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Antennas are metallic structures designed for radiating and receiving electromagnetic energy. An
antenna acts as a transitional structure between the guiding device waveguide, transmission line and
the free space. In other word part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or
receive electromagnetic waves.
These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view; the current
amplitude on such an antenna decreases uniformly from maximum at the center to zero at the ends.
The dipole antenna is simply two wires pointed in opposite directions arranged either horizontally or
vertically, with one end of each wire connected to the radio and the other end hanging free in space.
Since this is the simplest practical antenna, it is also used as reference model for other antennas; gain
with respect to a dipole is labeled as dBd. Generally, the dipoleis considered to be omnidirectional in the
plane perpendicular to the axis of the antenna, but ithas deep nulls in the directions of the axis.
Variations of the dipole include the folded dipole,the half wave antenna, the groundplane antenna, the
whip, and the J-pole.The transmission line is often known as a feed element. When the waves reach the
antenna, they oscillate along the length of the antenna and back. Each oscillation pushes
electromagnetic energy from the antenna, emitting the energy through free space as radiowaves.
Ideally, a half-wave (λ/2) dipole should be fed with a balanced line matching the theoretical 73ohm
impedance of the antenna. A folded dipole uses a 300 ohm balanced feeder line.
Advantages:
1. Dipole antenna receiving Balance signal. When device enable the two-pole receive signal from
variety of frequinces.
2. Dipole antennas biggest advantages it’s many design, there are the half-wave dipole, the folded
dipole and the half-wave folded dipole. The half-wave dipole, the folded dipole and the half-
wave the basic, television top dipole antenna, many other. Folded dipole antennas have ends
that turn back toward the center to help maximize the signal strength.
3. Increase in impedance.
4. Wide bandwidth.
Disadvantages:
1. If you're using a small, TV-top dipole antenna, you must try multiple combinations of pole
placements before finding the best reception position. Both poles typically rotate and extend,
making it a hassle to move one and then the other continuously while seeking maximum
reception. For outdoor antennas, there's the added hassle of having to climb on the roof or
stand in the elements while adjusting your antenna. Some outdoor dipole antennas have
forward directors that extend out from the main antenna at an angle, making adjustment that
much more complicated.
2. Although the indoor dipole antennas are usually small, the outdoor versions can be large and
difficult to manage. They often require more than one person to install, as the poles might be
tall and unwieldy. The size makes these outdoor versions difficult to transport, move and install
when necessary.
Directivity
Directivity is an important quality of an antenna. It describes how well an antennaconcentrates, or
bunches, radio waves in a given direction. A dipole transmits or receives most of its energy at right
angles to the lengths of metal, while little energy istransferred along them. If the dipole is mounted
vertically, as is common, it will radiatewaves away from the center of the antenna in all directions.
However, for a commercialradio or television station, a transmitting antenna is often designed to
concentrate theradiated energy in certain directions and suppress it in others. For instance,
severaldipoles can be used together if placed close to one another. Such an arrangement iscalled a
multiple-element antenna, which is also known as an array. By properlyarranging the separate
elements and by properly feeding signals to the elements, the broadcast waves can be more efficiently
concentrated toward an intended audience,without, for example, wasting broadcast signals over
uninhabited areas.The elements used in an array are usually all of the same type. Some arrays
havethe ability to move, or scan, the main beam in different directions. Such arrays areusually referred
to as scanning arrays.Arrays are usually electrically large and have better directivity than
singleelement antennas. Since their directivity is large, arrays can capture and deliver to thereceiver
a larger amount of power
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which it is effective,usually centered
around the resonant frequency. The bandwidth of an antenna may beincreased by 13 several
techniques, including using thicker wires, replacing wires withcages to simulate a thicker wire, tapering
antenna components (like in a feed horn), andcombining multiple antennas into a single assembly and
allowing the natural impedanceto select the correct antenna. Small antennas are usually preferred for
convenience, butthere is a fundamental limit relating bandwidth, size and efficiency.
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of power actually radiated to the power put into the antennaterminals. A dummy
load may have a SWR of 1:1 but an efficiency of 0, as it absorbsall power and radiates heat but not
RF energy, showing that SWR alone is not aneffective measure of an antenna's efficiency. Radiation
in an antenna is caused byradiation resistance which can only be measured as part of total resistance
includingloss resistance. Loss resistance usually results in heat generation rather than radiation,and
therefore, reduces efficiency.
Gain
In antenna design, gain is the logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of an antenna'sradiation pattern in
the direction of strongest radiation to that of a reference antenna. If the reference antenna is an
isotropic antenna, the gain is often expressed in units of dBi(decibels over isotropic). For example, a
dipole antenna has a gain of 2.14 dBi. Often,the dipole antenna is used as the reference (since a
perfect isotropic reference isimpossible to build), in which case the gain of the antenna in question is
measured indBd (decibels over dipole)
Radiation patterns
As you can see, the 8-Bay is a very directional antenna.If miss-aimed by 5° you can lose 1 dB of
signal.If the horizon is more than 5° above horizontal, you should tilt the antenna up to point at the
horizon
A Yagi also has some forward nulls that can be used as ghost killers. But a Yagi/Corner-Reflector acts
more like a corner reflector for most channels, and has no nulls.At channel 60 you can finally see the
Yagi pattern start to emerge
Yagi gain / beamwidth considerations
It is found that as the Yagi gain increases, so the beam-width decreases. Antennas with a
very high level of gain are very directive. Therefore high gain and narrow beam-width
sometimes have to be balanced to provide the optimum performance for a given application
Yagi-Uda antenna gain considerations
A number of features of the Yagi design affect the overall gain:
Number of elements in the Yagi: One of the main factors affecting the Yagi antenna gain,
is the number of elements in the design. Typically a reflector is the first element added in any
yagi design as this gives the most additional gain. Directors are then added.
Element spacing: The spacing can have an impact on the Yagi gain, although not as much
as the number of elements. Typically a wide-spaced beam, i.e. one with a wide spacing
between the elements gives more gain than one that is more compact. The most critical
element positions are the reflector and first director, as their spacing governs that of any other
elements that may be added.
Antenna length: When computing the optimal positions for the various elements it has been
shown that in a multi-element Yagi array, the gain is generally proportional to the length of the
array. There is certain amount of latitude in the element positions.
The gain of a Yagi antenna is governed mainly by the number of elements in the particular RF antenna.
However the spacing between the elements also has an effect. As the overall performance of the RF
antenna has so many inter-related variables, many early designs were not able to realise their full
performance. Today computer programmes are used to optimise RF antenna designs before they are
even manufactured and as a result the performance of antennas has been improved.