Liquid Extraction

an II/EC] Unit Operations Review

by Robert C. Treybal, Departmeru of Chemical Engineering,

New York Uniuerdy, New York 53, N. Y.

b The year's progress is characterized

by considerable attention to funda-
mental problems: extraction from
single drops, motion of drops im-
mersed in another liquid, and forma-
tion of dispersions in mixing vessels
b Mixer-settlers and pulsed columns
have received more extensive treat-
ment than other types of equipment
b As measured by number of publica-
tions, activity is greatest in application
of extraction t o metal separations
b The number of new extractor designs
patented has decreased

Tm literature of liquid extraction con-

tinues to accumulate a t an accelerating
rate, and this has required a change in
the nature of this review. Previous
summaries of this series have included
substantial treatments of process applica-
tions. For reasons of economy of space
this is no longer possible, and the present
review is confined to the unit operations
aspects of the subject with only a very
brief indication of the significant process
applications.
Reviews and Compilations
Reviews covered specialized areas
such as chemical aspects ( Z A ) and Craig-
type distribution in pharmacy ( 4 4 ) .
A revised edition of a book on laboratory
practice has appeared (7A), and there
is a new volume in a series devoted to
industrial solvents (514). A complete
bibliography of solubility diagrams for
ternary and quaternary liquid systems
has also been issued (3.1).
Theoretical Work
Recommended procedures for com-
puting important characteristics of frac-
tional extraction, including equilibria,
material baIances, and number of stages
have been gathered in one place (7B).
Methods of analyzing batch extraction
processes have been summarized (4B)
in some detail, while for continuous
processes the relative inutility of raffinate
reflux has been pointed out ( 9 8 ) .
One report (8B) has integrated the
equations relating the extent of extrac-
tion, the number of transfer units, and
the extent of longitudinal backmixing
as measured by extract and raffinate
Peclet numbers, computed the results by
machine, and presented them in the
form of a table. The results are useful
particularly in scale-up computations
hut, of course, presuppose knowledge of
the eddy diffusivities for backmixing to
compute the Peclet numbers. The
results cover a wider range of the vari-
ables, but are much the same as con-
tained in another study (6B), which
additionally provides computations for
the internal concentration profile.
The importance of the backmixing
phenomenon cannot be over-emphasized,
as rate coefficients computed from
experimental data without accounting for
backmixing cannot be used for scale-up
or for useful correlations of the data.
This reviewer earnestly pleads that
writers in this field describe familiar *
physical quantities with familiar lan-
guage and mathematical symbols, which
will lead to much more rapid use of
their work. Another investigation (ZB)
in this area appeared, but this reviewer
has not yet been able to study the
original paper.
For laboratory multistage separations,
a new mathematical treatment making
use of the linear algebra led to exact
formulas for the distribution of sub-
stances to be separated a t each instant
and at each stage ( 7 8 ) . A special table
of results for the Watanabe-Morikawa
separation scheme is given. A three-
phase counterpart to the Craig two-
phase distribution scheme has been de-

262 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY


vised (519); mathematics of the operation
are presented. The scheme is evidently
a powerful analytical tool.
In simple experiments in an agitated
vessel. so designed that variations in the
interfacial tension were not of impor-
tance. the direction of extraction of fatty
and aromatic acids bei-ween aqueous
and organic phases was found to have a
profound influence on the rate (3R).
The phenomenon was attributed to
solvation at the interface.
Drops
In a continuation of work reviewed
here last year, over-all coefficients were
determined (7C) for extraction of acetic,
propionic. and butyric acids from drops
formed from a \vide xariety of solvents
into water. The rates for benzene drops
were unusually high, and this was
ascribed to the presence of trace impuri-
ties. For other systems, Higbie's co-
efficients together with the principle of
additivitv of both film resistances ap-
proximate the observed results. The
rate of solution of benzene drops satu-
rated Irith diethylene glycol into that
solvent was measured ( I C ) . The rate
increased with temperature. For sys-
tems of low interfacial tension, there is
considerable internal circulation within
drops. Rates of transfer were measured
with such drops (2C), and the values
obtained may well represent the maxi-
mum rates obtainable from drops moving
freely in a continuous liquid.
