curve from the north pole of the sphere that winds twice around the sphere before
ending up at the south pole
(b) A curve that winds three times around the small randius for each time around the
major radius
3. In lectures we calculated E1 and shows that for the inertial frame
 x1  r ( x1 , x2 ) 
 
X ( x1 , x2 )   x2  s ( x1 , x2 ) 
 q( x , x ) 
 1 2 
then r11 (0,0)  0 . By calculating E2 , F1 , F2 , G1 , and G2 , show that all the second
derivatives of r and s are zero at (0,0).
1 1
4. Show that F12  F22  G11  q11q22  q122 .
2 2

Tutorial 4

1. Construct an atlas for

(a) The torus
(b) the cylinder

from the charts for the circle from the lectures.

(solution) (a) Let S be the circumference and M  S  S .

1 1 1

U  S1 , V  S1

 : U  [1,1] (U , )

 : V  [1,1] (V , )
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

 the atlas is {(U  V ,   )} .

(b) Let S be the circumference and I be the open interval, M  S  S .

1 1 1

U  S1, V  I
 : U  [1,1]
 : V  ( a , b)

{(U  V ,   )}

2. Show that the function on the sphere that outputs the z  coordinate of the point is
differentiable.
(proof) the spherical co-ordinates

x  a cos u cos v 

y  a cos u sin v 
z  a sin u 


dz
 a cos u . Therefor the function is differentiable.
du
3. Show that function on the real projective plane given by the angle the line makes with the
xy  plane is differentiable.
a
(proof) f : ( x, y, z )  arcsin ( xyz  0)
x  y2  z2
2

f xz

x x  y ( x2  y 2  z 2 )
2 2

f yz

y x  y ( x2  y 2  z 2 )
2 2

f x2  y 2
 2
z x  y2  z2

Because xyz  0 , the function is differentiable.

Tutorial 5

1. Write the coordinate vector-fields for cartesian coordinates on  2 ,

 
and
x y

in terms of the polar coordinate vector fields

 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

 
and
r 

x  x ( r , )  x  r cos  y y
 , r  x  y , tan   ,   arctan
2 2
(solution) ,
y  y ( r , )  y  r sin   x x

r x r cos  r
   cos  ,  sin 
x x y
2 2 r y
 sin   cos 
 , 
x r y r

Therefor

 r     sin  
     cos   
x x r x  r r 
 r     cos  
     sin   
y y r y  r r 

2. Calculate the vector-field transformation between stereographic coordinates and the

2
angular coordinates on the sphere, S

Tutorial 6

     
Let A  y z , Bx z , Cx y .
z y z x y x

1. Calculate the Lie derivative of B with respect to A .

(solution)
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

LA B  [ A, B ]  AB  BA
             
  y  z  x  z    x  z  y  z 
 z y   z x   z x   z y 
        
 y x  z  z x  z 
z  z x  y  z x 
        
x y  z  z y  z 
z  z y  x  z y 
2 z  2 2 2 
2
 yx  y   yz  zx  z 
z 2 z x zx yz yx
2 z  2 2 2 
2
 xy
 x   xz  zy  z
z 2 z y zy xz xy
 
 y x
x y

2. Show Af  Bf  Cf for f ( x, y , z )  x  y  z .
2 2 2

(proof) f ( x, y , z )  x  y  z
2 2 2

   
Af   y  z  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  y (2 z )  z  2 y  0
 z  y
   
Bf   x  z  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  x( 2 z )  z  2 x  0
 z x 
   
Cf   x  y  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  x  2 y  y  2 x  0
 y x 
3. Use that fact to sketch the curves of the one parameter groups associated with A, B , and
C.
x  x( z ) 
(solution) curve C :  (where z is auxiliary variable)
y  y( z )
The one parameter groups are f1 : z  y, f 2 : y  x .
y  f1 ( z ), x  f 2 ( f1 ( z ))  f1  f 2 ( z )

f ( x, y, z )  x 2 ( z )  y 2 ( z )  z 2
f f dy
Af  y z  y ( 2 z )  z  2 y  0 …………………………………..(1)
z y dz
dx
Bf  x( 2 z )  z  2 x  0 …………………………………..(2)
dz

dy dx
Cf  x  2 y   y 2x   0 …………………………………..(3)
dz dz
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

dy dx
From (3),  .
dx dz
dy dx
(1), (2)    1  dx  dy  dz
dz dz
 x   (t )
 
The tangent vector of the curve  y   ( y ) ,   (1,1,1)
z  t

dy
 1  y  z  c1
dz
dx
 1  x  z  c2
dz
 x  t  c1

  y  t  c2
z  t


When c1  c2  0 , the curve C is the line parallel to  and passing (0,0,0).

In general, the curve C is the line parallel to  and passing (c1 , c2 ,0) .

