Lecture1A InternetofThings

Primero una breve introducción
• Bachillerato: Ingeniería Electrónica, PUCP (1998)

• Maestría: Ingeniería Eléctrica, USC, USA (2002)
• Doctorado: Ingeniería Eléctrica, USC, USA (2006)
• Perú, EEUU, Irlanda, Alemania y los Países Bajos
Challenge the future 1

Acerca de los Países Bajos
La gente mas alta del mundo
40% del área fue mar
Todos hablan Inglés
Un nivel de educación altísimo

TU Delft
• Enfoque: Ciencias y Tecnología

• Estudiantes: 15K+
• Premios Nobel: 3
• Ranking (Ingeniería y Tecnología):top-10 en Europa
top-30 en el Mundo
• Ciencias de la computación: 50+ Profesores Challenge the future 3
• Programa de becas: Maestría (muy competitivo)
First a question for you
What is your background
Please go to kahoot.it

4
La Internet de Cosas
The Internet of Things (IoT)

What is exactly the Internet of Things?

The Internet: computers web: 1 trillion pages - 1 trillion links
talking to each other brain: 0.1 trillion neurons - 100 trillion links
October 29,1969:
The first Internet connection is established

between UCLA and Stanford
"We set up a telephone connection between us

and the guys at SRI ...", Kleinrock ... said in an
interview:
"We typed the L and we asked on the phone,

"Do you see the L?”
"Yes, we see the L," came the response.
We typed the O, and we asked,
"Do you see the O.”
"Yes, we see the O.”
Then we typed the G, and the system crashed
...Yet a revolution had begun"

Map of Internet 2003
http://www.opte.org/

The Internet of Things
• Thing: Not a computer • Plants, animals, phones, watches,

thermostats, cars, electric meters,
sensors, clothing, band-aids, TV,…
• Anything, Anywhere, Anytime, (3 A’s)

More Things than People
• Number of people 7 Billion

The Internet revolutionize information processing and
communication amongst computers and people.
The Internet of Things is revolutionizing information

processing and communication amongst everything.

An example: virtual shepherd

How does an IoT work?
What are the main components?

Things now have to
sense
compute
communicate
(wireless)
actuate
… without human supervision and consuming very little energy.

Everything Smart Home/Health/Building
…
• Before smart meant: computation and storing information
• Now smart means: networked. With a network you can do more.
• Alexa (Amazon). Looks Smart because it is connected to Google

What the course will be about

Grading
• Final Exam (60%)

• Final date to be defined: end of September or mid of October.
• Project (40%)
• Option A: IoT proposal (Palta Project)
• Option B: Programming indoor localization
• Weekly support for both projects
• In both cases you will need to present intermediate results.

How did we get here?
Let’s look at some history

Question: How old is the Internet of
Things?

18
The story
Internet of Things
Sensor Networks
Igloo White 1999
1968
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1969 2004
Internet my first paper

Changing the world one thing at a time
#smart cities
(bottles)
#smart cars

Advancement 1: Moore’s Law (1965)
I’m smiling
because I
was right!
doubled transistors
(performance)
every 18-24 months
Gordon Moore
Intel Co-Founder
• We have moved a long way from mainframes and desktops

• Now we can embed computers on pretty much anything

The tiniest computer (IBM, March 2018)
• 1mm x 1mm
• 10 cents
• monitor, analyze, communicate
and even act on data
• properties:
• Processor: ≅ x86 chip (1990)
• Memory: SRAM
• Power: photo-voltaic cell
• Communication: LED + photo-
detector

Advancement 2: sensors
Moore’s Law
+ miniaturization
- interaction
• Internet of Things = Sensor Networks

MEMS: Micro Electro-Mechanical
Systems
• First proposed: 1960s
• Commercialized: 1980s
• Combine mechanical and electrical components
(same methods as integrated circuits).
• Examples: smart contact lens, smart pill

Advancement 3: machine learning
• Processing vast
amounts of data in an
efficient and meaningful
Sensors & ML way is key for the IoT
+ insulation

Example: Visual Microphone

How did we get here?
1) Moore’s Law
2) Sensing Technology
3) Machine Learning
There is one more important point

Internet of Things =
Energy efficient Wireless Sensor
Networks (no batteries)
Things cannot (should not) be wired

First, let us look at the state of wireless
communication by the end of the 1990’s

Do you recognize this sound?