Two new methods of determining the
size of drops formed in perforated-plate
extractors (7C) include use of an electro-
mechanical counting device and a n
oscillograph representation of the drop-
forming process.
Studies were continued (8C) of the
ultimate velocity of liquid drops in liquid
media; data were gathered for systems
of low interfacial tension and high
continuous-phase viscosity. When the
continuous-phase viscosity is low, low
interfacial tension systems are handled
well by the available correlations.
For high Newtonian viscosities, the
ordinary drag coefficients for rigid
spheres seem best. For non-h'ewtonian
continuous-phase liquids, the drop shapes
are quite different (6C, 8C). The best
method developed to deal with drop
velocities in such liquids involves assign-
ing the non-Newtonian liquid a viscosity
of a Sewtonian liquid through which a
drop of the same size, density difference,
and interfacial tension moves a t the
same velocity (6C). The rigid-sphere
drag coefficient then applies reasonably
well. I n other words, a single experi-
mental measurement with the non-
Newtonian system should permit com-
putation of the remainder of the velocity-
drop diameter relationship.
'Terminal velocities for liquid drops
falling in water were measured (5C).
For all 31 systems, the velocity seems
to have passed through a maximum
M-ith increasing drop diameter. I n addi-
tion to correlations of the peak velocity
and maximum drop size, there is one
for the relationship among the drag
coefficient, Reynolds number, and system
properties. The last was developed in a
logarithmic plot which contains the
same important physical-property di-
mensionless group as a prominent feature
of both abscissa and ordinate. I n such
cases one cannot judge the utility of the
correlation without a direct comparison
of the computed and observed terminal
velocities, this was not provided.
The end effects and influence of in-
ternal circulation on mass-transfer rates
within a falling drop have been measured
(3C). By means of a number of graphi-
cal techniques, the diffusional resist-
ances within the drops were isolated
from the end effects. The effective
diffusivity was found to approximate the
semitheoretical value of 2.25 times the
molecular diffusivity for drops in which
circulation occurred during fall, while
it was as large as 29.6 times if oscillation
occurred. These generally confirm pre-
vious measurements for circulating drops.
Equipment
Mixer-Settlers. One of the most
complete studies available of mixer-
operations was provided ( 4 4 0 ) for the
extraction of uranium from sulfuric
acid leach liquor by di(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphoric acid with tributyl phosphate
in kerosine. Data were gathered from
mixers with diameters of 6 to 36 inches
operated both in batch and continuous
fashion, and the influence of agitator
power, turbine to tank diameter ratio,
contact time, and type of dispersion on
extraction rates were reported. Settlers
were also studied. Space does not
permit a complete summary of the work,
but a few of the more important con-
clusions were: geometrically similar
mixers provide equal rate coefficients
a t equal power input per unit volume,
the flow capacity of settlers to handle the
dispersion can be measured in terms of
the thickness of a band of unsettled
dispersion a t the interface, which grows
as flooding is approached, and the flow
rate per unit cross-section of settler
is a basis for scale-up for settlers. A few
of the minor conclusions, which are
probably specific for the system studied,
are a t variance with the previously
recorded experiences of others, and these
will have to be reconciled when more
data become available.
A very complete description of the
shrouded mixer-impeller device in its
an m d Unit Operations Review
application to extraction of uranium was
provided (2SD). I n this device the
mixing impeller, as well as the mixing
and settling spaces, are all in the same
vessel. A draft tube leads the mixture
to the impeller, which is surrounded by a
hood ring. The large-scale vessels are
20 feet in diameter and are fitted with
18-inch impellers operated at relatively
slow speed to minimize the formation
of unsettlable emulsions.
