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TRAINING NOTES 9 TO 18 (15.

2 ENGINE PERFORMANCE)
1. Gross thrust, net thrust, choked nozzle thrust, thrust distribution, resultant thrust.
2. Thrust horsepower, equivalent shaft horsepower, specific fuel consumption; Engine efficiencies.
3. By-pass ratio and engine pressure ratio.
4. Pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas flow.
5. Engine ratings, static thrust, influence of speed, altitude and hot climate, flat rating, limitations.

THRUST EQUATION FOR A GAS TURBINE ENGINE

Thrust produced by a turbojet engine is determined by three things

1. The change is momentum experienced by air flowing through the engine.


2. The momentum of fuel.
3. The force caused by the difference in pressure across the exhaust nozzle to multiply by area of
nozzle.

TYPES OF THRUST

1. Gross Thrust
2. Net thrust
3. Thrust with choked nozzle
4. Thrust distribution
5. Fan engine thrust(unmixed exhaust)
6. Thrust horsepower (THP)in turbojet & turbofan engine
7. Propeller (turboprop) thrust
8. Equivalent shaft horsepower (turboprop ground run-up)
9. Equivalent shaft horsepower (turboprop ground in flight)
10. Horsepower requirement to drive the compreesor

1. Gross Thrust: The thrust produced by a turbojet engine when the engine is static or not moving.
Gross thrust consider the inlet momentum be zero.

Fg= Ms (V2-V1)
g

Where
M
s=mass airflow in lbs/sec
V =Exhaustvelocity in fps
2
V =Inletvelocity in fps
1
g= Gravity acceleration in fps2 (32.2)

1
Ram drag : the loss in thrust involved in taking the air in at the front of the engine .Ram drag is
denoted by Fr .

2. Net Thrust: The thrust produced by a turbojet engine in flight. Net thrust considers a
momentum of air entering and leaving the engine. the difference between gross thrust and ram
drag.net thrust is denoted by Fr.

Fn=Fg-Fr

Fn= Ms (V2-V1)
g
Where Fn=net thrust in lbs
M =mass airflow in lbs/sec
s
V =Exhaustvelocity in fps
2
V =Inletvelocity in fps
1
g= Gravity acceleration in fps2 (32.2)

TURBO FAN ENGINE THRUST

When computing the thrust produced by a turbofan engine, compute the thrust of the core engine
and thrust produced by the momentum change of air passing through the fan. The total thrust the
sum of thrust from core engine and thrust from fan.

Thrust total = Thrust core engine + Thrustfan

3. THRUST WITH A CHOKED NOZZLE :-

Most gas turbine engine are fitted with a device called choked exhaust nozzle or jet nozzle.

Net thrust =Reaction thrust+pressure thrust

Fn=Ma (V2-V1)/g +[AJ(Pj-Pam)]


Where
Fn=Net thrust in lbs g= Gravity acceleration in fps2
M=Mass airflow in lbs/sec (32.2)
V
2 =Exhaustvelocity in fps AJ =Area of jet nozzle in sq.in.
V
1 =Inletvelocity in fps Pj=Pressure of jet nozzle in fps
Pam=pressure ambient

2
THRUST DISTRIBUTION

The rated thrust of an engine is calculated by finding the sum of forward forces
within the engine andsbstacting the sum of rearword forces within the engine.

Thrust =forword force-rearword force

NOTE-

 Forward forces-Compressor, combustion chamber and exhaust cone area.

 Rearward forces- turbine and tailpipe exist area.

 Outlet of particular section exerts more force than is present at the inlet of
that section.

Fg =A×P +MS (V)/g-I

Where
Fg=Section gross thrust in lbs MS= mass airflow in lbs/sec
A=Area in sq.in G = Gravity acceleration in fps2 (32.2)
P=Pressure in psi I=Inlet force in lbs.
V= Velocity in ft/sec.

