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Biomimetics in Photonics
Group 4:
Vladislav Khayrudinov, Teemu Vasara, Muhammad Junaid, Jonas Ylönen, Tapio Koukkari
ELECE3240 Photonics
Contents
Introduction
Overview of Photonic Structures in Nature
Current and potential applications
Advantages and disadvantages of Biomimetics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Examples of commercial applications
Canon SWC coating
Mirasol Display Technology
Conclusion
References
Introduction
It is clearly seen from the rapid increase in the number of scientific publications that
Biomimetics Photonics is extremely interesting and speedy developing research area.
Moreover, contribution from different background scientists makes it more unique and
interesting.
Biomimetics is the implementation and utilization of principles and concepts from nature
to solve complicated human problems or to create new materials and explore their
properties to fabricate new devices as a solution of unsolved challenging problems. The
origin of biomimetics was the time when airplanes were modeled by the Wright brothers
on the structure of bird wings; When crystal palace was structured on the design of lily
pad by Joseph Paxton and when Leonardo da Vinci was developing his ships and flying
machines. However, in 1960 this field got its official name and definition from Jack
Steele of the U.S force. In the past, many applications were developed on the
macromolecular level but recently, the huge development in nanotechnology shifted the
scientists and researchers to study and explore the nature at atomic scale and collect
more ideas from nature to address the existing scientific issues. On the other hand,
Photonics describes the research area in which photons are used in information
processing/storage, telecommunication and sensing to perform specific functions. It is
related generation, modification and detection of photons by utilizing the optical
phenomena of refraction, reflection, scattering and absorption from ultraviolet to infrared
band of electromagnetic radiation. So, Biomimetics Photonics is the use of existing
ideas in nature to create such structures that can enable the manipulation or control of
photons for various applications [19].
Overview of Photonic Structures in Nature
There are a lot of different photonic attributes found both in flora and fauna, from the
way certain moths manipulate light in their eyes to the exceptional glossiness of some
flowers. As such there is no single phenomenon behind all the different kinds of
photonic structures found in nature, and therefore this chapter focuses on some
examples rather than tries to give an overview of all the optical processes which can
result in a photonic structure in nature. There is a common characteristic found in many
different kinds of biomimetic photonics though [1, xi], which probably holds true for
many other biomimetic fields as well: nature achieves a plethora of different results with
very few building blocks, and randomness is an integral part in its effectivity and
efficiency.
Photonics found in plants
Colors in flowers are created by different pigments that reflect different wavelengths of
light. Photonic structures may then e.g. amplify how striking the color appears to attract
insects. One example of such a plant is the Buttercup flower [1, 57], which has petals
that are very glossy yellow. A petal of the Buttercup flower has an air gap between a
transparent yellowpigmented epidermial layer and a white starch layer below it. The
epidermial layer is also thinly covered with wax (with thickness of around 500 nm). The
wax gives the flower its glossy outlook, while the gap structure underneath gives rise to
a striking and directional backreflection – the starch layer acts as a second planar
interface which provides a high directional reflectivity.
Another optical effect found in flowers is iridescence [1, 8]. Certain flowers have surface
striations on their petals, leading to color variation depending on the angle light is
reflected from it. Essentially these striations act like diffraction gratings, which cause
angular dependency in the color of reflected light.
Outside of flower petals, photonic structures in flora are also found in leaves. The
Edelweiss flower grows in high altitudes, and to protect its sensitive cellular tissues it
has small leaves surrounding its flowers which block excessive UV radiation. The
leaves are covered with wooly layer composed of nanostructured fibers that excel in the
screening of harmful UV wavelengths [1, 1011].
Another photonic structure in leaves is the iridescence of several tropical rainforest
understory species [1, 12]. The iridescence in their leaves are the result of complex
multilayer structures which reflect light at different wavelengths in different directions.
Photonic Biomineralization
Many organisms produce biominerals, and some use them to create photonic
structures. Some mollusks stack periodic layers of aragonite platelets in the inner sides
of their shells which reflect light and create interference that results in striking color
effects [1, 2628].
Diatoms commonly have essentially waveguides formed out of biosilica in their cell
walls due to the high contrast between the refractive indexes of the silica and the
surrounding seawater [1, 3035]. It is uncertain if the photonic properties of the cell walls
serve any biological function but since they act like a photonic crystal slab, with
welldefined sets of propagating modes of light, they have been studied extensively.