In the uranium-recovery plant of U. S.
Phosphoric Products a t Tampa, Fla.,
which operates on wet-process phos-
phoric acid containing 0.01 to 0.02%
uranium, the extractant is capryl pyro-
phosphate in kerosine ( 5 0 ) . Conven-
tional turbine-agitated mixers are used,
followed by interstage centrifuges to
separate the difficultly settled dispersion,
in a four-stage plant. Uranium is re-
moved from the extract by precipitation
as green salt, UF,, rather than by the
more conventional stripping.
Several new mixer-settler designs
have been described. The air-operated
mixer-settler is being given serious con-
sideration for the processing of spent fuel
from nuclear reactors (320). This is a
box-type device which uses an air-lift
principle for mixing the contacted
liquids in the mixer and gravity flow
from stage to stage. A model capable of
handling 100 tons of uranium per year
has been tested and found comparable in
volumetric efficiency with the pulsed
packed column and pump-mix mirter-
settler. I t has no moving parts, shows
high stage efficiency, at least for systems
easv to extract, and warrants further
attention.
A mixing vessel for extraction, fitted
with a cooled packing gland at the
entrance of the agitator shaft, is espe-
cially useful for flammable solvents ( 2 0 ) .
A multistage mixer-settler (32D)features
agitation accomplished by bubbling a
gas through the mixer.
Several bench-scale designs are also of
interest. These may serve for research
and development and even for produc-
tion plants dealing with small flows.
An all-polyethylene box-type mixer-
settler uses drinking cups for the mixer
vessels (26.0). A 56-stage model is
used to process rare earth nitrates and
has been used for tantalum-niobium
separations. Another design (520) uti-
lizes the basic principle of the familiar
Craig device but differs in that both
liquids pass through continuously. hfore
than 100 pounds of zirconium-free
hafnium have been produced with it.
Another device ( 5 7 0 ) is somewhat
similar. Small batch extractors for
use with radioactive materials were
described (270).
One of the important factors in mixer-
settler design is knowledge of the inter-
VOL. 52. NO. 3 0 MARCH 1960 263
 4-1
an Unit Operations Review
facial surface produced in the mixer.
I n this country, this has been studied by
a light-scattering technique in the past
several years, and a similar technique is
now used in the Soviet Union ( 5 3 0 ) .
T h e speed of the impeller producing
uniformity of liquid-liquid dispersions
was measured ( 3 5 0 ) and correlated with
the various fluid properties and vessel
dimensions for a mixer made from a 300-
mm. round-bottomed flask. A similar
technique, together with a sedimentation
method, led others ( 2 3 0 ) to a relation-
ship between the surface produced, the
fluid properties, and the vessel charac-
teristics, which is much simpler than
those heretofore proposed by others.
Still another Soviet work ( 3 6 0 )
revealed the presence of dual emulsions
when the dispersed phase viscosity was
large in comparison with that of the
continuous phase. This led to still a
different correlation. Theoretical rela-
tionships between the average drop size
and the principal velocity of the agitated
liquid were developed ( 7 0 0 ) .
Settling of the dispersion is equally
important. T h e various factors in-
fluencing settling and coalescence and the
devices currently in use to deal with the
problem have been reviewed ( 7 0 0 ) . I n
the extraction of uranium leach liquors,
where solvent losses caused by incomplete
settling are an important factor in evalu-
ating process costs, the entrainment losses
were effectively monitored in the region
of 33 p.p.m. by introducing carbon-14-
labeled decane into the kerosine ( 2 7 0 ) .
Settling and emulsion dificulties in the
uranium extraction are intensified if
unclarified slurries, rather than clear
leach liquors. are extracted. Omission of
the clarification is economical, however.
