Benguet state university

College of agricultural engineering and applied technology

Basic Concepts in
Thermodynamics

Submitted by: Liberty Antonio

Submitted to: Mr. Marvin Valentin
Submitted on: September 4, 2018
Thermodynamics and Energy

1-1C. What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches to thermodynamics?
Classical approach in thermodynamics is a macroscopic approach and does not require a
detailed way on studying movements of particles of a substance (e.g. gas movements in a piston
cylinder), just direct and easy way to solve the given problem, unlike statistical approach that is
microscopic. Statistical is elaborate, detailed and requires the behavior of individual particles of the
substance in a given problem.

1-2C. Why does a bicyclist pick up speed on a downhill road even when he is not pedalling? Does this
violate the conservation of energy principle?
A bicyclist pick up speed because his weight is less, as it was stated weight will be less on a
higher elevation since gravity decreases with altitude so with him being less in weight, it is easier for the
gravitational force to pull him. It shows here that the lesser the weight of the object the greater the
kinetic energy it will posses which do not contradict conservation of energy principle.

1-3C. An office worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table warmed up to 80°C by picking up
energy from the surrounding air, which is at 25°C. Is there any truth to his claim? Does this process
violate any thermodynamic laws?
The 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy has quality and quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy so the officer’s claim of an increasing quality of
energy violates this law and therefore invalid or untrue.

1-4C. A person claims that even drinking water causes him to gain weight. Is there any truth to this
claim?
Yes, because a person who has greater energy input in his body may it be solid or liquid will gain
weight unless he will exercise or urinate(in the case of water) so that the energy will exit his body.

Mass, Force, and Acceleration

1-5C. What is the difference between pound-mass and pound-force?
Pound-mass(lbm) is the mass unit in the English system whereas pound-force(lbf) is the force unit.

1-6C. What is the net force acting on a car cruising at a constant velocity of 70 km/h (a) on a level road
and (b) on an uphill road?
There is no acceleration, thus the net force is zero in both cases.
1-7. A 3-kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m 3 is filled liquid water. Assuming the density of water is
1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of the combined system.

Given: wt. of tank=3 kg

pwater=1000 kg/m3
v=0.2 m3
Req’d: a.) weight of the combined system

Solution:
m=ρv
=(1000 kg/m 3)(0.2 m3)
=200 kg
Total mass=mass of tank + mass of water
Total mass= 3kg+200kg = 203 kg
W=mg
=(203 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
=1991.43 N

1-8. Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room whose dimensions are
6m×6m×8m. Assume the density of the air is 1.16 kg/m 3.
Given: v=6m×6m×8m=288m3
ρ=1.16 kg/m^3
Req’d: a.) mass
b.) weight
Solution:
m=ρv
=(288 m3)(1.16 kg/m3)
=334.08 kg
W=mg
=(334.08 kg)(9.81m/s2)
=3277.32 N

1-9. At 45° latitude, the gravitational acceleration as a function of elevation z above sea level is given by
g=a-bz, where a=9.807 m/s2 and b=3.32 × 10-6 s-2. Determine the height above sea level where the weight
of an object will decrease by 1 percent.
Given: a=9.807 m/s2
b=3.32 x 10-6 s
Req’d: height
Solution:
W=mg
=m(9.807 m/s 2 – 3.32x10-6s)
1-10E. A 150-lbm astronaut took his bathroom scale (a spring scale) and a beam scale (compares masses)
to the moon where the local gravity is g=5.48 ft/s 2. Determine how much he will weigh (a) on the spring
scale and (b) on the beam scale.
Given: m=150 lbm beam scale
g=5.48 ft/s^2 W=150 lbf
Req’d: a.) W on the spring scale & beam scale
Solution:
spring scale
W=mg
=(150 lbm)(5.48 ft/s2) / (32.2lbm·ft/s2)
=25.53 lbf

