DRB Executive Summary

Volume 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Davao River Basin Management
and Development Plan

February 2015

With Technical Assistance from:

Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc.
Formulation of Davao River Basin Management and Development Plan
Table of Contents
1.0 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DAVAO RIVER BASIN ...................................................... 1

2.0 CURRENT SITUATION ................................................................................................... 4
3.0 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES, AND CHALLENGES .............................................................. 12
4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES .................................................. 13
5.0 STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................ 14
6.0 INVESTMENTS, TARGETS AND COST .......................................................................... 15
7.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .............................................................................. 22
8.0 FINANCING STRATEGY ............................................................................................... 24
9.0 INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................. 26
10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT ........................................................... 27
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1.0 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DAVAO RIVER BASIN
Davao River is considered the third largest river in Mindanao, next to Mindanao River and
Agusan River. The main river is 86 kilometers long and drains an area of about 175,960
hectares. In view of its size, economic significance to the Davao region and its potential to
provide for the water security of Davao City, the Davao River Basin (DRB) is included among
the 18 major river basins in the country that are priority for master planning.
DRB is geographically located between 7° 2' 27.6" and 7°49' 8.4" N latitude and 125° 11'
27.6" and 125° 39' 0" E longitude. It is one of 10 major river systems in the Davao region that
drain to the Davao Gulf. It has significant influence on Davao Gulf, a key marine biodiversity
area and one of the country’s major fishing grounds.
DRB is shared by Bukidnon (San Fernando, Quezon and Kitaotao), Davao del Norte
(Talaingod) and Davao City. See Administrative Map. Of its 78 sub-watersheds, 28 sub-
watersheds are within Bukidnon and are collectively referred to by the Bukidnon Province as
the Davao-Salug River Watershed cluster. Davao City compose 67% of the total area of DRB.
Political Units within the Davao River Basin
Total Area within % Share in Total

LGU
DRB (Hectares) DRB Area
BUKIDNON 44,537 25.3
San Fernando 29,178 16.6
Quezon 11,104 6.3
Kitaotao 4,028 2.3
Valencia 227 0.1
DAVAO DEL NORTE 14,337 8.2
Talaingod 14,337 8.2
DAVAO CITY 117,086 66.5
TOTAL 175,960 100.0
Sources: Comprehensive Land Use Plans and various reports from Davao City
and Bukidnon LGUs, Administrative Map of DRB
Except for Davao City, all the town centers of the other LGUs are located outside DRB. There
are about 137 barangays from all the LGUs that are wholly or partially within DRB but only
125 have settlements within the basin area.1 Davao City itself has 110 barangays with
settlements in DRB. About 95% of the DRB population are therefore Davao City residents,
with more than 70% coming from the urban barangays of the city. A number of densely-
populated barangays from the central business district of Davao City are located within DRB.
1
One of the barangay settlements in the Davao City-Kitaotao area is associated with Arakan of North Cotabato.
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According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, Davao City has about 180 ethnic groups while
Bukidnon is home to 179 ethnic groups. The river basin itself is part of the ancestral domain
of the Obu-Manuvu, Matigsalug-Manobo, Ata, Ata-Manobo, and Bagobo-Klata. About 75%
of the basin area is covered by the Certificates of Ancestral Domain Titles (CADT) of the four
tribes.
Settlements and Population within the Davao River Basin

No. of Barangays No. of Barangays Estimated % Share in
Municipality/
with Areas with Settlements Population Total Estimated
City
within DRB within DRB (2010) Population
BUKIDNON 4.98
San Fernando 11 9 13,971 2.23
Quezon 4 2 912 0.15
Kitaotao 8 7 16,285 2.60
Valencia 1 - - -
DAVAO DEL NORTE -
Talaingod 3 - - -
NORTH COTABATO 0.28
Arakan* 1 1,725 0.28
DAVAO CITY 110 106 593,429 94.75
TOTAL 137 125 625,564 100.00
*Refer to Footnote 1.
Sources: Comprehensive Land Use Plans and various reports from Davao City and Bukidnon LGUs, Barangay
Boundaries Map of DRB
DRB has a type IV climate. The favorable climate type, with relatively uniform rainfall and
temperature throughout the year, makes the DRB desirable for agricultural production,
particularly of high value fruits. Its rich land and water resources make it an important
source of food and raw materials for households and industries in both Davao City and
Bukidnon.

Administrative Map of Davao River Basin
ADMINISTRATIVE
BOUNDARIES
DAVAO RIVER BASIN

MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
PLAN

2.0 CURRENT SITUATION
Biophysical Resources
Land Resources
About 77% of DRB are forestlands and 23% are A and D lands. Most of the A and D lands are in
Davao City and San Fernando. These are devoted mainly to agriculture: 8% for annual crops and
61% for perennial crops. About 17% of A and D lands are wooded lands, shrublands and
grasslands, which could be potential areas for agriculture.
Davao City and San Fernando also have the biggest forestland areas. In 2010, DRB had 16,115
hectares and 17,180 hectares of remaining closed canopy and open canopy forests, respectively.
These forests constituted 25% of total forestlands. About 64% of forestlands were wooded
lands/grasslands. Cultivated areas in forestlands, both for annual and perennial crops, accounted
for 6% of forestlands.
It is estimated that based on its 2010 vegetative cover, DRB has a total carbon stock of 9,153,240
tons.
Land Resources within the Davao River Basin