Solvent entrainment increases with in-
creased slurry density up to about 50%
solids in the slurry ( 9 ) . Part of the en-
trained solvent can be recovered by dilu-
tion with water, and entrainment can be
reduced by addition of hydrophilic agents
(organic sulfonates) before contacting
with the solvent. A fundamental study
utilized simple synthetic slurries ( 5 0 0 ) .
Settling was enhanced by increased
temperature u p to a t least 40' C. and by
decreased pH. Electrostatic coalescence
speeds u p the settling in a new process for
desulfurizing naphthas ( 3 7 0 ) .
T h e use of low viscosity hexane (rather
than kerosine) to carry tributyl phosphate
in the extraction of uranium leach slurries
has improved many phases of the ex-
traction operation ( 6 0 ) . A mixer-settler
plant uses centrifugal pumps as mixers
and avoids emulsions with the slurry by
recycling settled extract back to the
pump to keep the organic-to-aqueous
ratio high.
Spray Towers. In the Soviet Union,
the extraction of vanillin, guaicol, and
264 INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
phenylethyl alcohol between water and
several organic solvents was studied
in glass spray towers of a variety of sizes
( 7 5 0 ) . End effects were marked, but an
empirical correlation of the over-all
mass-transfer coefficients was nevertheless
produced in terms of familiar dimension-
less numbers. In another study (250),
acetic acid or uranyl nitrate was ex-
tracted in 1-inch diameter columns with
the organic phase dispersed. in either one
or a series of columns each fed with fresh
solvent. T h e extraction rates were
better than when the interface was main-
tained at the center of the column, with
both phases dispersed. A report from
India ( 7 7 0 ) deals with the extraction of
uranyl butyrate in a laboratory spray
column.
Heat transfer, rather than extraction,
between mercury drops and water was
studied in a spray column ( 3 8 0 ) . T h e
column efficiency decreased markedly
with increased length, which is indicative
of strong end effects. The unusual flow
pattern developed by the continuous
phase which was observed undoubtedly
contributes to the limited usefulness of
spray columns. as has been noted in many
extraction studies. For example, a
substantial portion of the water by-passed
the mercury drops, and, in addition,
there was evidence that the water sur-
rounding the drops traveled downward
with them (a form of backmixing).
Packed Columns. Peclet numbers
for longitudinal backmixing have been
measured for dispersed and continuous
phases in towers packed with spheres or
rings ( 2 2 0 ) . Kerosine, mineral oil, and
water comprised the systems. If the
dispersed phase does not wet the packing,
the Peclet number decreases with in-
creased flow rate of the continuous phase
and with decreased rate of the dispersed
phase. If the dispersed phase wets the
packing, the numbers decrease with in-
creased flow of either phase. I t was con-
cluded that if backmixing in the dispersed
phase is a limiting factor in the column
performance, then the continuous phase
should wet the packing.
I t has been demonstrated that iron
may be successfully separated from
aluminum as the salicylhydroxamic acid
chelate by extraction into butanol in a
packed column ( 3 7 0 ) .
Rotating-Disk Columns. Phenol and
gas oil were used as double solvents to
fractionate a mixture of aromatic hydro-
carbons and gasoline in a tower 4.16
cm. in diameter ( 4 8 0 ) . At superficial
solvent rates corresponding to 1.6 to
4.8 feet per hour and at speeds of 200 to
300 r.p.m., the stage efficiencies were 4
to 6%.
The Texas Power and Light Co. is
using an extractor 3 feet in diameter and
16 feet tall with 24 stages to fractionate
Texas lignite tar a t the rate of 1000 gal-
lons per stream day, with aqueous
methylalcohol and hexane as the double
solvents,
Pulsed Columns. Individual-phase
mass-transfer resistances were studied
by using the partially miscible, two-
component system isobutyl alcohol-
water and determining the degree of
mutual saturation ( 7 7 0 ) . An elaborate
discussion of the observed results, based
on the film theory, accompanies this
report. The major influences upon the
mass-transfer resistances are film rupture
and reformation, together with the inter-
facial area of the dispersed phase drop-
lets. The last predominates, and en-
largement of this area is the principal
effect of pulsation.