1-11. The acceleration of high-speed aircraft is sometimes expressed in g’s (in multiples of the standard
acceleration of gravity). Determine the net upward force, in N, that a 90-kg man would experience in an
aircraft whose acceleration in 6 g’s.
Given: m=90 kg
a=6 g’s
Req’d: a.) upward force
Solution:
F=ma
=(90 kg)(6 g’s)
=540 kg.g’s

1-12. A 5-kg rock is thrown upward with a force of 150N at a location where the local gravitational
acceleration is 9.79 m/s2. Determine the acceleration of the rock, in m/s 2.
Given: m=5 kg
g=9.79 m/s2
F=150N
Req’d: a.) acceleration of rock
Solution:
W=mg
1N
=(5kg)(9.79 m/s2)( )
1 kg·m/s 2
=48.95 N
Fnet=Fup-Fdown
=150-48.95N
=101.03N
F 101.05 N 1 kg·m/s 2
a= = ( ) = 20.21 m/s2
m 5 kg 1N
1-13. The value of gravitational acceleration g decreases with elevation from 9.807 m/s 2 at sea level to
9.4175 m/s2 at an altitude of 13000m, where large passenger planes cruise. Determine the percent
reduction in the weight of an airplane cruising at 13000m relative to its weight at sea level.
Given: 9.807 m/s2
9.4175 m/s2
13000m
Solution:
Δg
% Reduction in Weight = % Reduction in g = x 100
g
9.807−9.4175
= x 100
9.807
=3.97%
Pressure
1-34C. What is the difference between gage pressure and absolute pressure?
Gage pressure is the pressure above sea level right after atmospheric pressure while absolute pressure is
the pressure below sea level right after vacuum pressure.

1-35C. Explain why some people experience nose bleeding and some others experience shortness of
breath at high elevations.
The atmospheric pressure, which is the external pressure exerted on the skin, decreases with
increasing elevation. Therefore, the pressure is lower at higher elevations. As a result, the difference
between the blood pressure in the veins and the air pressure outside increases. This pressure imbalance
may cause some thin-walled veins such as the ones in the nose to burst, causing bleeding. The shortness
of breath is caused by the lower air density at higher elevations, and thus lower amount of oxygen per
unit volume.

1-36. A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 50 psi at a location where the barometric reading is 29.1
inHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ρhg=13590 kg/m3.
Given: 30 kPa
755 mmHg
ρhg=13,590 kg/m3

Req’d: Absolute Pressure

Solution:
Pabs=pgh
=(13,590 kg/m^3)(9.81 m/s2)(.755 m)
=101 kPa

Patm=Pabs-Pgage
Pabs=Patm-Pgage
=101 kPa-30 kPa
Pabs=71 kPa
1-37E. A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 50 psi at a location where the barometric reading is
29.1 inHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ρhg=848.4 lbm/ft3.
Given: Pgage=50 psi
h=29.1 inHg
ρhg=848.4 lbm/ft3
Req’d: Absolute pressure
Solution:
Patm=ρgh
=(848.4 lbm/ft3)(32.2 ft/s2)(29.1/12ft)(1 lbf /32.21 lbm·ft/s2)(1ft2/144 in2)
Patm=14.29 psia

Pabs=Patm+Pgage
=50 + 14.29 psia
Pabs=64.29 psia

1-38. A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is
94 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.
Given: Pgage=500 kPa
Patm=94 kPa
Req’d: Absolute Pressure
Solution:
Patm=Pabs-Pgage
Pabs=Patm+Pgage
=94 kPa+500 kPa
=594 kPa

1-39. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and 780
mbars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the
vertical distance climbed. Assume an average air density of 1.20 kg/m 3 and take g=9.7 m/s2.
Given: 930 mbars
780 mbars
Ρair=1.20 kg/m3
g=9.7 m/s2
Req’d: height (h)=?
Solution:
930 mbars – 780 mbars=150 mbars
150 mbars × 106=150 × 105mPa / 1000m=15000 Pa

h=P/ρg
=15000 Pa / (1.20 kg/m^3)(9.7 m/s 2)
h=1288.66 m
1-40. The basic barometer can be used to measure the height of a building. If the barometric reading at
the top and at the bottom of a building are 730 and 755 mmHg, respectively, determine the height of the
building. Assume an average air density of 1.18 kg/m 3.
Given: barometric reading top=730 mmHg
Barometric reading bottom=755 mmHg
ρair=1.18 kg/m3
Req’d: height
Solution:
755 mmHg - 730 mmHg=25 mmHg
25 mmHg=3333.06 Pa