Alienable and Disposable Forestlands or
Total Area
LGU Lands (A and D) Timberland
Ha % Ha % Ha %
BUKIDNON
San Fernando 1,332 3.3% 27,846 20.6% 29,178 16.6 %
Quezon - - 11,104 8.2% 11,104 6.3 %
Kitaotao - - 4,028 3.0% 4,028 2.3 %
Valencia City - - 227 0.1% 227 0.1 %
DAVAO DEL NORTE
Talaingod 496 1.2% 13,841 10.2% 14,337 8.2 %
DAVAO CITY 38,663 95.5% 78,423 57.9% 117,086 66.5 %
TOTAL AREA 40,491 100.0% 135,469 100.0% 175,960 100.0%
% of Total DRB Area 23% 77% 100%
Sources: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Land Classification Map and Administrative Map
Diverse flora and fauna, including rare, vulnerable and critically endangered species, are
found in the Bukidnon Plateau, Mt. Sinaka, Mt. Apo, and other mountains and forests that
surround DRB. These forests are nesting grounds of the Philippine Eagle.
Within the period 2003 to 2010, significant changes in land cover/use within DRB have been
noted, such as thinning or disappearance of closed canopy forests, disappearance of open
canopy forests, conversion of wooded grasslands/shrublands into grasslands, conversion of
annual crop areas and wooded lands to perennial crop areas, expansion of cultivated areas
into forestlands, and increase in built-up areas with some areas encroaching into forestlands.
Overall, there was a decrease in natural forest cover (closed and open canopy forests) by
about 21%, which translates to an average annual decrease of 3%.

Change in Land Cover/Use: 2003 and 2010

Year 2010 Year 2003
Land and Vegetative Cover % Share in % Share in
Area Area
Category Total DRB Total DRB
(Hectares) (Hectares)
Area Area
Closed forest, broadleaved 16,115 9.2 9,428 5.4
Open forest, broadleaved 17,212 9.8 32,737 18.9
Forest plantation - - 1,424 0.8
Cultivated, annual crop 10,413 5.9 13,831 8.0
Cultivated, perennial crop 26,168 14.9 8,801 5.1
Natural grassland/ Grasslands 7,690 4.4 1,039 0.6
Wooded land, shrubs 16,125 9.2 66,858 38.6
Wooded grasslands 77,134 43.8 35,328 20.4
Built-up 4,168 2.4 2,951 1.7
Others (Major River) 935 0.5 935 0.5
TOTAL DRB Area 175,960 100.0 173,332 100.0
Sources: DENR/NAMRIA 2010 and 2003 Land Cover Map
Recent and ongoing efforts to increase the vegetative cover of DRB through tree-planting
activities of various organizations, IP communities, the Davao City Water District (DCWD) in the
Malagos Reservation, and of the National Greening Program (NGP), which has covered a total of
5,466 hectares from 2011-2014, are not sufficient to recover the forest cover that have been lost.
As mentioned earlier, four CADTs enclose 75% of the whole of DRB. There are pending
ancestral domain claims that, once approved, will effectively close the open access (i.e.,
untenured) forestlands in DRB which is estimated at 11,783 hectares. Given the wide
coverage of the ancestral domain, most of the existing forests, grasslands and wooded lands
will be within the CADTs. This indicates the extent of the resource management
responsibilities that CADT holders have to shoulder.
Outside the existing CADT areas, there are about 1,033 more hectares of forestlands that are
tenured. There are also a number of tenure instruments, among them CBFMA, IFMA, mining
tenements, co-management area and the land reservation to UP Mindanao, that cover areas
inside three CADT areas. See LMRU Map.

Map of Land and Resource Management Units in the Davao River Basin
Ata-Manobo Cultural Community

(with issued CADT)
Matigsalug-Manobo Tribe
(FEMMATRICS)
(with issued CADT)
Ata Tribe Ancestral Domain

(with issued CADT)
Obu-Manuvu Tribe
Acestral Domain
(with issued CADT)
LAND AND RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT UNITS
(CADT and Other Tenure Holders)
DAVAO RIVER BASIN

PLAN

Water Resources
Findings of the hydrologic and water balance study2 indicate that the annual water surplus in
DRB consists of 3.3 million cubic meters (MCM) of total runoff and 90 MCM of net
groundwater recharge. The 3.3 million MCM runoff is 69% of the estimated mean annual
rainfall (MAR) which is 2,652 mm. The 90 MCM net groundwater recharge is only 2% of the
MAR. This means that the surface water resource is far more abundant than the
groundwater stock within the basin.
The low recharge is basically due to the geological and morphological character of the
mountainous and rolling terrain of the upper sub-basins, which is generally of impervious
character and is not favourable for recharge. Most of the percolated water flows out of
storage as mid-slope springs and river baseflow, and does not reach the aquifers.
Currently, the uses of the surface water resources of DRB are limited to domestic water
supply and irrigation of annual and perennial crops. Most of the water supply of Davao City
(provided by the DCWD) is sourced
elsewhere. It is estimated that the
volume of water used within DRB for
domestic use and irrigation constitute
a low 1% of total surface runoff.
Records of the National Water

Regulatory Board (NWRB) suggest that
surface and ground water use within
the DRB is largely unregulated. Few
water users have obtained water use
rights from the said agency.
DENR-EMB has established 8 water

quality monitoring stations along
Davao River. Based on water quality, sections of the river have been classified as Class A
(suitable for water supply but requires complete treatment) while the lower end of the river
is categorized as Class B (suitable for primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming,
and skin diving).
Pollution and sedimentation are among the key issues in the downstream part of the river.
Large areas in DRB are devoted to agricultural plantations that use chemicals. Densely
populated settlements are major sources of both solid waste and wastewater that are
directly discharged to the river. Water quality monitoring results have shown exceedances in
some water quality parameters including coliform and total suspended particulates.
The lower part of the DRB has been designated as a Water Quality Management Area
(WQMA) in accordance with the Clean Water Act of 2004 and per DAO 2013-04 of DENR.
2
The study made use of available monthly rainfall, temperature, and other hydrologic/ climatological data from
hydromet stations located in Malaybalay, Bukidnon, Kidapawan, North Cotabato and Davao City airport as there is no
hydromet station inside DRB. The long-term monthly and annual hydrologic balance was determined using a
watershed balance model developed by the UP National Hydraulic Research Center. For this study, eight sub-basins
were defined from among the 78 sub-watersheds of DRB and a water balance analysis was done for each.