The improvement of extraction rates
when pulsation is used has been demon-
strated by several studies. I n one of
these (780), a 2.7-inch diameter tower
was fitted with a single conventional per-
forated plate, with a downspout for the
continuous phase. In the extraction of
benzoic acid between water and toluene,
moderate pulsation resulted in little im-
provement in the rates, but when the
pulsed volume exceeded the light liquid
feed rate, the number of transfer units in
the tower could be more than tripled.
The advantage of this construction over
the customary pulsed sieve plates without
downspouts is that the tower cannot be
flooded by inadequate pulsation. In a
1.5-inch tower with sieve plates at 1.97-
inch spacing and without downspouts,
the same system gave comparable heights
of transfer units as in the above research,
when pulsed ( 4 0 ) .
The extraction of phenol from gas
works waste waters with butyl acetate as
solvent in a pulsed sieve-plate column
was also studied ( 2 4 0 ) . Economy in
construction owing to lower tower heights
when pulsation is used is emphasized.
Another study ( 7 0 ) involved the easily
extracted system acetic acid-methyl
isobutyl ketone-water in a 2.3-inch diam-
eter sieve-plate pulsed column. The
mass-transfer coefficients reported are
corrected for longitudinal backmixing,
.
and the backmixing diffusivities are also
given. Both are correlated as functions
of flow rate, pulse amplitude, and fre-
quency.
A useful summary of existing data from
pulsed perforated-plate columns has
been compiled ( 4 7 0 ) . Some 665 ex-
perimental flooding points have been
correlated using the customary ex-
ponential functions of dimensionless
groups, with the constants worked out on
an IBM-650 digital computer. T h e re-
sulting relation, in equation and nomo-
graph form, represents the data to within
19.6y0. Over-all HTU's for 285 data
points representing extraction from the

dispersed phase to an aqueous continuous
phase were similarly correlated and rep-
resented to within 20%. T h e major
transfer resistance was assumed to reside
in the dispersed phase.
A second study ( 3 0 0 ) offers new data
on backmixing in such columns, taken
with several systems in a 2-inch diameter
tower using steadv-state and delta-in-
jection techniques. Continuous-phase
eddy diffusivities for longitudinal back-
mixing are correlated to within 1770 with
a n experimental function of dimension-
less groups, for aqueous phase continuous.
Backmixing was more serious than in
packed columns, and increased with in-
creased hole diameter and plate spacing
and decreased plate thickness. A num-
ber of closely spaced plates with small
holes inserted above the feed plate de-
creased the backmixing markedly.
Pulsed packed columns were also
studied in some detail. I n one of the
studies ( 3 4 0 ) , uranyl nitrate was ex-
tracted from water into tributyl phos-
phate-kerosine, and the extract was
stripped with aqueous ammonium sul-
fate. For the system acetic acid-
benzene-water ( 4 7 0 ) using 0.25-inch
rings, the H T U passed through a well-
defined minimum as the product of pulse
amplitude and frequency was increased
and was much less sensitive to flow rate
ratios than the unpulsed tower.
Other workers ( 4 6 0 ) compared the
relative efficiencies of pulsed packed,
sieve-tray, and spray towers with their
unpulsed counterparts in the extraction
of acetic acid between benzene and
water. The characteristics of the packed
and sieve-plate columns were found to be
essentially the same.
A new design ( 7 9 0 ) of pulsed column
has been suggested for systems showing a
reversal in the sign of density difference
with increased solute concentration.
I t had been suggested previously that
either the liquids in the perforated-plate
column could be pulsed, as is usually
done, or the plates themselves could be
vibrated. A column using the latter
arrangement was briefly described by
Isaac and DeWitte ( 2 0 0 ) ; 3000 cycles
per minute at l/zs-inch amplitude are
typical. Few experimental data were
offered, but more are promised.