A short history of wireless

Wireless transmission of data did not really
exist before the 2000’s

What about cellular communication?

Question: What was the data rate in cellular
networks in the 1990s?

1990s: 2G
(Voice + Basic Data)

2000s: 3G
(Voice, High-Speed Data, Video calling)
• At this time, when cellular networks were still maturing, researchers around
the world started investigating the basis of what we know now as the IoT

2010s: 4G
(online gaming, hdtv)

Summary cellular evolution
Not only data rate is important.

Reliability is also important for
online gaming and HDTV

Summary of cellular evolution
Gbps
Mbps
data rate
kbps
short (m) medium (km)

range

What about WiFi?

WiFi before the 2000s
• 1985: FCC opens up bandwidth to be used without government

permission, on the condition that any devices using these bands
would have to steer around interference from other equipment
(frequency hoping, direct spread spectrum).
• This was unheard of! These were “garbage bands” allocated to

“filter out” noise from microwave ovens.
• 1988: industry (NCR corporation) realized that a standard was

needed (following success of Ethernet IEEE 802.3 standard).

WiFi before the 2000s
• 1997: 802.11 was born, committee agrees on basic specification

(2Mbps).
• 1999: new iBook introduces airPort (WiFi) and the revolution

began
• 2000: standard is finished (400 pages), WiFi was still a niche but
an up and coming technology.
• Names: Wi-Fi (Hi-Fi), DragonFly, FlankSpeed

Summary of Cellular and WiFi evolution
Gbps Gbps
Mbps Mbps
data rate
kbps

range

Can we use WiFi or Cellular transceivers for
the IoT?
Recall that these technologies are wireless, ubiquitous and

have small chips.

The key difference is energy
Corollary: low maintenance costs

Cellular and WiFi were designed from
inception to support high data rates
They are complex, expensive and power hungry

technologies.
You can always plug your laptop and phone, but you may not
be able to plug plants and animals.

WiFi example
• WiFi, or 802.11, is a wireless protocol that was built with the intent
of replacing Ethernet using wireless communication over
unlicensed bands.
• Its goal was to provide off-the-shelf, easy to implement, easy to

use short-range wireless connectivity with cross-vendor
interoperability.
• With zero spectrum cost, there was little focus on spectral

efficiency and with expected use by desktop devices, power
efficiency was not critical.

Summary of Cellular and WiFi evolution
Gbps Gbps
Energy
Mbps Mbps
data rate Human
kbps supervision
IoT

range

Requirements of the IoT
• Range: from less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers

from wearables to covering the African savannah.
• Data rate: from a few bytes per day to Mbps

from plants and utility meters to drone (video) surveillance
• Power: extremely low for most (if not all) scenarios
IoT devices require constant connectivity, but they may not always have
continuous access to a power source. IoT devices are expected to be
power thrifty, sometimes to the extent of running on button cells for years.

An example of the energy challenge
• Consider a cell phone battery 2000 mAh, a 4G chip would last 10 hours
connected (~200 mAh) and 20 hours idle (~100 mAh).
• This lifetime is unacceptable for most IoT applications. The operational

costs would be huge considering the millions of IoT devices in a network!
• We have to reduce output power to last years.
https://grunenberger.net/2014/02/24/4g-3g-2g-power-consumption/

Challenge 1: Wireless communication is
power hungry.
Bluetooth Wi-Fi Cellular
10000
1000
Power (mW)
100
10
1
IDLE-Flight mode
Computing
LCD
LCD lighting
Keyboard lighting
Speaker
Discoverable
Paging
Connected
Transmission
Connected
Transmission
Connected
Transmission
Wireless communication is central for IoT communication but it is responsible for
most of the energy consumption.
Every bit an IoT nodes transmit, brings it closer to death

Challenge 2: battery capacity is not
growing as fast as Moore’s law
Battery density
10% vs. 50% Annual Growth Rate

Challenge 3: heat dissipation
One watt steady powerà13 C surface temperature increase
Even if you could put a big

battery, IoT transceivers
are small.
Not enough area for heat

dissipation
Burning pain: 41-43°C

Tissue damage: 45°C
Please connect to power

What is the current status of the IoT?
As we will see over the course, little by little we are

overcoming many IoT challenges.