Coastal Resources
The DRB has considerable and far-reaching impact on the water quality and resources in the
coastal zone of Davao City and on Davao Gulf which is host to diverse reef and mangroves
species, seagrasses, migratory birds, whales and dolphins, sea turtles, and cetaceans. A
number of these species are listed in the Convention on the International Trade of
Endangered Species. The combined effects of pollution and sedimentation from Davao River
and improper fishing practices have affected the quality of habitats within the city’s
municipal waters and in nearby LGUs.
Coastal resources directly impacted by the Davao River are the: 1) marine protected areas
(MPA) and fish sanctuaries in coastal barangays including some in Samal Island; 2) turtle
nesting sites and feeding sites of cetaceans and marine mammals; 3) remaining mangroves
forest in Matina Aplaya and Bucana; 4) fishing grounds and nearby aquaculture farms; and 5)
beach resorts and recreation areas near the mouth of Davao River. The coastal waters of
Davao City are classified as Class SB (waters intended for recreation and as spawning areas
for milkfish and similar species).
Map of Water Quality Monitoring Stations and the Coastal Zone of Davao City

Socio-Economic Conditions
The total population within the DRB is 626,322 (2010). The urban population composes 75%
of the total population within DRB. The growth in population (projected to reach almost 1
million by 2029) and the fast urbanization of Davao City are putting a lot of pressure on the
resources and ecosystem services provided by the DRB.
A wide disparity in socio-economic conditions exists between urban and rural settlements,
and between the Bukidnon LGUs and Davao City. Bukidnon is the 13th poorest province in
the country, with about 43% of its population living below the poverty threshold. The
poverty incidence in Kitaotao, San Fernando and Quezon was reported in 2009 to be over
50% of their respective populations. In contrast, the poverty estimate for Davao City is a low
13.2%. Expectedly, access to infrastructure, water supply, education and health facilities is
higher in Davao City barangays than those in the upper river basin areas.
The IP communities are the largest and most important stakeholders of the DRB. Their
distribution within DRB cannot be firmly ascertained. The lives of the IPs have been affected
by various developments in DRB such as the logging operations that destroyed forests, the
opening of roads, and the introduction of new farming technologies. There is intermingling
of cultures as migrants like the Ilocanos, Cebuanos and Ilongos have settled in DRB.
The following are the key economic activities of communities in DRB:
1) Agriculture: Some 8,525 hectares or 4.8% of the DRB area are devoted to annual and
perennial crops. Major crops grown are rice, corn, cassava, sugarcane, and high-value
crops such as bananas, pineapples, citrus, durian, rambutan, coffee, cacao, and rubber.
2) Tourism and recreation: Davao City’s top three tourist destinations are within DRB. These
are the Crocodile Park, the Animal Encounter in Malagos Garden, and the Philippine Eagle
Center. The latter facility attracts over 120,000 visitors annually. White-water rafting in
Tamugan and Baguio is also a tourist destination. Found along the Davao-Bukidnon road
are recreational and cultural tourism services, weekend houses, and training centers.
3) Commerce, services, and industry: Among the eight watersheds of Davao City, DRB has
the biggest number of business establishments in the city at 17,474; this accounts for
about 55% of total establishments and 63% of business capital investments in Davao City.
Most (98%) of these, however, are micro-enterprises and small industries, engaged
mainly in handicrafts, food processing, trading and services.
4) Fisheries: Davao Gulf is an important fishing ground. Annual fisheries yield in the Davao
region is at 67,468 metric tons (2012). A population of 274,918 from the city’s coastal
barangays are highly dependent on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihood.
5) Small-scale mining and quarrying: Small-scale gold mining operations have been reported
in upstream San Fernando and in Quezon. There are 59 permit holders that extract sand
and gravel at various points of the Davao River, mostly at the downstream areas. These
activities are contributing to the water quality problem of Davao River.
Natural Hazards and Climate Change
The DRB with its topography, slope, and vegetation is susceptible to three types of natural
hazards – earthquakes, flooding, and landslides. The Davao River Fault is located at the upper
and middle part of the basin. It poses a direct threat to DRB with 15 settlements found along
the fault in San Fernando, Kitaotao and Davao City.

The basin lies within a latitude zone with a typhoon path frequency of 7%, meaning an
average of one to two typhoons each year pass through the basin. The flood-prone areas in
DRB are low elevation areas (about 6,200 hectares) along the riverbanks of Davao River and
some of its tributaries. Flooding affects 10 barangays in Bukidnon and 72 in Davao City. The
occurrence of flashfloods have become more frequent. The flashfloods are due to: excessive
run-off from the rivers, housing and infrastructure development that constrict natural river
flows, and inadequate and clogged drainage systems.
In view of its steep slopes, the DRB is susceptible to landslides, particularly during heavy
rains. A total of 77,473 hectares (44% of DRB) are highly susceptible to landslides including
the Shrine Hills in Matina, which has been named Urban Ecological Enhancement Sub-Zone.
The data below underscore the importance of having disaster risk reduction and mitigation
(DRRM) plans and zoning regulations enforced in the DRB Local Government Units (LGUs).
Number of Barangays Highly Susceptible to Natural Hazards