Waveguidelike structures are also found in the animal kingdom in sponges.
Optical Nanostructures in Nature
Many insects have photonic structures in their shells [1, 7375]. One of the common
reasons is to selectively reflect colored light through thinlayer interference. Two parallel
surfaces in a transparent material with has light with wavelength of four times the optical
thickness of the medium constructively interfered, while other wavelengths interfere
destructively and are suppressed. In nature there are most often not large differences in
refractive indexes, which would amplify the interference effect from a single twolayer
system, so the most pronounced reflections are created by socalled quarterwave
stacks which can have more than 200 layers with alternating high and low refractive
indexes. Another way to create selective reflection of light in nature is through
birefringent materials [1, 75].
A good example of selective reflection is found in the Morpho butterfly, which has wings
of brilliant blue color [1, 9799]. What makes the Morpho butterfly peculiar is that the
structural reflection of blue light is not dependent of angle, which means that a simple
grating structure would not reproduce it. While the blue color is produced by
interference in a single shelf which are onedimensionally arrayed in the wing and
composed of a multilayer of high and low refractive index materials, the shelves
themselves are narrow enough (around 300 nm) that the blue color is diffracted into
wide angular range. Also the close proximity of neighboring domains (around one
wavelength) creates a very high reflectivity.
Biophotonic IR Receptors
Some beetle species have special infrared receptors they use to track forest fires, since
they need burnt wood for their larvae [1, 117119]. The IR receptors work through
heating and thermal expansion, which takes place due to absorption of the IR waves by
biopolymers and fluid (most probably water).
Photonic Night Vision
Many nocturnal species have ways to improve their ability to see in dim light. One of the
ways better night vision is achieved is temporal averaging through slower
photoreceptors (with greater than average contrast gain), or even slower image
processing in the brain [1, 168172]. Many insects have refracting compound eye
structures that direct focused light from up to thousands of corneal facet lenses to the
retina. If the light signal is weak, the photoreceptors may “group up” and thus send a
brighter but coarser image into the specimen’s brain. All these methods improve the
signaltonoise ratio of visual perception in dim lighting which is vital for many nocturnal
species.
Current and potential applications
Biomimetics in photonics have many applications that are already in use as well as
numerous potential utilizations for future. One of the main use cases are antireflectors
based on nanostructures. It may include 2D diffraction gratings, 1D multilayer reflectors,
and 3D liquid crystals. Figure 1 presents the main optical reflectors found in nature.
[1,70]
.
Figure 1. Main optical reflectors found in nature. [1,70]
Figure 1 (a) shows irregular array of elements that scatter incident light into random
directions. Figure 1 (b) depicts a diffraction grating, a surface structure, from which
incident light is diffracted into specific angular directions resulting in a spatial separation
of its angular wavelength/colour components. Figure 1 (c) illustrates a multilayer
reflector, composed of thin (ca. 100 nm thick) layers of alternating refractive index,
where light rays reflected from each interface in the system superimpose either
constructively or destructively. Figure 1 (d) indicates a ‘liquid crystal’ composed of
nanofibres arranged in layers, where the nanofibres of one layer lie parallel to each
other yet are oriented slightly differently to those of adjacent layers. [1,70]
Many insects use antireflective surfaces on their eyes and wings which are believed
helpful to the lightharvest efficiency of the biological visual system. Figure 2 shows
motheye surface which has gradual refractive index profile.[2,2]
Figure 2. Motheye surface. [1,72]
The motheye was successfully mimicked by sophisticated lithography processes and
ebeam etching to create surfaces used for windows antireflective coatings (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Motheye mimic fabricated using ionbeam etching. [1,72]
Another important application of Biomimetics is iridescent devices which can change its
colour with angle or have a metallic colour effect as many insects and birds do in order
to attract the attention of a potential mate or to startle a predator. Consequently,
applications in this area mainly concern anticounterfeiting industry, though also emerge
in cosmetics, paint, printing/ink, and clothing industries. Relevant nanostructures that
cause iridescence are photonic crystal fibers, opals, inverse opals, and other 3D
architectures. For instance, hummingbird feathers contain ultrathin layers with different
porosity that cause iridescence. Aqueousbased layering techniques are employed in
order to mimic such surfaces. Other examples include various butterflies, beetles and
Aphrodita sea mouse. [1,74]
The microfabrication techniques used to create biomimetic nanostructures include
mainly conformalevaporatedfilmbyrotation (CEFR), colloidal lithography, selfmasked
dry etching, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), ALD. One interesting method is to use actual
cicada wings or insect eyes as biotemplates (Figure 4). [2,4]
Figure 4. Cicada wing structure fabrication using nanoimprint lithography. [2,4]
Nipple arrays on wing surfaces are stamped under certain pressure on glassphase
PMMA. A release process makes the polymer reverse nanostructures of the
biotemplates. With the patterned PMMA as a mask or a mold, inverse or similar
structures of the cicada wing are achieved by RIE or thermal deposition. [2,4]
Low reflectance of silicon is especially crucial for solar cells. Hence, high quality
antireflection coating are vital for solar cells development. Inspired by antireflection
structures found in moth eyes,similar surfaces are produced by mimicking the nature
and leading to a dramatic light absorption increase and superior efficiency
improvements. One example could be Aalto’s black silicon solar cells. Biomimetics can
also be potentially used in LEDs light extraction where total internal reflection and the
waveguiding modes in the glass substrate result in only 20% amount of the generated
light. Silica cone arrays on ITO substrate improve light luminance efficiency significantly.