Google trends
EU invests in IoT
US invests in Smart grid Google buys Nest
IoT
Internet of Things
2005 2010 2015
• 2009:
• European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things, funded under 7th
Framework.
• $4B funding for smart grid in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
• 2015:
• Companies, and general public, seem to be catching up

IoT Connected Device Opportunity
Ericsson Gartner
28B
Source:Ericsson.
21B
"Things" will be in use in
Ericsson Mobility 2016, up 30 percent from
Report June 2016 2015. 6.4 Billion Connected
IDC IHS
28B
Worldwide and Regional
31B
Markit IoT Platforms -
Internet of Things (IoT) Enabling the Internet of
2014– 2020 Forecast,2014 Things, 2016
5
7

Google, Twitter, LinkedIn
Start ups:
$2.5bn funding
popular
applications
in 2014
https://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/

Projects in 2016 (without including consumer)
mining example
AMS
640
projects
worldwide
https://iot-analytics.com/top-10-iot-project-application-areas-q3-2016/

Some facts for the IoT
• Less than 1% of things around us were connected.

• washing machine, heater, garage door, plants, pets should all be
connected but are not.
• 30-50 Billion connected by 2020.
• Third in the list of top 10 strategic technologies by Gartner (After
Mobile devices, Mobile Apps, but before Clouds, …)
• a.k.a. Internet of Everything by Cisco Smarter Planet by IBM

Research Funding for IoT
• EU:
• 70 M € in European Research program FP7
• USA:
• Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
(NITRD). Group of 15 Federal agencies: NSF, NIH, NASA,
DOE, DARPA, ONR, …
• Recommends supplement to the president’s annual budget
• CPS is one of the areas recommended by NITRD starting 2012
• Smart infrastructure, Smart Grid, Smart Bridges, Smart Cars, tele-
operational surgical robots, Smart Buildings
• UK:
• £45M in 2014 for IoT research by David Cameron

Venture Activities in IoT
• $1.1B invested in IoT startups by VCs in 153 deals in 2013

• Quantified Self: Know your body and mind
• Healthcare sensors: Wearable clock, sleep monitors
• Energy management
• Home Automation: Kitchenware, locks,
• Environmental monitoring: Air Quality sensors, personal weather
stations
• January 2014: Google buys NEST for 3.3B
• May 2014: $150M in VC investments in IoT by Cisco

How will we process the huge amounts of
data generated?
Cloud Computing: Little or no local computing

Open/Small operating systems: Linux

Past: Data in the Edge
Content
Distributed Content Distribution
Users
Caches
Networks
Network
Service/Content
on web servers
hosted
To serve world-wide users, latency was critical and so the data
was replicated and brought to the edge

Trend 2: Computation in the Edge
Micro-Clouds
Users
To service mobile users/IoT, the computation needs to come

to edge: Mobile Edge Computing, Fog Computing

Trend 3: Multi-cloud
Regional
Micro-Clouds Clouds
Users
Local
Clouds
Network
Larger and infrequent jobs serviced by local and regional clouds:

Fog Computing

Mobile Heath Care use-case
Medical Application
Service Provider
Home sensors for
patient monitoring
Multi-Cloud Mobile Application Deployment and Optimization
Platform
Hospital SDN Insurance Co

…
Cloud Controller Cloud
Body Area Mobile

5G Carrier
Network for Doctor
mobile patient

Last Mile(s), 100 m, 10 m
Last 10 m Gateway Last 100 m Gateway Last Mile
• The Last Mile: Mobile and Broadband Access revolution: Smart

Grid, Smart Cities, Smart Industries
• The last 100m: Smart home
• The last 10 meter: Smart Healthcare, Smart Wearable's

SUMMARY
• IoT: moore’s law + sensors + machine learning

• Wireless is key but cellular and WiFi were not up to the game.
• Main challenge: reduce energy consumption
• A lot of investment in industry and research with several
applications popping up.
• IoT also means computing platforms
• Beyond hype, the transformation could be radical

The IoT and the Third Industrial Revolution
Jeremy Rifkin

Industrial Revolutions
• An Industrial Revolution occurs when new infrastructure changes

radically the productivity process. Three pillars:
• Communication technologies
• Sources of energy
• Means of transport
• For example, nowadays any person with musical talent can be a

world-renowned musician.
• Producing music is simpler (if you have talent)
• The cost of distributing music is almost zero!