LGU Faultline Flooding Landslide
Talaingod 3
Valencia City 1
Quezon 4
San Fernando 10 5 10
Kitaotao 3 2 7
Davao City 2 19 31
TOTAL 15 26 56
Source: Faultlines and Flooding Susceptibility Map, Administrative Map, Landslide Susceptibility Map
Governance and Institutions
The stakeholder analysis that was undertaken identified eleven stakeholder groups. These
have been classified into four types: decision and policy makers (e.g., LGUs, DENR), resource
managers and users (e.g., CADT and tenure holders), providers and intermediaries (e.g.,
LGUs, national agencies, NGOs), and influencers (e.g., civil society, private sector).
From among these, there are four specific stakeholders who will play key roles in the
governance of DRB by virtue of the responsibility, authority and accountability (RAA) given
them under existing laws and policies. These stakeholders are:
1) DRB LGUs which have jurisdiction over parts of the DRB and have environmental
mandates emanating from the Local Government Code and various environmental laws
(e.g., Climate Change Act, Clean Water Act, DRRM Act, others).
2) DENR which have jurisdiction over forestlands through the Revised Forestry Code and
various issuances. It also has authority over protected areas, water and mineral rights,
and the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECC). Pollution control is
likewise part of its mandate.
3) CADT holders which under the Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) have the right to
manage natural resources within their ancestral domain; to benefit and share the profits
from the allocation and utilization of natural resources; to negotiate the terms and
conditions for the exploration of natural resources; and to informed and intelligent
participation in the formulation and implementation of projects that will affect their

ancestral domain. They likewise have the right to receive just and fair compensation for
any damages resulting from the project. The National Commission on Indigenous
Peoples (NCIP) was created to implement the IPRA and assist/support the IPs in the
management of their territories.
4) Tenure holders whose on-site management responsibilities are stipulated in tenure
instruments issued to them or in agreements signed with DENR.
There exists three coordinating councils that have mandates to look after specific resource
management areas within the DRB. The physical areas these councils are responsible for
coincide with the ridge-to-reef continuum. These councils are:
 Bukidnon Watershed Protection and Development Council (BPWMC) which covers the
whole province of Bukidnon, including the Davao-Salug watershed.
 Davao City Watershed Management Council (DCWMC) which is concerned with the
watersheds of the city, including DRB.
 Davao Gulf Management Council (DGMC) which looks after the protection and
management of the entire Davao Gulf, the receiving end of all that flows through Davao
River.
The councils were created by different instruments, are operating under different
institutional frameworks, and are at different levels of growth and maturity. DENR Region XI
and the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA) deemed it an appropriate strategy to
build on these existing institutions and form them into a Davao River Basin Management
Alliance (DRBMA).
Mandates, Members and Status of BWPDC, DCWMC and DGMC

Bukidnon Watershed Protection and Davao City Watershed Davao Gulf Management Council
Development Council (BWPDC) Management Council (DCWMC) (DGMC)
Enabling Instrument and Year Created
1995: Presidential Memorandum 2007: Davao City Watershed 1999: MOA among coastal
Order 270 Protection, Conservation and municipal and city governments;
Management Code; 2011: 2000: Registered with SEC as multi-
Executive Order 22 sectoral NGO.
Mandate
Protection and preservation of the Implementation of the watershed Protection and preservation of the
remaining forests in Bukidnon; code, particularly the use of 34,000 biodiversity and fishery resource of
rehabilitation of the headwaters of hectares classified as conservation Davao Gulf; formulation of the
river watersheds. areas, agro-forestry non-tillage Davao Gulf Framework Plan.
areas and prime agricultural lands.
Membership
Representatives from Provincial Has 26 members from key Mayors of 23 LGUs along Davao
Government, national line agencies, stakeholders and interest groups. Gulf with members from national
LGUs, local institutions, and NGOs. Headed by the City Mayor. line agencies, NGOs, and
Chaired by the Provincial Governor. academic/research institutions.
Status
Active Inactive during the past few years. Active.

3.0 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES, AND CHALLENGES
Stakeholders have identified a host of problems affecting the DRB and classified and
organized them by ecosystems across a ridge to reef landscape. Further analysis is provided
using the problem tree method.
Problem Tree Analysis of DRB Problems and Issues
Reduced Resilience of Ecosystems Destruction of Coastal/Aquatic

and Communities Habitat
a) Depletion of Forest Cover/ Marine Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity Loss
Reduced Ecotourism Value
b) Soil Erosion, Sedimentation,
Siltation Distruption of Economic Activities,
EFFECTS Damages/Losses
c) Flooding and Landslides;
Disruption of Economic Activities Water-borne Health Problems
d) Reduced Production and
Ecotourism Value
e) Reduced Access to Clean Water
Degradation of Forestlands and

CORE Conversion to other Poor Water Quality
PROBLEMS Inappropriate Land Uses
Timber Poaching Settlement along Riverbanks, Estuaries, Coastline

Upland Migration/Rapid Expansion of Improved Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal; Lack of
Built-up Areas Sanitation Facilities
Poverty Pollution from Agricultural Farms
Weak Environmental Governance/Enforcement of Laws and Policies
CAUSES Unharmonized Development, Land Use and Resource Management Plans
Given all the problems and issues that have been raised, the major challenges that the
master plan will seek to address over the next 15 years are:
 The protection and conservation of ENR assets in DRB, large parts of which are degraded.
 Alleviation of the poverty situation in rural areas, which are largely the ancestral domain
of indigenous peoples.
 Increasing the resiliency of ecosystems, communities and livelihoods to natural hazards
and the impacts of climate change.
 Enhancement of the capability of designated on-site local and resource managers to
effectively manage areas titled or tenured to them.
 Putting in place the appropriate and effective governance system for DRB management.