[2,4]
Advantages and disadvantages of Biomimetics
Advantages
The biggest advantage of biomimetics is the efficiency of copying photonic structures
and concepts directly from nature. Studying photonic structures occurring in nature can
lead to the discovery of new optical effects. It is much easier and faster to reproduce a
naturally occurring structure with the desired optical effect, than to create an entirely
new one to achieve it. Often the same optical effect has also been achieved in several
separate species through different means, revealing alternative ways to achieve the
desired effects. Because of this, biomimetics can also help discover new design
principles for existing photonic components. [7] There are still many undiscovered
phenomena in nature that are superior to current technology.
In addition to photonic structures and concepts, some new methods for fabrication of
photonic components and devices can be discovered by observing natural processes.
Many of the manufacturing processes occurring in cells and living organisms are
superior to current manufacturing technologies. These methods could be able to
produce more complex structures than current fabrication techniques. They also have
the potential to be more cost efficient than currently used manufacturing methods. [7]
Many of the photonic structures found in nature have developed over an extremely long
time through processes of evolution. This means that the different structures have been
gradually improved and perfected over millions of years, and multiple generations of
organisms. [8] Due to this, most photonic structures found in nature have been very
efficiently optimized for some specific purpose. This can be used to obtain the optimal
parameters for some applications when designing photonic components, saving a lot of
time and effort compared to finding the necessary parameters through testing.
Several of the photonic structures found in nature are extremely complex in design.
They can contain several layers of different substructures, each layer having a slightly
different structure. These layers each modify the light in slightly different ways,
combining to create the photonic effect of the greater structure. [8] Because of the
complexity of these structures, it would take an extremely long time to design similar
ones through any human means, and some might even never get discovered through
ordinary research.
Disadvantages
Because of the complexity of many of the structures found in nature, some biomimetic
structures can be extremely difficult to reproduce through common manufacturing
processes. This can make the manufacturing of some biomimetic components
unfeasible, and some other components with similar properties instead need to be
developed. Alternatively, some organic processes can be adapted to manufacturing,
and used to achieve the same results as in nature. These are often much more
expensive than ordinary manufacturing techniques, and need much further research to
make them feasible. [7]
Because of the complexity of photonic structures in occurring nature it is often
necessary to simplify the structure for reproduction [7]. This requires identifying the
underlying principles which cause the desired optical effect. If the principles according
to which the photonic structure operates are known, it may be possible to leave out
some redundant parts from the structure, or to replace some complex parts with simpler
ones.
Nature is very limited in the materials that can be used in biologic structures. The
materials need to be compatible with organic life. Because of this, most materials found
in nature are organic compounds, or simple nontoxic minerals. These materials often
have a more limited range of values for optical parameters than the materials used for
manmade photonic components. [7] Because of this some structures found in nature
may be inefficient compared to structures made with inorganic materials. The available
materials also limit the kind of photonic structures that can be found in nature, and some
photonic effects are not possible to achieve with them.