First Industrial Revolution (UK)
• 19th century
• Communication revolution: steam power printing & telegraph
• Energy revolution: coal
• Transport revolution: steam engine to power trains

(based on coal).

Second Industrial Revolution (USA)
• Communication revolution: telephone, later radio and television

• Energy revolution: oil (centralized electricity)
• Transport revolution: cars, trucks
• All of our economy depends on oil.

• The oil age: “the time when humanity took a cheap source of energy from
the ground and created a fast growing but dangerous civilization”
• July 2008: oil gets record price of 140 USD and the economy collapsed.
• The collapse of the stock market 60 days later was the after shock.

Third Industrial Revolution
• We will have to be off carbon in four decades to avoid next

extinction phase
• Angela Merkel called Jeremy to re-organize the German economy:

The productivity of the German economy peaked years ago.
• centralized communication,
• fossil/fuel/nuclear power,
• thermos combustion for air water road transport.
• German companies are plugged into this infrastructure.
• We are not being very productive with nature’s resources.

Efficiency on using natural resources
determines our level of productivity
The Third Industrial Revolution:
A Radical New Sharing Economy
Jeremy Rifkin
Only 10 to 20 %
of energy gets
embedded into
the lion

Increasing productivity
• 1905: 3% efficiency (beginning of second industrial revolution).
• 1990: 14% efficiency (nothing has changed since them)

• Country leading the world: 20% efficiency in Japan
• You can have all economic reforms, a million Steve Jobs. It doesn’t
matter if your economy is still plugged to an infrastructure that has
reached its peak.
• IoT is a new internet consisting of

• Transport revolution: self driving cars, drones
• Energy revolution: smart grid
• Communication revolution: IoT (this course)

Example
• Sensors and robots take care of managing our crops.

• Robots harvest our crops.
• A fully automated industry manages the process and packaging
• A fleet of self driving vehicles deliver it to warehouses.
• Drones deliver products to your home.
• You don’t need to move finger. Your fridge informs the warehouse
when something is needed.

Question: What careers/professions are
being replaced by computers/things?

Machines versus Humans
• IoT will enable machines to handle many tasks currently handled

by humans: Comfort + Unemployment
• Gartner predicts that by 2018:
• 20% of business content authored by machines
• Digital assistants will recognize individuals by faces and voice
• 3M (small) workers supervised by a “roboboss”
• 2M (small) employees will be required to wear health tracking devices
• 50% of fast growing companies will have fewer employees than smart
machines

Paper planes in the IoT

What are some of the general challenges of
the IoT

Challenges
energy communication data security

large spectrum crunch large amounts of many points of
amounts of & unreliable noisy data attack
energy links
my research interests
A) reliable & energy B) in-network

efficient communication data processing
low-power radio
visible light

82
Delicuentes virtuales

Another question
For you, what is the main

challenge in the IoT?

84
Data Link Issues
• Energy efficiency
• Need to decrease energy/bit
• Small messages
• Need low overhead
• Limited computing
• Light weight protocols, lightweight encryption, authentication, security

Networking Issues
• Large number of devices: 32-bit or 48-bit addressing not sufficient

• 32-bit IPv4 addresses too small
• 48-bit IEEE 802 too small
• 128-bit IPv6 addresses too large.
• Tiny things do not have energy to transmit such large addresses.
• 16-bit local addresses and 64-bit global addresses

SUMMARY
• IoT: moore’s law + sensors + machine learning

• Wireless is key but cellular and WiFi were not up to the game.
• Main technical challenge: reduce energy consumption
• A lot of investment in industry and research with several
applications popping up.
• IoT also means computing platforms
• Third Industrial Revolution

• Macro challenges: energy, bandwidth, data, security.

An in-depth example: Monitoring a museum
in Amsterdam

The Nemo experiment

Smart Bracelets

First let’s honor the past
1980’s

Low power radios: an application
# 1000 Bracelets
# 3-day experiment over Christmas 2015-16

92
Requirements
• No use of
• WiFi (not everybody carries a phone) or
• Cameras (due to privacy)
• Small simple device
• Last for a few hours (charge fast)
• With these constraints, the bracelets were only capable of sending

an RF beacon every few seconds or so.