4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
The major stakeholders of the Davao River Basin crafted this vision statement for the Davao
River Basin: “A healthy Davao River Basin sustainably managed by empowered and
responsible stakeholders”. It is the stakeholders’ mission to collaboratively improve DRB’s
capacity and resiliency to provide ecosystems goods and services, based on the principles of
integrated water resource management (IWRM), good governance, and stewardship, and
upholding gender and cultural sensitivity, and inclusive growth, for the benefit of on-site land
and resource managers, farmers, enterprises, industries, and communities.
The DRB vision is in harmony with the vision in development and resource management
plans that are relevant to DRB and is aligned with the MindaNOW Roadmap for 2020.
The goals for the DRB master plan are two-fold:
1) to improve the quality and sustainability of ecosystem goods and services derived from
DRB and enhance the competitive advantage of the river basin; and
2) to promote local socio-economic growth of communities in DRB and reduce rural
poverty.
These are the five major targets that are expected to be achieved within the 15-year plan
period:
 Improved tree cover of DRB from the current 34% to 57%;

 Increased competitive advantage in the production of perennial and high value crops;
 Sustained/dependable water flows in major rivers tapped for domestic water supply,
hydropower and irrigation, barring extreme drought events;
 Improved overall water quality of the Davao River; and
 Reduced vulnerability of communities to natural and climate change-induced hazards,
particularly flooding and landslides.
On the institutional side, it is expected that an effective governance system will be put in
place, with strong stakeholder participation, to provide direction to the development
investments in DRB and monitor biophysical, socio-economic and institutional development
results.

5.0 STRATEGIES
DRB’s natural endowments provide it comparative advantage in the supply and production of
goods and services that are in wide demand in DRB.
DRB’s comparative advantages:
 A major source of water for Davao City and Bukidnon;

 Ideal agro-climatic and geographic location for high value agricultural crops and forest
plantations;
 Unique socio-cultural practices, natural and man-made features and landscapes; and
 Established markets and capacities for secondary and tertiary processing and marketing of
agri-and forest-based products.
The core thrust of the master plan will therefore be to improve the quality and resiliency of
these assets. These should create positive income streams and benefits to communities and
encourage them to further protect and conserve these resources. These however will highly
depend on the effectiveness of entities with RAAs to carry out their mandates and assigned
responsibilities.
The master plan thus adopts the following prescriptive strategies:
1) Management and Regulation of Protection, Conservation and High Hazard Areas

(PCHHAs). This set of strategies ensures that existing ecosystems/ENR assets become
more stable and resilient. These strategies will enable ecosystems and communities to
withstand the impacts of climate changes such as intense and prolonged precipitation,
strong typhoons and droughts.
2) Direction and Promotion to Enhance DRB’s Comparative Advantages in Support of Socio-

Economic Development. This set of strategies promotes efficient and sustainable use of
the resources for local socio-economic development. These are designed to increase
overall land productivities in agriculture and forestry, diversify household incomes, and
improve access of men and women in DRB to potable water and other social and infra-
related services. Part of the strategy is the reduction of risks of highly vulnerable
communities from disasters through zoning regulation and engineering measures.
3) Strengthening of Policies and Local Governance Systems at the basin, sub-watershed, and
LGU levels. This set of strategies paves the way for sound and decentralized governance
and management of DRB. Included here are measures that will improve oversight,
coordination, and strategic direction; improve support systems for tenure and ancestral
domain holders; regulation and enforcement of land and resource uses; establish
financing mechanisms; and strengthen stakeholder participation in detailed planning,
implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

6.0 INVESTMENTS, TARGETS AND COST
Corresponding to the strategies, three major types of investments are proposed. The
components that fall under each investment type are summarized below with the specific
ENR thematic concern being addressed.
Type of Investment Proposed Components ENR Thematic Concern

Natural resource a) Protection and conservation of the  Forestlands management
management closed and open canopy forests  Water resources management
 Climate change mitigation
b) Rehabilitation of degraded forestlands in  Forestlands management
areas above 50% slope and above 1000  Water resources management
masl  Climate change mitigation/adaptation
c) Productive development of forest lands  Forestlands management
in areas below 50% slope and below  Water resource use management
1000 masl  Climate change mitigation/adaptation
d) Mangrove rehabilitation  Coastal resources management
Local socio-econ a) Improved agriculture value chains and  Water resource use management
development productivity  Agricultural lands management
b) Improved road access in rural areas  Agricultural lands management
c) Access to safe, potable water  Water resource use management
d) Development of cultural, agriculture and  Forestlands management
nature tourism  Water resource use management
 Agricultural lands management
e) Land use regulation and flood mitigation  Disaster reduction and climate change
adaptation
f) Hydropower development  Water resource use management
g) Waste management and sanitation  Water resource use management
Governance a) Strengthening DRB oversight and  Cross-cutting concerns
coordination (includes policy)
b) Water regulation
c) Capability building for on-site resource
management and enforcement
d) Database development
e) Results based M and E
In keeping with the decentralized governance approach, DRB was divided into 8 sub-basins or
sub-management areas (SMAs). See SMA map. Specific targets for the proposed components
and the corresponding costs were determined for each SMA based on the existing conditions
and needs of the particular SMA.