P=ρhg
h=P/ρg
=3333.06 Pa / (1.18 kg/m 3)(9.81 m/s2)
h=287.93 m

1-41. Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30m below the free surface of the sea. Assume a
barometric pressure of 101 kPa and a specific gravity of 1.03 for seawater.
Given: h=30m
Patm=101 kPa
Specific gravity=1.03
Req’d: Pressure
Solution:
ρ=(s.g)(ρwater)
=(1.03)(1000 kg/m 3)
ρ=1030 kg/m3

P=Patm + ρgh
=(101 kPa) + (1030 kg/m 3)(9.81 m/s2)(30m)
=404.129 kPa

1-42E. Determine the pressure exerted on the surface of a submarine cruising 300 ft below the free
surface of the sea. Assume that the barometric pressure is 14.7 psi and the specific gravity of seawater is
1.03.
Given: 300 ft
Patm=14.7 psi
Specific gravity=1.03
Req’d: Pressure
Solution:
ρ=(s.g)(ρwater)
=(1.03)(62.4 lbm/ft3)
ρ=64.27 lbm/ft3
 P=Patm + ρgh
=(14.7psi) + (64.27 lbm/ft 3)(32.2 ft/s2)(175 ft)(1lbf/32.2 lbm·ft/s2)(1 ft/144 in2)
P=92.8 psia

1-43. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 4 kg and
cross-sectional area of 35 cm^2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the
piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
Given: m=4kg
A=35cm2
F=60N
Patm=95 kPa
Req’d: Pressure (P)=?
Solution:
mg+ F
P=Patm +
A
=95 kPa + [(4kg)(9.81m/s2)+60N / 35x10-4m3] (1kPa/1000 N/m3)
P=123.35 kPa

1-44. Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to a measure its pressure. If the reading
on the pressure gage is 80kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if
the fluid is (a) mercury (ρ=13600 kg/m3) or (b) water (ρ=1000 kg/m3).
Given: Pgage=80kPa
ρmercury=13600 kg/m3
ρwater=1000 kg/m3
Solution:
Pgage=ρgh
Mercury
h=Pgage/ρg
=[80 kPa / (13600 kg/m 3)(9.81 m/s2)] (1 kN/m2/1 kPa)(1000kg/m·s2/1 kN)
h=0.59m
Water
h=Pgage/ρg
=[80 kPa / (1000 kg/m 3)(9.81m/s2)] (1 kN/m2/1 kPa)(1000kg/m·s2/1 kN)
h=8.15m

1-45. A manometer containing oil (ρ=850 kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the oil-level
difference between the two columns is 45 cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the
absolute pressure of the air in the tank.
Given: ρ=850 kg/m3
h=45 cm = 0.45m
Patm=98 kPa

Req’d: Absolute Pressure

Solution:
Pabs=Patm+ρgh
=98 kPa + (850 kg/m 3)(9.81 m/s2)(0.45m)
 Pabs=101.75 kPa

1-46. A mercury manometer (ρ=13600 kg/m3) is connected to an air duct to measure the pressure inside.
The difference in the manometer levels is 15mm, and the atmosphere is 100 kPa.
Judging from Fig. P1-46, determine if the pressure in the duct is above or below the atmospheric
pressure.
Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.