The completed formula for aturbojet engine with a choked nozzle is

Fn=Ma (V2-V1)/g +Wf (Vf)/g +[AJ(Pj-Pam)]

Where
Fn=Net thrust in lbs g= Gravity acceleration in fps2
(32.2)
Ma =Mass airflow in lbs/sec
AJ =Area of jet nozzle in sq.in.
V =Exhaustvelocity in fps
2
Pj=Preesure of jet nozzle in fps
V =Inletvelocity in fps
1
Pam= Ambient static pressure
Wf=Weight of fuel

3
Example The engine is a turbojet with thrust related data as follows

a. Compressor outlet area=60sq.in


Pressure at outlet=55psi
Mass airflow =30 lbs/sec
Velocity at outlet =400ft/sec
Initial force at inlet =0lbs ,Gravity=32.2ft/sec2

b. combustor outlet area =157 sq.in


preesure at outlet of combustor=53 psi
velocity at outlet combustor =1055 ft /sec.

c. Turbine outlet area =170 sq.in


preesure at outlet of turbine =11 psi
velocity at outlet of turbine =605.7ft /sec.

d. Exhaust cone outlet area =202 sq.in


preesure at outlet of Exhaust cone =12 psi
velocity at outlet of Exhaust cone =593.4ft /sec.

e. Jet nozzle outlet area =105 sq.in


preesure at outlet of Jet nozzle =5 psi
velocity at outlet of Jet nozzle =1900ft /sec.

Find out
a. Net thrust at the compressor outlet.
b. Net thrust at the combustion outlet.
c. Net thrust at the turbine outlet.
d. Net thrust at the outlet Exhaust cone
e. Net thrust at the tailpipe (a choked conditioton)

4. Fan engine thrust (unmixed exhaust)

thrust calculation of fan engine can be accomplished in the same way as the turbojet except that
the hot & cold stream nozzle thrust values are added together.

Total thrust =fan thrust+core thrust

5. Thrust horsepower (THP) in turbojet and turbofan

Thrust producing engines such as turbojets and turbofans create sufficient power for very high
speed flight to convert gas turbine engine to horsepower the following given formula

THP=Fn ×aircraft speed/375 miles lbs per hours

THP=Fn ×V1/550

4
NOTE

a. The NACA standard day condition are 59⁰F (15⁰C),14.7psi (29.92 inHg) and 0% humidity at
40⁰ latitude.

b. 65% to 75% of mass airflow through a gas turbine engine is used for cooling the combustion
mixture.

c. Thrust horsepower is not a means of measuring power of a turbojet engine.

d. Turbo soft engine are rated in shaft horsepower (shp).

e. Reciprocating engines &turbo shaft engine are measured directly at the output shaft by use of
Dynamometer.

RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY

5
FACTORS AFFECTING THRUST
Gas turbine engine operates under varying condition that affect the amount of thrust the engine
produces. These conditions affect either the momentum of air fuel flows through the jet nozzle.

JET NOZZLE VELOCITY


1. During most normal high speed operations, the exhaust nozzle operates in a chocked condition.
This means that the gases flowing out of the engine have been accelerated to the speed of sound
and they cannot be accelerated any further.
2. The value of V2 in the thrust formula remains relatively constant, changing only the temp of the
exhaust gas changes the speed of sound. Wherever the nozzle is not chocked, varied atmospheric
condition will cause some changes in jet nozzle velocity.

AIRSPEED
1. When a turbojet or turbo fan engine operating at high power and the aircraft in which it is
mounted is not moving the value of V1 in thrust energy is zero and thrust is maximum.
2. When the aircraft is moving forward the velocity V1 of the air entering the engine increases, but at
higher power, the exhaust nozzle is chocked and the value V2, do not increase proportionally.
3. Airspeed increases the net thrust decreases.

MASS AIRFLOW
1. The most significant variable in the thrust equation is mass air flow.
2. Many factors affect the mass airflow, the most important being air temperature, pressure,
because these factors determine the density of the air entering the engine & ram effect.

6
AIR DENSITY & THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE
1. Air density has a profound effect on the thrust produced.
2. The volume of the air flowing through the engine is relatively fixed for any particular rpm by the
size and geometry of the inlet duct system.
3. Thrust is determined by mass, not the volume of air, any increases in its density increases the
mass and thus the thrust.
4. Temperature of the air increases its density decreases. Therefore the thrust produced by the
engine decreases.
5. Air pressure increases, its density increases, causing thrust produced by the engine to
increase.