Summary of Targets, Investment Requirements and Funding Sources by SMA
Project/ Governance- Investment

Investment SMA Targets Designated Funding Sources Requirement
Area Entities (PhP Million)
A. Natural Resource Management 2,050.7
1. Protection of 1, 2A, 33,327 ha • LRMUs • DENR, LGUs
closed and 2B, • LGUs • LRMUs (time and labor)
open canopy 3A, 3B, • DENR • CSR
481.37
forest 4A, • NCIP • Donors , through projects
5A • ENR-sourced funds such as
PES, user’s fee, others
2. Rehabilitatio 1, 2A, 20,000 ha; • LRMUs • DENR, LGUs
n of 2B, 20,135 to • LGUs • LRMUs (time and labor)
degraded 3A, 3B, 33,327/year • DENR • CSR
protection 4A, (for • NCIP • Donors, through projects 938.3
forest lands 5A, 5B protection) • ENR-sourced funds such as
(>50% slope; PES, user’s fee, others
>1000 masl)
3. Productive 1, 2A, 17,800 ha • LRMUs • DENR, LGUs
development 2B, • LGUs • LRMUs
of forestlands 3A, 3B, • DENR • Donors, through projects that
<50% slope, 4A, • NCIP support LRMUs
<1000 masl 5A, 5B • Private investors through joint 629.0
venture or contracts with
LRMUs
• ENR-sourced funds such as
PES, user’s fee, others
4. Mangrove 5B 25 ha • LGU • DENR, BFAR, Davao City LGU
rehabilitation • DENR • Coastal communities (time
• BFAR and labor) 2.0
• CSR
• Donors, through projects
B. Local Socio-Economic Development 32,953.8
1. Support to 1, 2A, 9,061 ha • LGU • LGUs
agriculture 2B, • DA • LRMUs
dev’t 3A, 3B, • NIA • NIA
4A • LRMUs • DA
968.7
5A, 5B • DTI
• Private sector/landowners
• Irrigators associations for CIS
maintenance
2. Cultural, 1, 2A, 16 new • LGU • LGUs
nature and 3A, 3B, tourism • DENR • LRMUs
agricultural 4A, 5A, sites • NCIP • DENR 32.0
tourism 5B /facilities • LRMUs • DOT
developed • Private sector/landowners
3. Road access 1, 2A, 260 km; 28 • LGUs • LGUs
in rural areas 2B, bridges • Donor, through projects
3A, 3B, • Landowners (right of way)
4A 1,438.0
5A, 5B

Project/ Governance- Investment

Investment SMA Targets Designated Funding Sources Requirement
Area Entities (PhP Million)
4. Access to 1, 2A, 205 Level • LGUs • LGUs
safe/potable 2B, 2 systems; • DCWD • CSR
water 3A, 3B, Expanded • Donor, through projects
4A DCWD Level • DCWD and joint venture 12,002.1
5A, 5B 3 system partners
• BAWASAs for O and M of
Level 2 systems
5. Flood 1, 5B 2 retarding • LGU • LGUs
mitigation basins; 1 • DPWH • DPWH
hydromet 740.0
station
6. Hydropower 5B 1 operational • Private  Private sector

development hydro power Sector 17,748.0
plant
7. Waste 5B 2 • LGU • Davao City LGU
management wastewate • DENR • DENR
r treatment • User fees (for O and M 25.0
facilities requirements and to recover
investment costs)
C. Governance and Capacity Building 100.1
1. DRBMA • Councils • DENR, LGUs, NCIP, MInDA
Activities • LGUs • Share from ENR-sourced funds
• DENR • Donor (grants) 6.4
• NCIP
• MinDA
2. DRB • LGUs • DENR, LGUs, NCIP, MinDA
Coordinating • DENR • Share from ENR-sourced funds
76.1
Office • MinDA • CSR funds
Operations • Donor (grants)
3. Capacity • LGU • DENR, LGUs, NCIP
building • DENR • Donor (grants)
support • DA • Share from ENR-sourced
8.2
revenues
• Other agencies/NGOs
(trainers)
4. Training for • LGUs • DENR, LGU, NCIP, DILG
barangay • DENR • Donor funds
leaders and • Share from ENR-sourced
9.4
LRMUs revenues
• Other agencies/NGOs (trainers)
• Private sector (trainers)
TOTAL 35,104.6

Map of Sub-Management Area/Sub-Basin of Davao City
SUB-MANAGEMENT
AREA/SUB-BASIN
DAVAO RIVER BASIN

PLAN

When these proposed investments are fully implemented, these biophysical benefits are
expected to be realized:
1) Increase in vegetative/tree cover from 34% in 2010 to 57% by the end of the plan period
(see projected vegetative cover map);
2) Increase in carbon stock of at least 21% during the 15-year period;
3) Biodiversity conservation through the increase in forest cover and improvement of
habitats of wildlife;
4) Optimized use DRB’s water resources as surface water (see proposed water
infrastructure map) will be put into more productive use and benefit a bigger population;
5) Healthier rivers and freshwater ecosystems because of reduced erosion, siltation and
pollution, and increased dependability to provide for water needs of DRB communities;
and
6) Reduced threats to coastal habitats and biodiversity in Davao Gulf.
The socioeconomic benefits will be:
1) Increased production of staple and high value crops through communal, small irrigation
systems;
2) Increase and diversification of incomes, particularly of upland households and IP
communities, through public and private investments (and incentives) in agriculture and
tourism, and infrastructure support;
3) Preservation of indigenous knowledge and practices and improvement of their capability
to plan and manage their ancestral domain;
4) Reduced vulnerability of households to natural hazards through a combination of
structural and land use regulation measures;
5) Supply of wood, fuel wood and other products (rattan, bamboo) for use of households
and industries;
6) Water supply to a larger population within and outside DRB.
7) Power generation using water, a renewable energy source; and
8) Peace and security as improved services and facilities, and more economic opportunities
are provided to underserved communities.
These benefits are presented in a results framework and the indicators to monitor and
evaluate them are shown in a logical framework. Mitigation measures are provided to reduce
the risk of benefits not being achieved due to changes in the DRB’s external environment.

