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The duplex stainless steels have yield strengths For these reasons duplex stainless steels are
typically about twice that of the non-nitrogen somewhat more difficult to machine than the
alloyed austenitic grades, and their initial work 300-series austenitic stainless steels of similar
hardening rate is at least comparable to that of the corrosion resistance. Higher cutting forces are
common austenitic grades. The chip formed when required and more rapid tool wear is typical of
machining duplex stainless steel is strong and duplex stainless steel machining. The more
abrasive to tooling, and especially so for the more difficult machinability compared to austenitics is
highly alloyed duplex grades. Because the duplex most noticeable when using carbide tooling.
stainless steels are produced with as low a This is illustrated in Figure 1 with a relative
sulfur content as possible, there is little to aid machinability index comparison for some duplex
chip breaking. stainless steels and Type 316.
Figure 1. Relative Machinability of Duplex Stainless Steels Compared with Type 316 (2.5Mo)
for Cemented Carbide Tooling and for High Speed Steel Tooling (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
36325 Shop Sheet 103:36325 Shop Sheet 103 11/1/07 21:36 Page 2
● Use powerful, rigid machines with extremely ● Design machining sequences to always
strong, rigid mounting of the tools and work provide for a depth of cut below the work
piece. (Cutting forces for similar cuts will hardened layer resulting from prior passes.
typically be much higher for duplex stainless
steels than for corresponding austenitic ● Use adequate but not excessive speed to
stainless steels.) avoid built-up edge and rapid wear.
● Minimize vibration by keeping the tool ● Change tooling inserts or re-grind at scheduled
extension as short as possible. intervals to insure sharp cutting edges.
● Use a nose radius on the tool no larger ● Use generous flows of coolant/lubricant
than necessary. using cutting oils or emulsions with extreme
pressure (EP) additives.
● Favor an edge geometry for carbides that
provides a "sharp" edge while still providing ● Use coated carbide inserts with positive
adequate strength. chipbreaker geometry.
Turning and Facing with High Speed Steel and with Cemented Carbides
Table 1. Machining Guidelines for Face Turning Duplex Stainless Steels (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
36325 Shop Sheet 103:36325 Shop Sheet 103 11/1/07 21:36 Page 3
240
Insert:
220 CNMG 120412 QM
GC235
Tool life 4 min.
200
SAF
2304
Cutting Speed (m/min)
180
160
SAF
2304
140
120
100
80
SAF
2304
60
40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Feed (mm/rev.)
Table 2. Machining Guidelines for Face Milling Duplex Stainless Steels with Cemented Carbides (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
● Use coated inserts or a tough grade of insert Adjust feed by a proportional factor of 1.0 to
for roughing. A harder insert may be used 0.7 as the entering angle is increased from
for finishing when finer finish is required. 45° to 90°.
● Use climb milling with an average chip ● Use no coolant, particularly during roughing,
thickness of at least 0.1 mm (0.004 inch). to obtain good chip ejection from the tool.
36325 Shop Sheet 103:36325 Shop Sheet 103 11/1/07 21:36 Page 4
Table 3. High Speed Steel Twist Drilling Parameters for Duplex Stainless Steels in SI Units (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
Table 4. High Speed Steel Twist Drilling Parameters for Duplex Stainless Steels in English Units (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
● Drill geometry: point angle 130°; ● Increased speeds: TiN coating permits 10%
self-centering drill point geometry is increase; through drill coolant permits
recommended; web thinning for large 10-20% increase.
diameter drills is recommended.
IMOA-13