ALTITUDE EFFECT
1. Altitude has a double effect on thrust. As the altitude increases, the air becomes
colder and denser, up to the beginning of stratosphere. This causes the thrust to increase.
But at the same time, the increase in altitude causes decrease in pressure, thus a decrease in
density and corresponding decrease in thrust.
2. The loss of thrust caused by decreasing pressure is greater than the increase caused by
decreasing temperature. Thus the thrust decreases as the aircraft ascends.
3. At the beginning of stratosphere at approximately 36,000 feet temperature stabilizes
at -56.50C and remains at this temperature up to around 85000 feet.
4. The pressure continues to fall above the 36,000 feet and the thrust therefore drops off at a faster
rate than it does at the lower altitudes. This increased drop off in thrust makes 36,000 feet a
chosen altitude for a long range cruise in jet powered aircraft.

7
RAM EFFECT
1. The compression of air in an inlet duct arising from forward motion is called ram pressure or rams
effect. Because of ram effect, increasing air speed also increases the pressure of the air & airflow
into engine.
2. As turbine powered aircraft begins to move forward for tale off, air is rammed into the inlet duct
and mass flow through the engine increases.
3. The faster the aircraft moves the greater the increase in thrust.
4. An increase in forward speed decreases the amount of air is accelerated and the
thrust decreases.
5. The thrust increase caused by the ram effect is greater than decrease in thrust caused by
increase in air speed.
6. The thrust increase becomes greater an air speed increase.

Example

1. A jet engine has turbofan engines with unmixed exhaust, the mass airflow of the engines core
and the fan are both 60lb/sec.The velocity of fan discharge air is 800 fps and the core velocity is
1000fps.what is total gross thrust produced by the engine.

2. A gas turbine is producing 3230 pounds of net thrust while the aircraft is flying at 500mph.What
thrust horsepower is being created.

6. Propeller (Turboprop)thrust

THP =Fn ×mph /375

Fn=THP×375/mph

If we substitute shaft horsepower (shp) for thrust horsepower (THP) and use the conventional
80% efficiency factor for a propeller (Fp), the formula for the force(Thrust) generated by a
propeller becomes

Fp=shp ×375×80%/mph
7. Equivalent shaft horsepower (Turboprop ground runup)

The exhaust thrust converted to shaft horsepower and the horsepower obtained from
dynamometer check are added together. The sum of is known as equivalent shaft horsepower
(Eshp).

Hp=Jet Thrust(Fg)/2.5

Eshp=Shp (Dynamometer)+Hp(Jet thrust)

8
8. Equivalent shaft horsepower (Turboprop in flight)

If thrust horsepower represent the shaft horsepower a turbojet or turbofan has a useful power in
flight.

THP=Fn×V1/375 or Shp=THP/ηp

Shp=Fn×V1/375 × ηp

Where Fn=net thrust,Vi=aircraft speed (mph),ηp efficiency of propeller

Equivalent horsepower=engine shaft horsepower + shaft horsepower equivalent


of jet thrust.

Eshp(flight)=Shp+Fn×V1/ ηp×375

9. Horsepower requirement to drive the compressor

The turbine drives the compressor by extacting power from the flowing gas.

Hp(compressor)=Tr× Cp× Ms ×778/550

Where , Tr=temperature rise (⁰F),Cp=0.24 Btu/lb/⁰F

Ms=mass airflow in lbs/sec

Example

1. A turboprop engine produces 1150 shp. How much propeller thrust does that equal if the
aircraft is flying at 445mph and the propeller efficiency is 100%?

2. A turboprop engine produces 187.5 pounds of jet thrust, with a rating of 680 shaft horsepower
.What is its equivalent shaft horsepower rating.

3. A turboprop aircraft is operating in flight and the cockpit power gauge indicates 500 shaft
horsepower. The aircraft speed is 275mph, there is 200 pounds of exhaust hot thrust present
and industry accepted propeller efficiency is 80%. What is the engine equivalent shaft
horsepower?

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