Projected Vegetative Cover Map of Davao River Basin: 2029
PROPOSED LAND USES
DAVAO RIVER BASIN

PLAN

Proposed Water Infrastructure Map
WATER-RELATED
INFRASTRUCTURE
DAVAO RIVER BASIN

PLAN

7.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Three levels of hierarchal governance, leadership, and management for plan implementation
are proposed: (a) at the DRB level, (b) at the implementing level, and (c) at the land and
resource management level. This hierarchal system is consistent with the principle of
decentralized system of governance.
Proposed Governance and ENR Management Structure
Governance and ENR Mgmt DRB Management

at DRB Level
(Councils, regional agencies, Alliance (DRBMA)
civil society, private sector)
– policy formulation – program coordination

– investment promotion – conflict resolution Region XI-based DRB
– M and E results – database development Technical Coordinating
– advocacy Office
Governance and ENR Mgmt

at Executing Level
(LGU, field units of agencies)
City
Other Munici-
– implementation DENR NCIP Offices/
NGAs pality/
– field coordination Field Field Barangays
Field Brgys
– regulation and enforcement Unit Unit (Davao
Units (Bukidnon)
– capability building and assistance to LRMUs City)
– M and E of operations
Governance and ENR Mgmt

at LRMU Level
(CADT holders, tenure holders, landowners)
Land and Resource Management Units
– ENR protection, conservation, management (CADT holders, tenure holders, landowners,
– dev’t of prodcution areas
other rights/permit/agreement holders)
1) Improving Governance and ENRM at the DRB Level. The DRB Management Alliance
(DRBMA) will serve as the overall policy body in DRB and this will be created through a
memorandum of agreement (MOA) among the councils. The DRBMA will be composed of
the BWMPC, DCWMC, and DGMC. From among its key members, an Executive
Committee will be formed.
MinDA and NEDA X and XI will have oversight over the DRBMA. DENR and NCIP will
provide technical support, with NCIP representing the interest of the CADT holders.
The MOA shall clearly define the DRBMA structure, and its coordination and information
sharing protocols. Upon MOA signing, the DRBMA shall formally adopt the Master Plan
and create a Technical Coordinating Office based at DENR XI or at MinDA. Operational
activities of the DRBMA and Technical Coordinating Office will be supported from annual

funding allocation from Davao City LGU, Bukidnon Provincial Government, DENR X and XI,
NCIP and MinDA.
DENR X and XI, and NCIP X and XI shall formally confirm their commitment and direct
their field units to support plan implementation. LGUs shall likewise issue resolutions or
ordinances.
There are four vital activities to improving DRB governance that will be spearheaded at
the DRBMA level: (a) training and capacity building, (b) IEC and social marketing, (c)
database management and research, and (d) M and E. Technical Working Groups may be
formed to support these activities.
2) Improving Governance and ENR Management at Implementing Level. Key actors at this
level are the municipal LGUs, the operating units of Davao City LGU, barangay LGUs,
CENROs of DENR, and the field units of NCIP, NIA and other national agencies directly
implementing national programs (e.g., DA, DoT, DTI).
The strategy is for the Bukidnon PLGU to assist their municipalities and barangays while
Davao City will provide assistance to its barangays. LGUs and their barangays will be
coordinating closely with DENR CENROs and the field units of national agencies.
The DRBMA will further decentralize DRB governance through the formation of Sub-
Management Area (SMA) coordinating bodies which will make sure that implementation
activities are coordinated and will produce the desired results. The chair will either be the
DENR-CENRO or a key officer of the LGU.
3) Improving Governance and ENR Management at the LRMU Level. On-site implementation
will involve significant organizational strengthening and capacity building of LRMU
managers (including CADT holders). There is need to build up their capacity to undertake
ENR management practices that are consistent with indigenous knowledge, systems and
practices.

8.0 FINANCING STRATEGY
The cost breakdown by component is as follows:
Summary and Distribution of Investment Requirements by Component
Estimated Cost
Components % Share
(PhP Million)
Natural Resource Management (NRM) 2,050.70 5.8
Local Socio-Economic Development (LSD) 32,953.77 93.9
Governance 100.13 0.3
TOTAL 35,104.60 100%
The total requirement will be financed from a mix of sources.
1) Publicly-sourced funds
 General Appropriations Act (GAA) or the national budget
 Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of LGUs, which is also sourced from the GAA
 Loan and grants to the government
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds of private companies that are tax
deductible
 NGO funds from donors
 Other similar sources
2) Private funds
 Private investors
 Entrepreneurs and businessmen
 Private land owners
 Tenure and CADT holders (including the value of their time and labor)
3) ENR-sourced funds
 User’s fees/entrance fees for the use of DRB resources
 Penalties and charges for non-compliance with zoning regimes and for unlawful
activities
 Payment for environmental services from “buyers” of DRB ecosystems goods and
services. For example: Energy Regulation No. 1-94 provides that one centavo per
kilowatt-hour of electricity sales will be provided to barangays, municipalities, cities,
provinces and regions.
Master Plan implementation will require sustained public financing throughout the 15-year
period. NRM and investments in irrigation, potable water supply, farm-to-market roads and
bridges, retarding basins, and wastewater treatment facilities will be covered by funds from
LGUs and/or the national government. The same is true for the promotion of agricultural
development and tourism, enforcement and regulation, improving local governance, and
strengthening ENR management capacities.

The hydropower and DCWD water supply system expansion have confirmed funding from the
private sector. Other ventures that can be offered to private investors are nature and
agricultural tourism, and crop production ventures that are competitive in the market place.
Private entrepreneurs may likewise consider investing in the development of tree farms,
bamboo farms, orchards and fuel wood lots in production forestlands through joint venture,
contract growing or marketing agreements with CADT or tenure holders.
LRMUs in public lands will cover most of the on-site cost of developing production forest
lands as these will be sources of livelihoods to them. Public funding support however will be
required for the protection and rehabilitation of protection forest lands and biodiversity
areas as use rights on these resources will be limited.
To the extent possible, opportunities to generate ENR-sourced funds will be explored

especially from facilities or activities on ecotourism, small-scale quarrying, and use of
production forest lands for growing high-value crops. Payment for environmental services
(PES) will be sought from the operators of the hydropower plant, and other organizations
that will extract surface and ground water for irrigation and industrial use.

