WX Satelit Spectrum

L-Band WX Satellites
Cyberspectrum #20
October 5th, 2016
Joe Steinmetz @usa_satcom
rfnoise@gmail.com
IRC: Trango (#hearsat)
Who Am I
• Work: Develop ASICs for low-latency networked storage devices
• Education: MS Computer Engineering, Space Communication
• Interests:
• Decoding satellite signals… mostly those not intended to be intercepted
• Deep Space probe weak signal detection (amateur DSN)
• Hardware associated with above (dishes, feeds, LNAs, downconverters, SDRs)
10/5/2016 Cyberspectrum #20 2

• Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES)
(Near Polar Orbits)
• NOAA 15, 18, 19 HRPT
• Meteor-MN2 MHRPT
• Metop-A/B AHRPT
• FengYun-3B CHRPT
• Geosynchronous
• GOES-13/15 LRIT/ENWIM

Hardware and Software
What’s Needed
• Azimuth / Elevation Tracker (just needed for POES)
• ~1.2m dish (90cm is acceptable for POES)
• L-Band feed, I use a simple helical feed
• L-Band pre-amp + filter
• Receiver and/or SDR capable of 1691-1707 MHz operation
• SDR capable of sample rates from 2.5e6 to 10e6
• Decoder and image processing software

Azimuth / Elevation Tracker
• Hardware:
• Motors/sensors: M2, Alfa-Spid, Yaesu G-5500
• Controllers: M2, Yaesu, Green Heron Engineering
• Software:
• WxTrack or Orbitron tracking
• Directly controlling tracker via controller
• DDE to your favorite controller software

1.2m Offset Dish
L-Band Pre-amp / Filter
Azimuth / Elevation Tracker

Helical Feed
• RHCP is proper polarization for POES satellites
• Since dish reflects you must build LHCP feed
• Dimensions are not critical
• Helical is wideband
• http://uhf-satcom.com/lband/

Receivers, SDRs

GRC and UDP flow-graph
Custom UDP sink in Python

Courtesy of @tnt

Decoders and Software
• GOES Software
• lrit_decoder (produces .lrit, .bmp, .txt, .dcs files as well as tcp socket for EMWIN)
• emwin_decoder (produces tcp socket for EMWIN)
• XRIT2PIC – translates LRIT files from MSG/GOES WX Sats into picture files
http://www.alblas.demon.nl/wsat/software/soft_msg.html
• Weather Message Software (EMWIN via TCP socket)
http://weathermessage.com/
• xHRPT Software
• hrpt_decoder (demod to .raw16 or .bin files)
• metop_decoder (demod and decode to .bin files)
• fengyun_decoder (demod and decode to .bin files)
• HRPT Reader (processes .bin, .dat, .HPT, .C10 into images files)
http://www.satsignal.eu/
• MetFy3x (produces .HPT, .C10 and .dat files)
http://www.sat.cc.ua/page5.html
• GeoSatSignal (produces false color images from IR, WV, VS files)
• http://www.satsignal.eu/

CCSDS
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
• 208 Telemetry Data Decoding
http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsndocs/810-005/208/208B.pdf
• Waveforms
• Modulations
• Convolutional Codes
• Frame Synchronization
• Randomization
• Reed-Solomon
• 132.0-B-1 TM Space Data Link Protocol
http://ccsds.cosmos.ru/publications/archive/132x0b1.pdf

POES Satellites Good and bad….
+Easier to implement
+You are almost done after demodulation
NOAA & Meteor-MN2 -If SNR not good enough, you will see noise
NOAA-15 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Meteor-MN2

Modulation PM PM PM PM
FEC None None None None
Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D
Frequency 1702.5 1707 1698 1700 MHz
bit rate 665,400 665,400 665,400 665,400 bps Polarization is RHCP

bits per symbol 1 1 1 1
symbol rate 665,400 665,400 665,400 665,400 sps
Input Sample Rate 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 Hz

samples per symbol 4 4 4 4
Resolution HRPT: 1.1km
Resample Rate 2,661,600 2,661,600 2,661,600 2,661,600 Hz APT: 4 km
Image Classification HRPT HRPT HRPT MHRPT

NOAA-18
Phase Modulation No need for Doppler correction! Flip Mode

Phase Modulation
• Used quite a bit for deep space probes for bit rates below 2Mbps
• Split Phase (aka as Bi-ɸ-L or Manchester) modulated carrier
• Every bit interval contains at least one phase transition
• A transition per bit-interval produces a double sideband