The photonic devices found in nature are also limited by the needs of the organism
containing them. Some parameters such as weight and flexibility may be more
important than efficiency of the optic effect. Because of this, some of the biological
photonic components may be optimized for other parameters than those causing the
photonic effect. This can lead to some biomimetic photonic devices being inefficient if
directly replicated from nature.
Examples of commercial applications
There are endless applications where biomimetics could be used to great effect, but
relatively few technologies are currently mature enough to have made it into commercial
use. This section will look at two commercial examples of biomimetic photonic
structures: the SWC coating on Canon camera lenses and the Mirasol display
technology developed by Qualcomm.
Canon SWC coating
Canon’s Subwavelength Structural Coating (SWC) is an antireflective coating whose
structure mimics the moth’s eye. The coating consists of wedgeshaped Al O
2 3
nanostructures 220 nm tall, and it effectively makes the transition between the refractive
indices of air and the glass of the lens smooth, instead of abrupt. [3]
Figure 5: On the left, the first lens to use SWC, the EF24mm f/1.4L II USM, released in 2008.
On the right, a schematic illustration of the structure of the SWC.
The SWC can limit the reflection of light to around 0.05%. Conventional multilayered
AR designs can already reach up to 99.9% transmittance of incident light, so the SWC
design doesn’t offer a huge improvement purely in terms of reflectivity. However, the
SWC works well at eliminating reflection of light coming in at very large normal angles,
which is something that even the best conventional multilayer AR designs have trouble
with. Thus, the SWC is especially useful for reducing glare in lenses with large front lens
elements that are strongly curved, such as those found in wide angle lenses. [3][4]
Mirasol Display Technology
The Qualcomm Mirasol display has a design inspired by the wings of the Morpho
butterfly. The wings have nanoscale lamellar structures that produce color through
interference effects caused by multiple reflections. Thus the brilliant blue color of their
wings is purely a result of the surface structure, not pigmentation. [5]
Figure 6: Qualcomm ereader (left) and Toq smartwatch (right) with Mirasol displays. On
the screen of the ereader can be seen the Morpho butterfly.
Mirasol displays use a similar principle, with an array of micromirrors below an absorber
layer. These mirrors act as the pixels of the display, and can be moved to vary the size
of the air gap between them and the absorber layer. Interference effects caused by
multiple reflections in the air gap cause different wavelengths of light to be reflected
depending on the size of the gap. [4]
The advantage of this is that the display can be always on without draining power, as
the screen itself doesn’t need to emit light, it only reflects the incident light. This means
no electrical power is needed to produce still images, so the only time the screen
consumes any electricity is when the pixels change, i.e. something moves or changes
color on the screen. [6]
Conclusion
Biomimetics Photonics is the use of existing ideas in nature to create such structures
that can enable the manipulation or use of photons for various applications. Morpho
butterfly, Peacock feather and wave guide like structures in Sponges are among the
examples of photonic structures in nature. Artifically, Photonic nanostructures are
fabricated by microfabrication or self assembly. 3D photonic crystals, antireflective
surfaces and photonic crystal fibers the current potential applications.
References
1. Olaf Karthaus. Biomimetics in Photonics. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group;
2013
2. Feng Liu, Biqin Dong and Xiaohan Liu (2012). BioInspired Photonic Structures:
Prototypes, Fabrications and Devices, Optical Devices in Communication and
Computation, Dr. Peng Xi (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/50199. Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/opticaldevicesincommunicationandcomput
ation/bioinspiredphotonicstructuresprototypesfabricationsanddevices
3. Canon Science Lab,
http://www.canon.com/technology/s_labo/light/003/03.html#c003s003h005
4. Design of Multilayer Antireflection Coatings, S.I. Park and Y.J. Lee, Journal of the
Korean Physical Society, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1998
5. Quantified interference and diffraction in single Morpho butterfly scales, P.
Vukusic et al.
, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1999
6. Qualcomm, https://www.qualcomm.com/products/mirasol/technology
7. Yu, K., Fan, T., Lou, S., Zhang, D. Biomimetic optical materials: Integration of
Progress in Materials Science
nature's design for manipulation of light. , 2013, vol
58, iss 6, Pages 825–873.
8. Xu, J., Guo, Z., Biomimetic photonic materials with tunable structural colors.
Journal of colloid and interface science, 2013, vol 406, pages 117.
9. http://web.stanford.edu/group/mota/education/Physics%2087N%20Final%20Proj
ects/Group%20Gamma/#_edn1