Tutorial 7

Let M be a two-dimensional manifold with coordinates x1 and x2 . The Christoffel symbols for a
connection  are identically zero except for

112  121   tan x2 , 11

2
 cos x2 sin x2

1. Calculate  X Y for

 1 
X , Y .
x1 cos x2 x1


(solution)  X Y  iY j  xi
x j

1
X 1  1, X 2  0, Y 1  , Y2  0
cos x2

Y j
 iY j   ikj Y k
x i
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

Y 1
1Y 1   11
1
Y 1  112Y 2  0  0  tan x2  0  0
x1
Y 2 1
1Y 2  1  11 Y  12
2 1 2
Y 2  0  cos x2 sin x2   0  sin x2
x cos x2
Y 1   1  1
 2Y 1   121Y 1  122Y 2  2    ( tan x2 )  00
x 2
x  cos x2  cos x2
Y 2
 2Y 2  2   221Y 1   222Y 2  0  0  0  0
x

   
 X Y  X i  iY j  X 11Y 2 2  1  sin x2 2  sin x2 2 .
x j
x x x

2. Write down the equations for parallel transport for this connection.

(solution) for parallel transport,  X Y  0  sin x2 0
x 2
Assume that the vector field Y (t ) parallel transport according to the curve r .
x1  x1 (t ) 
r: !
x2  x2 (t ) 
sin x2 dx2 
  0
cos 2 x2 dt  x2 (t )  c2 
 
sin x2
dx1
0  x1 (t )  c1 
dt 
3. Combine them into a single equation and write down the solution.
(solution)
4. Pick a starting point and vector and solve for the coefficients in the solution.
5. Calculate the torsion of this connection.
(solution) Tijk   ijk   kji : torsion tensor

 ijk  0 .  torsion=0

Tutorial 8

1. Write the standard metric for the sphere in terms of the coordinates  and  .
(solution)
x  cos  cos  

y  cos  sin  
z  sin  

the standard metric:

r  ( sin  cos  ,  sin  sin  ,cos  )

r  ( cos  sin  ,cos  cos  ,0)
g11  1, g12  0, g 22  cos 2  , dS 2  d 2  cos2  d 2
2. Write the standard metric for the torus in terms of the toroidal and poloidal angles.
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

(solution)
x  ( a  b cos u )cos v 

y  ( a  b cos u )sin v 
z  b sin u 

 u u
ru  (sinh cos u,sinh sin v,1)
a a
 u u
rv  (  a cosh sin u , a cosh cos v, 0)
a a
u u
g11  sinh 2  1, g12  0, g 22  a 2 cosh 2
a a
u u
dS 2  (sinh 2  1) du 2  (a 2 cosh 2 ) dv 2
a a
3. Consider the metric g  dw  dt  dz and the coordinate transformations
3 2 2

z ( x, y )  cosh( x) cos( y )
t ( x, y )  cosh( x)sin( y )
w( x, y )  sinh( x )

(a) Calculate z  t  w
2 2 2

(b) Express g in the new coordinates

(solution)
z x   sinh( x)cos( y )  z y   cosh( x)sin( y ) 
 
t x   sinh( x)sin( y )  , t y   cosh( x) cos( y ) 
wx   cosh( x)  
 wy  0 
(a) z  t  w  cosh(2 x)
2 2 2

(b)
dz  z x dx  z y dy 

dw  wx dx  wy dy 

dt  t x dx  t y dy 
g  dw2  dt 2  dz 2 
 wx dx 2  2 wx wy dxdy  wy dy 2  (t x dx 2  2t xt y dxdy  t y dy 2 )
2 2 2 2

 ( z x dx 2  2 z x z y dxdy  z y dy 2 ) 
2 2

 ( wx  t x  z x )dx 2  2( wx wy  t x t y  z x z y )dxdy  ( wy  t y  z y )dy 2 

2 2 2 2 2 2

  2 (cosh 2 ( x)  sinh 2 ( x)) dx 2   2 cosh 2 ( x) dy 2 

  2 [cosh 2 ( x)  sinh 2 ( x)]dx 2  cosh 2 ( x) dy 2 
4. Express the metric for Minkowski space g  cdt0  dx0  dy0  dz0 in terms of new
2 2 2 2

coordinates
 Sample Assignment For Reference Only

t0  t
x0  r cos(  t )
y0  r sin(  t )
zz
(solution) g  cdt0  dx0  dy0  dz0
2 2 2 2

t0 z  0 t0  0 t0t  1

   
 x0 z  0  x0  r sin(  t )  x0 t   r sin(  t )
 , , 
 y0 z  0  y0  r cos(  t )  y0t   r cos(  t )
 z  1   z  0
 0z  z0  0  0t
dt  t0 d  t0t dt  t0 z dz  dt
dx0  x0 d  x0 t dt  x0 z dz   r sin(  t ) d   r sin(  t )dt   r sin(  t )(d   dt )
dy0  y0 d  y0 t dt  y0 z dz  r cos(  t )d   r cos(  t ) dt  r cos(  t )(d    dt )
dz0  z0 d  z0 t dt  z0 z dz  dz

g  cdt02  dx02  dy02  dz02 

 cdt 2  r 2 sin 2 (  t )( d 2  2 d dt   2 dt 2 )  r 2 cos 2 (  t )(d 2  2 d dt   2 dt 2 )  dz 2
 cdt 2  r 2 ( d 2  2 d dt   2 dt 2 )  dz 2
 (c   2 r 2 )dt 2  r 2 d 2  2 r 2 d dt  dz 2