• Therefore the bandwidth twice usual NRZ waveforms
• Peak power of each sideband at the bit rate (no data energy at center frequency)
• Therefore the residual carrier can be detected with little interference from the data
• Total power is shared between data sidebands and carrier frequency
• For Manchester PM, the offset is equal to the symbol rate !
Ref: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670025569.pdf
HRPT Decoder

NOAA HRPT
Bit View of symbol space (another benefit of no FEC)
Clouds

NOAA & Meteor-MN2
Sample Images
Big Sur (Soberanes) Fire

NOAA HRPT Provided by Paul Marsh @uhf_satcom
Meteor-MN2 MHRPT Provided by Paul Marsh @uhf_satcom
FY3A/3B FY3C MetOp-A/B
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK
3/4 using 1/2 punctured 3/4 using 1/2 punctured 3/4 using 1/2 punctured
POES Satellites FEC

code
Applied to each branch
G1=1111001
code
Applied to each brach
G1=1111001
code
MIL-STD 188-165A
G1=1111001
FengYun
G2=1011011 G2=1011011 G2=1011011
No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion
Differential Coding Yes Yes No
Scrambling Polynomial x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1 x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1 x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1
Reed Solomon (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4
Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D
Frequency 1704.5 1701.3 1701.3 / 1707 MHz

coded bit rate 5,600,000.00 5,200,000.00 4,666,666.67 bps
bits per symbol 2 2 2
Polarization is RHCP symbol rate 2,800,000.00 2,600,000.00 2,333,333.33 sps
uncoded bit rate 4,200,000.00 3,900,000.00 3,500,000.00 bps
Input Sample Rate 6,250,000.00 6,250,000.00 4,807,692.00 Hz

samples per symbol 4 4 4
Resolution: 1.1km Resample Rate 11,200,000.00 10,400,000.00 9,333,333.33 Hz
1 ccsds bytes 1,024 1,024 1,024 bytes

1 ccsds bits 8,192 8,192 8,192 bits
Reed Solomon is optional… 3 ccsds bits 24,576 24,576 24,576 bits
3 frames coded bits 32,768 32,768 32,768 bits
but highly recommended 3 frames coded bytes 4,096 4,096 4,096 bytes
FEC 3/4 symbols (on wire) 4 4 4 per 3 bits

FEC 1/2 symbols (for puncture) 6 6 6 per 3 bits
symbol space for FEC 1/2 49,152 49,152 49,152 symbols
VIRR (Visible and Infrared Radiometer)
10 channels ! final decodes bytes (3 ccsds frames) 3,072 3,072 3,072 bytes
final decodes bits (3 ccsds frames) 24,576 24,576 24,576 bits
Image Classificaiton CHRPT CHRPT AHRPT

FengYun-3B
QPSK

FengYun-3B
QPSK

QPSK Demod used for FengYun (and MetOp)
Decode (Viterbi, Phase Ambiguity, Descramble, Differential Decode) not covered in this presentation….

FY3B
• FEC ¾ is the one specified in CCSDS blue book, but
• FEC is done independently in each branch of decoder!
• 3 Frames are needed to have no partial bits when looking for SYNC(s)
• 8,192*4/3 = 10,922.67 bits !
• 8,192*3*4/3 = 32,768 bits 
• Multiple Viterbi alignments must be dealt with in decode process
• 8 phase ambiguities addressed by differential coding
Ref: http://mdkenny.customer.netspace.net.au/FY3_HRPT.pdf
FengYun-3B
Bit View of Frame Layout
After demod, FEC ¾, Differential Decoder, De-Randomization, Reed Solomon Corrections

CCSDS Processing
• After frame Viterbi decoding, frame synchronization,
de-randomization and Reed-Solomon corrections….
• CCSDS Transfer Frames
• Parse primary header to validate proper decode
• Transfer frames written to disk for next level of processing….

FengYun-3AB Decoder
Seems to be some local interference

FengYun-3B
Sample Images
FY3A/3B FY3C MetOp-A/B
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK
3/4 using 1/2 punctured 3/4 using 1/2 punctured 3/4 using 1/2 punctured
POES Satellites FEC

code
Applied to each branch
G1=1111001
code
Applied to each brach
G1=1111001
code
MIL-STD 188-165A
G1=1111001
MetOp
G2=1011011 G2=1011011 G2=1011011
No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion
Differential Coding Yes Yes No
Scrambling Polynomial x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1 x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1 x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1
Reed Solomon (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4
Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D
Frequency 1704.5 1701.3 1701.3 / 1707 MHz

coded bit rate 5,600,000.00 5,200,000.00 4,666,666.67 bps
bits per symbol 2 2 2
symbol rate 2,800,000.00 2,600,000.00 2,333,333.33 sps
Polarization is RHCP uncoded bit rate 4,200,000.00 3,900,000.00 3,500,000.00 bps
Input Sample Rate 6,250,000.00 6,250,000.00 4,807,692.00 Hz

samples per symbol 4 4 4
Resolution 1km Resample Rate 11,200,000.00 10,400,000.00 9,333,333.33 Hz

