專欄 Expert 's views
National Parks &
Cultural Landscape
國家公園與文化景觀
10
年一期的世界保護區大會最近在 2003 年 9 月的
南非德班舉辦 ，大會主題為「跨越疆界、造福
“Benefits beyond Boundaries”. What is called “boundary”,
世代」。所謂疆界 ，主要指的是空間的人為界線（例如國
界）、以及自然與文化之間的對立觀 ，本文擬就自然與
文化的融合觀申述文化景觀概念的重要性 ，並建議以文
化景觀角度重新檢視國家公園資產。
以世界遺產為例 ，自 1972 年起 ，《世界遺產公約》成
為具有世界級之自然和文化遺產之辨識和保護的國際法
律工具 ，然而在公約的概念中 ，自然和文化彷彿是分別
而對立的 ，所以依公約乃分別指定世界自然遺產和文化
遺產 ，雖然一地區若同時兼有自然和文化資源時可指定
為複合遺產，但所謂「複合」指的是具有自然和文化雙種
型態 ，並非指由自然與文化經長時間交互作用的融合產
物—即「文化景觀」。隨著時間推移 ，人們愈來愈認識到
自然與文化融合觀的重要性 ，於是在 1992 年將「文化景
觀」列入世界遺產的新類別。經過 15 年 ，列名世界遺產
文化景觀之地已達 60 處 ，涵蓋 39 個會員國。綜合其重
要涵義為：「文化景觀為人類與自然交互作用下的各種呈
現 ，表現人類及其自然環境之間長期而親密的關係 ，展
現了人類社會在同時受到自然環境的機會與限制、以及
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T he 10 yearly World Parks Congress was held in Durban
in September, 2003. The theme of this congress is
which mainly means the man-made separate lines on the
space （e.g. national boundaries） as well as the contrast
viewpoints on nature and culture. This article emphasizes the
importance of the cultural landscape concept and suggests
that we can employ the concept to re-evaluage the natural
and cultural heritages of the National Parks in Taiwan.
Take World Heritages（WHs）for example, since 1972,
the World Heritage Convention has become an international
legal instrument for recognizing and protecting the natural
and cultural heritages with universal outstanding value.
However, based on the concept of the Convention, nature
and culture seem to be contrast. Therefore, the Natural WHs
and the Cultural WHs were designated separately. If an area
posses both natural and cultural outstanding properties,
it can be designated as “Mixed WHs”. However, the so
called “mixed” is referring to the possession of the multiple
types of natural and cultural heritages. It is not referring
to the outcome from the interaction and fusion of nature
and culture after a long time, that is – Cultural Landscape.
With the time passes and changes, nowadays people
understand the importance of interaction of nature and
culture more and more, as a result, “Cultural Landscape”
was inscribed into the new category of World Heritage in
1992. After 15 years passed, there have been 60 World
Heritage Cultural Landscape sites, covering 39 States
Parties. Accorging to the World Heritage Center's definition,
cultural landscapes represent the combined works of nature
 Expert 's views 專欄

李光中 Kuang-chung Lee

英國倫敦大學地理學博士
PhD of Geography, University College London, UK
現任花蓮教育大學生態與環境教育研究所副教授
Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Ecology and
Environmental Education, National Hualien University of
Education

內在與外在的社會、經濟、文化力量影響下的長期演變 and of man. They are illustrative of the evolution of human

society and settlement over time, under the influence of
過程。文化景觀經常反映著永續土地利用的具體方法 ，
the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented
與自然之間常存在特別的精神性關係」。因此 ，我們可 by their natural environment and of successive social,
economic and cultural forces, both external and internal.
以視文化景觀保存為一種永續發展的概念以及永續土地
Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of
利用的方法。 sustainable land-use and a specific spiritual relation to
我國國家公園法訂定於 1972 年 ，恰與世界遺產公約的 nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to
modern techniques of sustainable land-use.
誕生同年 ，當時似乎也比較強調自然與文化的分別性 ，
In Taiwan, the National Park Law was enacted in 1972,
而忽略了融合的、生活的文化景觀概念的重要性。以國 coincided with the adoption of World Heritage Convention.
People at that time seemed to ignore the importance
家公園法規定的 5 大分區為例：「生態保護區」
護區」
區」是指天然
of these “living” types of cultural landscape. Take the
地區，
「特別景觀區」是指天然景致，「史蹟保存區」是指 National Park Zoning approach as an example, the
過往的人文遺跡、遺址和古蹟 ，「遊憩區」是指供遊客野 “Ecological Protected Area” mainly refers to natural area.
The “Special Scenic Area” also refers to natural scene.
外育樂活動的地區 ，「一般管制區」則是歸屬不了上述
The “Cultural/ Historical Area,” though referred to cultural,
各區但為了國家公園完整性而劃入的地區。這樣的分區 consists of pre-historical and historical relics, remains and
ruins.“Recreational Area” is to provide tourists activities
概念似乎過於強調國家公園自然的、史蹟的、育樂的價
and facilities in the wild. “General Management Area”is
值 ，而忽略了屬於生活層面之人類與土地長期而親密作 the area which can't be designated into the above areas
用下的文化景觀產物。或許我們可參酌國際間的相關作 but designated for the integraty of a National Park. The
concept of the Zoning approach seems too over emphasize
法 ，以文化景觀的角度重新檢視國家公園各分區內或跨 the natural, historical, and recreational value, and neglect
分區間的文化景觀現象或遺跡 ，並在國家公園相關法規 the cultural landscape outcomes under the long-term and
intimate interaction between human and nature. Perhaps
和計畫中妥善定位文化景觀的意義、價值和規範。
we can learn from the international experience about
cultural landscape and then re-view and re-evaluate our
natural and cultural heritages in every National Park. By
doing so, we may discovery new meanings and values for
our National Parks and then design new regulations for
preservation and conservation.

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