Centrifugal Extractors. Applica-
tions of the well-known Podbielniak
machine in water washing of refined oils
( 3 9 0 ) and in extraction of uranium ( 3 0 )
were described. I n the latter case, the
Texas-Zinc Minerals Corp. at Mexican
Hat, Utah, extracts 500 gallons per
minute of sulfuric acid leach liquor with
an amine solvent which does not require
that the iron present be reduced prior to
extraction. A second “Pod” is used for
stripping the extract with ammonium
nitrate solution. Molybdenum concen-
trations in the extract are kept at work-
able levels by continuously stripping a
small bleed stream with soda-ash solution.
A new centrifugal extractor design has
been described ( 2 9 0 ) .
Other Equipment. I n Japan, a
compartmented, agitated, countercur-
rent column has been studied for some
time. The compartments are formed
by horizontal plates with two relatively
small openings for passage of the liquids.
Each compartment contains a paddle-
type agitator, all mounted on a single
vertical shaft and located off-center.
In the latest report ( 8 0 ) , flooding and
hold-up data are given for three columns
of diameters ranging from 2.7 to 11.8
inches and a variety of liquid systems.
Two flow regions were recognized. The
first of these was limited by the common
flooding phenomena, the second by an in-
version of the dispersion. Both limits
were separately correlated in terms of the
usual dimensionless groups.
In the Soviet Union, a column con-
sisting of alternate agitated mixing sec-
tions and sections packed with Raschig
rings was studied ( 7 4 0 ) . Extraction
rates increased with increased dispersed
phase flow rate, agitator speed, height of
packed section, and with decreased in-
terfacial tension, kinematic viscosities,
and column diameter. Another column
(760) contains injectors at each end for
obtaining dispersions, and improved ex-
traction rates are claimed. Still another
( 4 9 0 ) consists of a series of chambers,
with provision for pumping the liquids
from chamber to chamber.
A variant of the perforated-plate ex-
tractor was offered; each stage consists
of two perforated plates, one above the
other, separated by a small distance
( 4 0 0 ) . This permits more ready control
of slowly breaking dispersions. Another
extractor ( 7 2 0 ) uses serrated weirs to
cause dispersion of one of the liquids,
and a United States patent has been is-
sued for Scheibel’s well-known extractor
(450).
TWOstudies ( 4 2 0 , 4 3 0 ) of pipeline
flow characteristics of two-liquid-phase
mixtures will be of use in sizing inter-
extractor pipe lines. The use of air lifts
to transfer liquids from one extraction
tower to another when a series of towers
are concatenated was discussed ( 7 3 0 ) .
T h e system proposed is simply controlled,
and offers the advantages of lack of mov-
ing parts and simplicity, especially useful
where corrosive liquids or liquids con-
taining suspended solids are handled.
For volatile solvents, evaporation losses
into the pumping air would habe to be
dealt with.
Highlights of Industrial Applications
Petroleum Processes. T h e great
bulk of the literature is in the form of
an m d Unit Operations Review
patents where, as usual, new solvents
and new flowsheets for old ones are
suggested for refining lubricants, de-
sulfurizing naphthas, and separation of
aromatic hydrocarbons. A fine de-
scription of experienct-s with the Vnisol
process for mercaptan extraction in
Great Britain is available ( I E ) ; it in-
cludes a description of the mixer-settlers.
A novel process for recovery of oil from
bituminous sands is noteworthy ( 72E) :
a water slurry of the pulp is extracted
with liquid propane in a disk-and-dough-
nut baffle tower.
By-product Coke-Oven Processes.
There is considerable interest, partic-
ularly in Europe, in the use of butyl
acetate as a solvent for removing phmol
from waste waters of various sorts.