1 ccsds bits 8,192 8,192 8,192 bits
Reed Solomon is optional… 3 ccsds bits 24,576 24,576 24,576 bits
but highly recommended 3 frames coded bits
3 frames coded bytes
32,768
4,096
32,768
4,096
32,768
4,096
bits
bytes
FEC 3/4 symbols (on wire) 4 4 4 per 3 bits

FEC 1/2 symbols (for puncture) 6 6 6 per 3 bits
symbol space for FEC 1/2 49,152 49,152 49,152 symbols
final decodes bytes (3 ccsds frames) 3,072 3,072 3,072 bytes

final decodes bits (3 ccsds frames) 24,576 24,576 24,576 bits
Image Classificaiton CHRPT CHRPT AHRPT

MetOp-B
QPSK

MetOp-A
QPSK http://signals-analysis.blogspot.com/

MetOp
• FEC ¾ uses MIL-STD 188-165A not the one specified in CCSDS !
• 3 Frames are needed to have no partial bits when looking for SYNC(s)
• Multiple Viterbi alignments must be dealt with in decode process
• Must account for 8 states of phase ambiguity

MetOp-B
Bit View of Frame Layout
After demod, FEC ¾, De-Randomization, Reed Solomon Corrections

MetOp-B Decoder
Not real time yet

MetOp-B
Sample Images
GOES LRIT
Low Rate Information Transmission
GOES-13/15
• Imager
135W 75W
• Sounder
• Space Environment Monitor (SEM)
• Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI)
• Data Collection System (DCS)
• Search and Rescue (SAR) Transponder

GOES LRIT
Direct Broadcast
Combination of GVAR data, NWSE, EMWIN and DCS
• GOES Infrared full disk • GOES Infrared southern hemisphere

• GOES Water vapor full disk • GOES Water vapor southern hemisphere
• GOES Visible full disk • GOES Visible southern hemisphere
• GOES Infrared northern hemisphere • GOES Rapid Scan
• GOES Water vapor northern hemisphere • Various National Weather Service charts
• GOES Visible northern hemisphere • Various administrative ASCII messages
• GOES Infrared continental U. S. • Data Collection System (DCS)
• GOES Water vapor continental U. S • Emergency Manager’s Weather Information
• GOES Visible continental U. S. Network (EMWIN)

GEO Satellite Modulation
GOES-13/15 LRIT
BPSK
GOES-13/15 EMWIN
OQPSK
GOES LRIT 1/2 (blue book) 1/2 (blue book)

G1=1111001 G1=1111001
FEC
G2=1011011 G2=1011011
No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion
Differential Coding No Yes

Scrambling Polynomial x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1 x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1
Reed Solomon (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4
Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D
Frequency 1691 1692.7 MHz

coded bit rate 293,883 35,940 bps
bits per symbol 1 2
Resolution VIS: 1km symbol rate 293,883 17,970 sps
uncoded bit rate 146,941.5 17,970 bps
IR: 4km
WV: 8km Input Sample Rate 2,500,000 2,500,000 Hz
samples per symbol 4 10
Resample Rate 1,175,532 179,700 Hz
5 Channels
ccsds bytes 1,024 1,024 bytes
ccsds bits 8,192 8,192 bits
Image Classification LRIT N/A

GEOS LRIT
Antenna Options
Some people are using grid
Grid antenna 24dBi 2.4 GHz.
Linear feed.
Amazon $44
GOES uses linear polarization.
You leave 3dB on the table by using helical feed.
Grid antenna 22dBi 1.9 GHz
Linear feed.
L-Com $82

Photo provided by Doubleohwhatever
GOES-15
BPSK

LRIT Decoder

http://www.noaasis.noaa.gov/LRIT/pdf-files/5_LRIT_Mission-data.pdf
CCSDS
CADU->CVCDU->M_PDU->CP_PDU

CCSDS
CP_PDU->Transport File->S_PDU
Rice Decompression Library: in the wild…

Ref: http://www.noaasis.noaa.gov/LRIT/pdf-files/5_LRIT_Mission-data.pdf
GOES LRIT Decoder

