Steam

turbine
summary

What is the turbine?

What is the principle
of steam turbine?

Types of steam
 
turbine. Component
of steam turbine.

Problems in steam
turbine.
 What exactly is the turbine?

Turbine is an engine that

converts energy of fluid into
mechanical energy

The steam turbine is steam

driven rotary engine.
Principle of steam
turbine:
The steam energy is converted mechanical work
by expansion through the turbine.
Expansion takes place through a series of fixed
blades(nozzles) and moving blades.
In each row fixed blade and moving blade are
called stage.
Steam turbine:

Steam Turbine System:

Widely used in CHP(combined heat and power) applications.
Oldest prime mover technology
Capacities: 50 kW to hundreds of MWs
Thermodynamic cycle is the “Ra boiler

Most common types

•Back pressure steam turbine
•Extraction condensing steam turbine

5
Steam turbine:

Back Pressure Steam Turbine

Steam exits the turbine at a higher pressure that the
atmospheric
Condensate

HP Steam
LP

Process
Advantag
Boiler
Turbine
es:
-Simple
Steam
configurati
on -Low
Fuel
capital
cost
-Low need of cooling -Larger
water -High total efficiency Disadvantages: steam
turbine
pressure turbine
Figure: Back steam
6
Steam turbine:

Extraction Condensing Steam

Turbine
HP Steam

•Steam obtained by

extraction from an
Boiler
Turbine

intermediate stage
Fuel
•Remaining steam is
LP Steam

Condensate

exhausted
Process

•Relatively high
capital cost, lower Condenser total efficiency

Figure: Extraction condensing steam turbine

7
steam turbine and blades
Types of steam
turbine:
 turbine
There are two
Reaction
main types steam turbine
Impulse steam
Impulse steam
turbine:

The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that
a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes
against the rotor blades and impels them
forward.

The velocity of steam is twice as fast as the
velocity of blade.

Pressure drops take place in the fixed blade
(nozzle).
The single stage impulse turbine:

 If high velocity of
The turbine consists of steam is allowed to
a single rotor to which flow through one row
impulse blades are of moving blades.
attached.

 It produces a rotor
The steam is fed speed of about 30000
through one or several rpm which is too high
convergent nozzles. for practical use.
Velocity diagram:
Cross section view:
Component of impulse
steam turbine:
 valve
Main components
Oil befell, steam
are befell
Casing
governor
Rotor
Bearing(general and
Blades thrust bearing)
Stop and control Gear box(epicyclic
gear box) Oil pumps
Construction of steam turbines
1
–steam pipeline
9 –rotor disc
21
–bearing pedestal
2
–inlet control valve
10
–rotor
22
–safety governor
3
–nozzle chamber
11 –journal bearing
23
–main oil pump
4
–nozzle-box
13
–thrust bearing
24
–centrifugal governor
5
–outlet
14
–generator rotor
25
–turning gear
6
–stator
15
–coupling
29
–control stage impulse blading
7
–blade carrier
16
–labyrinth packing

8
–casing
19
–steam bleeding (extraction)
Reaction steam turbine:

A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of
steam that flows from a nozzle on the
rotor.

Actually, the steam is directed into the
moving blades by fixed blades designed
to expand the steam.

The result is a small increase in
velocity over that of the moving blades.
Schematic diagram:
Problems in steam turbine:

 imbalance of the
Stress corrosion rotor can lead to
carking vibration

Corrosion fatigue 
misalignment

Pitting 
Thermal fatigue

Oil lubrication
BLADE FAILURES:
 
Unknown 26% Stress-

Corrosion Cracking 22% High-

Cycle Fatigue 20% Corrosion-
Fatigue Cracking 7%

Temperature Creep Rupture 6%

Low-Cycle Fatigue 5%

Corrosion 4%

Other causes 10%
Corrosion:

Resultant damage:

Extensive pitting of
airfoils, shrouds, covers, blade root
surfaces.

Causes of failure:

Chemical attack from corrosive
elements in the steam provided to the
turbine.
Creep:

Resultant damage:

Airfoils, shrouds, covers permanently
deformed.

Causes of failure:

Deformed parts subjected to steam
temperatures in excess of design
limits.
Fatigue:

Resultant damage:

Cracks in
airfoils, shrouds, covers, blade roots.

Causes of failure:
Loosing of parts (cover, tie wire, etc.)
Exceeded part fatigue life design limit
Stress Corrosion Cracking:

Resultant damage:

Cracks in highly stressed areas of the
blading.

Causes of failure:

caused by the combined presence of
corrosive elements and high stresses
in highly loaded locations.
Thank
you