The basic idea
When a room gets crowded, the more persons the less is the
personal space (in orange)
Personal
space
Person

The basic idea
When a room get crowded, the more persons the less is the

The basic idea
When a room get crowded, the more persons the less is the

The same idea applies in time.

The basic idea
The more devices (that periodically generate a beacon), the

shorter is the waiting time
waiting time
1
Inter-arrival time
2
Period
Event

The basic idea

1
2
3

The basic idea

1
2
3
4
5

The basic idea

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Model
Given N devices (that periodically generate a beacon), the

expected waiting time (n) is
1 E(n) = ( period / cardinality )

2
3
inverting
4
5
6 Cardinality = ( period / n ) – 1
7

Model
Given N devices (that periodically generate an event), the

expected inter-arrival length (n) is
1 E(n) = ( period / cardinality )

2
3
inverting
4
5
6 Cardinality = ( period / n ) – 1
7
ESTREME

Implementation
The implementation requires duty-cycling the radios
rendezvous
• Duty cycling
1 B1 B B
3
Apply Estreme 4 A1
inter-
• Periodic event: wakeup arrival

Implementation
The implementation requires duty-cycling the radios, and

measuring the meeting time with the first wake up neighbor.
rendezvous
• Duty cycling
• First (next) awake neighbor 1 B1 B B
3
Apply Estreme 4 A1
inter-
• Periodic event: wakeup arrival
• Inter-arrival: rendezvous

Implementation
Nodes must rendezvous with the first awake neighbor
• Detect collision rendezvous

• Retransmit the last ACK with a given
1 B1 B B B B
probability
2 A1
3 A1
4 A1
inter-
arrival delay

Implementation
Still, due to delays, the rendezvous time is longer than the inter-
arrival time

1 B1 B B B
probability
• Accurate timing 2 A1
• Measure delay 3
4 A1 A1
inter-
arrival delays

Implementation
Still, due to delays, the rendezvous time is longer than the inter-
arrival time

1 B1 B B B
probability
• Accurate timing 2 A1
• Measure delay 3
• Append delay to acknowledgments 4 A1 A1
inter-
arrival delays

Let’s go back to bracelets
Bracelets are cool because they can provide a lot of information

Lecture1A InternetofThings

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Primero una breve introducción

• Bachillerato: Ingeniería Electrónica, PUCP (1998)

Challenge the future 1

Challenge the future 2

• Enfoque: Ciencias y Tecnología

Challenge the future 4

Challenge the future 5

Challenge the future 6

The first Internet connection is established

"We set up a telephone connection between us

"We typed the L and we asked on the phone,

...Yet a revolution had begun"

Challenge the future 7

• Thing: Not a computer • Plants, animals, phones, watches,

• Anything, Anywhere, Anytime, (3 A’s)

Challenge the future 8

• Number of people 7 Billion

Challenge the future 9

The Internet of Things is revolutionizing information

Challenge the future 10

Challenge the future 11

Challenge the future 12

… without human supervision and consuming very little energy.

Challenge the future 13

Challenge the future 14

Challenge the future 15

• Final Exam (60%)

Challenge the future 16

Let’s look at some history

Challenge the future 17

Challenge the future 18

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Challenge the future 19

Challenge the future 20

• We have moved a long way from mainframes and desktops

Challenge the future 21

Challenge the future 22

• Internet of Things = Sensor Networks

Challenge the future 23

Challenge the future 24

Challenge the future 25

Challenge the future 26

There is one more important point

Challenge the future 27

Things cannot (should not) be wired

Challenge the future 28

Challenge the future 29

Challenge the future 30

Challenge the future 31

Challenge the future 32

Challenge the future 33

Challenge the future 34

Challenge the future 35

Challenge the future 36

Challenge the future 37

Not only data rate is important.

Challenge the future 38

short (m) medium (km)

Challenge the future 39

Challenge the future 40

• 1985: FCC opens up bandwidth to be used without government

• This was unheard of! These were “garbage bands” allocated to

• 1988: industry (NCR corporation) realized that a standard was