GOES LRIT -> EMWIN

GOES LRIT
Image Samples
GOES LRIT
Charts

GOES LRIT
Text

GOES LRIT
Data Collection System (DCS)
GOES EMWIN
GEO Satellite Modulation
GOES-13/15 LRIT
BPSK
GOES-13/15 EMWIN
OQPSK
GOES EMWIN 1/2 (blue book) 1/2 (blue book)

G1=1111001 G1=1111001
FEC
G2=1011011 G2=1011011
• In addition to EMWIN on LRIT No G2 Path Inversion No G2 Path Inversion
• Dedicated service exists Differential Coding

Scrambling Polynomial
No
x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1
Yes
x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 +1
Reed Solomon (255, 223) I=4 (255, 223) I=4
Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D
Frequency 1691 1692.7 MHz

coded bit rate 293,883 35,940 bps
bits per symbol 1 2
symbol rate 293,883 17,970 sps
uncoded bit rate 146,941.5 17,970 bps
Input Sample Rate 2,500,000 2,500,000 Hz

samples per symbol 4 10
Resample Rate 1,175,532 179,700 Hz
ccsds bytes 1,024 1,024 bytes

ccsds bits 8,192 8,192 bits
Image Classification LRIT N/A

OQPSK (SQPSK) versus QPSK
+3dB amplitude variations instead of 30dB

+no 180 degree phase transitions

©RF Wireless World 2012, RF & Wireless Vendors and Resources
OQPSK (SQPSK) versus QPSK (PSD)
• More efficient but more complex to demodulate

• Can cause some complications in ambiguity resolution (IQ reversal)

EMWIN
OQPSK

Same as GOES LRIT but standalone

GOES
Other interesting things….
GOES – MDL & SXI

Questions
USA-Satcom Software
• GOES EMWIN Decoder
• Available to all Cybersprectrum participants #20 at no charge
• HRPT Decoder
• Free 60 day demo
• Full license is discounted to $100 (normally $150)
• You need dish + tracker capability
• GOES Decoder
• Free 60 day demo
• Full license is discounted to $150 (normally $200)
• MetOp + FengYun not available yet (still working on real time operation)
Email me for access: rfnoise@gmail.com or IRC: Trango #hearsat

Thank You
Title:
“L-Band WX Satellites” (Joe Steinmetz @usa_satcom)
Description:
This presentation will cover most aspects of receiving, demodulating and decoding current L-Band Weather Satellite
signals (NOAA, MetOp, Meteor, FengYun, GOES). Topics will include hardware, software, de-modulation/decoding
techniques, challenges, flows as well as cool sample images and data.
BIO:
Joe is a computer engineer with a long history of high performance silicon development in the storage networking
space. As a hobby (that is way out of control) Joe has been developing various software decoders for the last 10
years. Most of these decoders have been focused on various data/voice services from such L-Band satellites as
Inmarsat and other un-named commercial Ku birds.

Cyberspectrum #20

WX Satelit Spectrum

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L-Band WX Satellites

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Custom UDP sink in Python

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NOAA-15 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Meteor-MN2

FEC None None None None

Sync Word 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D 1ACFFC1D

Frequency 1702.5 1707 1698 1700 MHz

bit rate 665,400 665,400 665,400 665,400 bps Polarization is RHCP

Input Sample Rate 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 Hz

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• A transition per bit-interval produces a double sideband

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POES Satellites FEC

Frequency 1704.5 1701.3 1701.3 / 1707 MHz

Input Sample Rate 6,250,000.00 6,250,000.00 4,807,692.00 Hz

1 ccsds bytes 1,024 1,024 1,024 bytes

FEC 3/4 symbols (on wire) 4 4 4 per 3 bits

Image Classificaiton CHRPT CHRPT AHRPT

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After demod, FEC ¾, Differential Decoder, De-Randomization, Reed Solomon Corrections

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Seems to be some local interference

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POES Satellites FEC

Frequency 1704.5 1701.3 1701.3 / 1707 MHz

Input Sample Rate 6,250,000.00 6,250,000.00 4,807,692.00 Hz

1 ccsds bytes 1,024 1,024 1,024 bytes

FEC 3/4 symbols (on wire) 4 4 4 per 3 bits

final decodes bytes (3 ccsds frames) 3,072 3,072 3,072 bytes

Image Classificaiton CHRPT CHRPT AHRPT

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• GOES Infrared full disk • GOES Infrared southern hemisphere

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GOES LRIT 1/2 (blue book) 1/2 (blue book)

Differential Coding No Yes

Frequency 1691 1692.7 MHz

Image Classification LRIT N/A

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Grid antenna 22dBi 1.9 GHz

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Rice Decompression Library: in the wild…