Temperature
1-47C. What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
-Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they are also with thermal equilibrium with each other
1-48C. What are the ordinary and absolute temperature scales in the SI and the English system?
-They are Celsius (°C) and Kelvin (K) in the SI, and Fahrenheit (°F) and rankine (R) in the English
system.
1-49C. Consider an alcohol and a mercury thermometer that read exactly 0°C at the ice point and 100°C
at the steam point. The distance between the two points is divided into 100 equal parts in both
thermometers. Do you think these thermometers will give exactly the same reading at a temperature of
say, 60°C? Explain.
-Probably, but not necessarily. The operation of these two thermometers is based on the thermal
expansion of a fluid. If the thermal expansion coefficients of both fluids vary linearly with temperature,
then both fluids will expand at the same rate with temperature, and both thermometers will always give
identical readings. Otherwise, the two readings may deviate.
1-50C. The deep body temperature of healthy person is 37°C. What is it in kelvin?
T(K)=T(°C) + 273
T(K)=37°C + 273= 310 K

Review Problems
1-77. Balloons are often filled with helium gas because it weighs only about one-seventh of what air
weighs under identical conditions. The buoyancy force which can be expressed as F b=ρairgVballoon , will push
the balloon upward. If the balloon has a diameter of 10 m and carries two people, 70 kg each, determine
the acceleration of the balloon when it is first released. Assume the density of air ρ=1.16 kg/m3, and
neglect the weight of the ropes and the cage.
1-78. Determine the maximum amount of load, in kg, the balloon described in Prob 1-77can carry.
1-79. The basic barometer can be used as an altitude-measuring device in airplanes. The ground control
reports a barometric reading of 753 mmHg while the pilot’s reading is 690 mmHg. Estimate the altitude
of the plane from ground level if the average air density is 1.20 kg/m 3 and g=9.8 m/s2.
Given: 753 mmHg
690 mmHg
ρ=1.20 kg/m3
g=9.8 m/s2
Solution:
1-80. The lower half of a 10-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water (ρ=1000 kg/m3) and the
upper half with oil that has a specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the pressure difference between the top
and bottom of the cylinder.

1-81. A vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder contains a gas at 500 kPa. The atmospheric pressure outside
is 100 kPa, and the piston area is 30 cm 2. Determine the mass of the piston. Assume standard
gravitational acceleration.

1-82. A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than an ordinary pan by maintaining a higher pressure and
temperature inside. The lid of a pressure cooker is well sealed, and steam can escape only though an
opening in the middle of the lid. A separate piece of certain mass, the petcock, sits on top of this
opening and prevents steam from escaping until the pressure force overcomes the weight of the
petcock. The periodic escape of the steam in this manner prevents any potentially dangerous pressure
build up and keeps the pressure inside at a constant value.
Determine the mass of the petcock of s pressure cooker whose operation pressure is 100 kPa gage and
has an opening cross-sectional area of 4 mm 2. Assume an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, and draw the
free body diagram of the petcock.

1-83. A glass tube is attached to a water pipe as shown in Fig. P1-83. If the water pressure at the bottom
of the tube is 115 kPa and the local atmosphere pressure is 92 kPa, determine how high the water will
rise in the tube, in m. Assume g=9.8 m/s2 at that location and take the density of water to be 1000
kg/m3.
Given: P=115 kPa – 92 kPa = 23kPa
g=9.8 m/s2
ρwater=1000kg/m3
Req’d: high (h)=?
Solution:
h=P-Patm/ρg
=[(23kPa) / (1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)] (1kg.m/s2/1N) (1000N/m2/1kPa)
h=2.34m

1-84. The average atmospheric pressure on earth is approximated as a function of altitude by the
relation Patm=101.325 (1 - 0.02256z)5.256 where Patm is the atmospheric pressure in kPa and z is the altitude
in km (1 km=1000 m) with z=0 at sea level. Determine the approximate atmospheric pressures at Atlanta
(z=306 m), Denver (z=1610 m), Mexico City (z=2309 m), and on the top of Mount Everest (z=8848 m).
1-85. The weight of bodies may change somewhat from one location to another as a result of the
variation of the gravitational acceleration g with elevation. Accounting for this variation using the
relation in Prob. 1-9, determine the weight of an 80-kg person at sea-level (z=0), Denver (z=1610 m), and
on the top of Mount Everest (z=8848 m).