New data for the extraction of phenols
from tars into urea solutions (77E)are
most interesting. Evidently the presence
of paraffins, which are known to form urea
complexes, not only does not interfere
but actually improves the extraction of
phenols. Detailed operating data are
also given for extraction of phenols from
tar diluted with ligroine with methyl-
alcohol in a packed column (74E).
T h e steel industry in the United States
has adapted the petroleum refiner’s
techniques to make aromatic hyclro-
carbons of high purity from coke-oven
light oil. Both United States Steel Corp.
and Jones and Laughlin are using a Udex
extraction to produce low-paraffin aro-
matics, preceded by a desulfurization
step. Their plants are both on stream.
Pharmaceutical Processes. Most of
the literature is in the form of patents.
Many represent applications in the
manufacture of antibiotics.
Metal Separations. As measured by
sheer numbers of publications, this area
represents, as it has in the past several
years, the field of greatest activity in
liquid extraction. Most of these des1
with separations of interest in the atomic
energy business, including winning and
recovery of uranium and thorium, re-
processing of spent fuels, rare earth
separations, and the like. There is in-
creased activity (in writing, at least) in
Australia, Canada, and the U.S.S.R.
Many publications resulted from the
Second (1958) Geneva Suclear Con-
ference, and a brief review of these has
been provided (76E). Several excellent
books and symposia have been published
(among them ZE, #E), and these provide
most helpful summaries and collections.
T h e most interesting activity appears to
be in the recovery of uranium from phos-
phate solutions resultin5 from wet-proc-
ess phosphoric acid manufacture, ex-
traction of unfiltered slurries of uranium
leach liquors, aad fused salts as solvents
for spent fuel reprocessing.
VOL. 52, NO. 3 MARCH 1960 265
 an Unit Operations Review
Miscellaneous Processes. There
are many. Some of the most interesting
include the extraction of food-grade
phosphoric acid from acid-treated phos-
phate rock solutions with butyl alcohol
(7E), the production of synthetic glycerol
( 5 E ) , production of coffee concentrate
(75E), and applications in the autoxida-
tion process for manufacture of hydrogen
peroxide (6E, 8E-IOE, 73E, 77E). An
unusual process for manufacture of salts
involves an interchange of ions between
a n organic solvent and a n aqueous solu-
tion (3E).
literature Cited
Reviews
( lA4)Alders, L., “Liquid-Liquid Extrac-
tion: Theory and Laboratory Practice,”
2nd ed., Elsevier, The Netherlands,
1959.
(2A) Gel’perin, N. I., Liakumovich, A. G.,
Khim. Nauka i Prom. 3,725 (1958).
(3A) Himmelblau, D. M., Brady, B. L.,
McKetta, J . J., Jr., “Survey of Solu-
bility Diagrams for Ternary and
Quaternary Liquid Systems,” University
of Texas, Austin, 1959.
(4A) Macek, K., &skoslov. farm. 7, 528
(1958).
(5A) Mellan, I., “Source Book of Indus-
trial Solvents,” Vol. 111, Reinhold,
New York, 1959.
Theoretical Work
(1B) Borsch-Supan, W., Z. Naturforsch.
14b, 56 (1959).
(2B) Eguchi, W., Nagata, S., Mem. Fac.
Eng. Kyoto Univ. 21, 70 (1959).
(3B) Goncharenko, G. K., Gotlinskaya,
A. P., Khim. Nauka i Prom. 3, 515 (1958).
(4B) Jeffreys, G. V., Brit. Chem. Eng. 3,
594, 660 (1958).
(5B) Meltzer, H. L., J . Biol. Chem. 233,
1327 (1958).
(6B) Miyauchi, T., McMullen, A. K.,
Vermeulen, T., U. S. Atomic Energy
Comm. UCRL-3911 (1957); Suppl.
(1958).
(7B) Scheibel, E. G., Petrol. Refiner 38,
227 (1959).
(8B) Sleicher, C. A.. A.Z.CI2.E. Journal 5 ,
‘ 145 (1959):
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Drops
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