9.0 INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Of the total investment of PhP35,104.6 million, 5.8% is earmarked for protection,

conservation, rehabilitation and productive development of forestlands. About 94% will
promote local socio-economic development through the provision of infrastructure that will
support agricultural production, water supply delivery, hydropower generation, flood
mitigation and water quality improvement. Governance activities only constitute 0.3% of
total investment requirements.
In terms of sector, infrastructure gets almost 94% of total cost followed by agriculture and
forestry (6%). Hydropower development and the expansion of DCWD’s water system
together account for almost 84% of the total cost.
Proposed Investments by Sub-Management Area

Total Investment
Requirements for % Share in Total
% Share in Total LSD
Sub-Management Areas NRM and LSD NRM
(PhP million)
1A Tamusan-Nilayapan 689.75 16.7% 1.1%
2A Sita-Malapangi 662.13 24.0% 0.5%
2B Pangalalayan-Indang 363.70 5.2% 0.8%
3A Simod-Upian 746.66 15.2% 1.3%
3B Pitalong-Saldab 925.11 17.8% 1.7%
4A Kulafu-Suawan 824.92 13.9% 1.6%
5A Apo-Tamugan 11,983.31 5.4% 36.0%
5B Lower Davao 18,808.90 1.8% 57.0%
TOTAL 35,004.60
The 15-year plan period has been divided into three 5-year periods: short-term, medium-
term and long-term. About 82% of investments are expected to happen in the short-term.
The hydropower plant, the new DCWD facilities and even the retarding basin are
programmed to be constructed within the first four years.
To demonstrate the economic viability of the Master Plan, the analysis looked into several
investment proposals – retarding basin, irrigation, farm-to-market roads, potable water
supply, hydropower, and livelihood and enterprise development projects such as orchard
development, agro-forestry, tree farming, bamboo farming, and ecotourism. The economic
valuation was done using “with” and “without project” scenarios. Economic analysis of these
investments shows that benefits far outweigh costs. On average, the benefit-cost ratio
ranges from 1.4:1 to 5:1. For every PhP1 billion worth of projects implemented in DRB, about
PhP1.4 billion to PhP5 billion of economic benefits will be generated based on an economic life
of 15 years and a discount rate of 15%.
All infrastructure projects proposed in the Master Plan are subject to more detailed
feasibility studies.

10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
The key positive and negative environmental and social impacts of proposed investments
that entail resource extraction and significant civil works were identified and
recommendations and mitigation measures are provided to address the identified negative
environmental and social impacts. The type of environmental clearance that may be required
for specific investments based on existing guidelines of DENR-EMB are indicated.
Of the proposed investments, rural road construction in critical slopes, the retarding basin
and the hydropower plant will require an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

DRB Executive Summary

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1.0 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DAVAO RIVER BASIN ...................................................... 1

Vol 1: Executive Summary i | Page

1.0 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DAVAO RIVER BASIN

Political Units within the Davao River Basin

Total Area within % Share in Total

Vol 1: Executive Summary 1 | Page

Settlements and Population within the Davao River Basin

Vol 1: Executive Summary 2 | Page

Administrative Map of Davao River Basin

DAVAO RIVER BASIN

Vol 1: Executive Summary 3 | Page

2.0 CURRENT SITUATION

Land Resources within the Davao River Basin

Vol 1: Executive Summary 4 | Page

Change in Land Cover/Use: 2003 and 2010

Vol 1: Executive Summary 5 | Page

Ata-Manobo Cultural Community

Ata Tribe Ancestral Domain

LAND AND RESOURCE

DAVAO RIVER BASIN

Vol 1: Executive Summary 6 | Page

Records of the National Water

DENR-EMB has established 8 water

Vol 1: Executive Summary 7 | Page

Vol 1: Executive Summary 8 | Page

Natural Hazards and Climate Change

Vol 1: Executive Summary 9 | Page

Number of Barangays Highly Susceptible to Natural Hazards

Governance and Institutions

Vol 1: Executive Summary 10 | Page

Mandates, Members and Status of BWPDC, DCWMC and DGMC

Vol 1: Executive Summary 11 | Page

3.0 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES, AND CHALLENGES

Problem Tree Analysis of DRB Problems and Issues

Reduced Resilience of Ecosystems Destruction of Coastal/Aquatic

Degradation of Forestlands and

Timber Poaching Settlement along Riverbanks, Estuaries, Coastline

Vol 1: Executive Summary 12 | Page

4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES

The goals for the DRB master plan are two-fold:

 Improved tree cover of DRB from the current 34% to 57%;

Vol 1: Executive Summary 13 | Page

DRB’s comparative advantages:

 A major source of water for Davao City and Bukidnon;

The master plan thus adopts the following prescriptive strategies:

1) Management and Regulation of Protection, Conservation and High Hazard Areas

2) Direction and Promotion to Enhance DRB’s Comparative Advantages in Support of Socio-

Vol 1: Executive Summary 14 | Page

6.0 INVESTMENTS, TARGETS AND COST

Type of Investment Proposed Components ENR Thematic Concern

Vol 1: Executive Summary 15 | Page

Summary of Targets, Investment Requirements and Funding Sources by SMA

Project/ Governance- Investment

Vol 1: Executive Summary 16 | Page

Project/ Governance- Investment

6. Hydropower 5B 1 operational • Private  Private sector

Vol 1: Executive Summary 17 | Page

Map of Sub-Management Area/Sub-Basin of Davao City

DAVAO RIVER BASIN

Vol 1: Executive Summary 18 | Page

The socioeconomic benefits will be:

Vol 1: Executive Summary 19 | Page

Projected Vegetative Cover Map of Davao River Basin: 2029