Modeing Crack in Abaqus PDF

Modeling Cracks
Lecture 2
L2.2
Overview
• Crack Modeling Overview

• Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions
• Modeling Sharp Cracks in Three Dimensions
• Finite-Strain Analysis of Crack Tips
• Limitations Of 3D Swept Meshing For Fracture
• Modeling Cracks with Keyword Options
Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Crack Modeling Overview
L2.4
• A crack can be modeled as either

• Sharp
• Small-strain analysis
• Singular behavior at the crack tip
• Requires special attention
• In Abaqus, a sharp crack is modeled
using seam geometry
• Blunted
• Finite-strain analysis
• Non-singular behavior at crack tip
• In Abaqus, a blunted crack is modeled
using open geometry
• For example, a notch

L2.5
• Mesh refinement
• Crack tips cause stress concentrations.
• Stress and strain gradients are large as a crack tip is approached.
• The finite element mesh must be refined in the vicinity of the crack
tip to get accurate stresses and strains.
• The J-integral is an energy measure; for LEFM, accurate J values can
generally be obtained with surprisingly coarse meshes, even though the
local stress and strain fields are not very accurate.
• For plasticity or rubber elasticity, the crack-tip region has to be
modeled carefully to give accurate results.

L2.6
• The crack-tip singularity in small-strain analysis

• For mesh convergence in a small-strain analysis, the singularity at the
crack tip must be considered.
• J values are more accurate if some singularity is included in the
mesh at the crack tip than if no singularity is included.
• The stress and strain fields local to the crack tip will be modeled
more accurately if singularities are considered.
• In small-strain analysis, the strain singularity is:
• Linear elasticity   r -½
• Perfect plasticity   r -1
• Power-law hardening   r -n/(n+1)

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two
Dimensions
L2.8
Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions
• In two dimensions…
• The crack is modeled as an internal edge
partition embedded (partially or wholly) inside
a face.
• This is called a seam crack
• The edge along the seam will have
duplicate nodes such that the elements
on the opposite sides of the edge will not
share nodes.
• Typically, the entire 2D part is filled with a
quad or quad-dominated mesh.
• At the crack tip, a ring of triangles are
inserted along with concentric layers of
structured quads.
• All triangles in the contour domains must
be represented as degenerated quads.

L2.9
• Example: Slanted crack in a plate

• In Abaqus/CAE a seam is defined by
through the Crack option underneath the
Special menu of the Interaction module.
• The seam will generate duplicate
nodes along the edge.
Seam
Create face partition to represent

the seam; assign a seam to the
partition.

L2.10
• To define the crack, you must specify

• Crack front and the crack-tip
• Normal to the crack plane or the
direction of crack advance
• The crack advance direction is
called the q vector.
Crack tip
same as The crack extension direction (q vector)
crack defines the direction in which the crack
Select the vertex at either front in would extend if it were growing.
end as the crack front. this case
(Repeat for the other end.) It is used for contour integral
calculations.

L2.11
• Other options for defining the crack front and crack tip
Crack front for a

geometric instance
Crack tip for an

orphan mesh
Crack front may be:

Vertex/Node
Edges/Element edges Crack tip may be:
Faces/Elements Vertex/Node
Geometric Orphan Geometric Orphan

Instances Mesh Instances Mesh

L2.12
• Example: crack on a symmetry plane

• If the crack is on a symmetry plane, you
do not need to define a seam.
• This feature can be used only for
Mode I fracture.
Crack normal
Crack tip

L2.13
• Modeling the crack-tip singularity with second-order quad elements

• To capture the singularity in an 8-node isoparametric element:
• Collapse one side (e.g., the side made up by nodes a, b, and c) so
that all three nodes have the same geometric location at the crack
tip.
• Move the midside nodes on the sides connected to the crack tip to
the ¼ point nearest the crack tip.

L2.14
• If nodes a, b, and c are free to move independently, then

A B
  as r  0
r r
everywhere in the collapsed element.
• If nodes a, b, and c are constrained to move together, A = 0:
• The strains and stresses are square-root singular (suitable for
linear elasticity).
• If nodes a, b, and c are free to move independently and the midside
nodes remain at the midsides, B = 0 :
• The singularity in strain is correct for the perfectly plastic case.
• For materials in between linear elastic and perfectly plastic (most metals),
it is better to have a stronger singularity than necessary.
• The numerics will force the coefficient of this singularity to be small.

L2.15
• Usage:
Quarter-point midside
The crack tip nodes are nodes on the sides
independent: r -1 singularity connected to the crack tip
3 The crack tip nodes are
constrained: r -½ singularity
4 2
1, 2
1,2,3,4
3 1
1,1,2,3

L2.16
• Aside: Controlling the position of midside nodes for orphan meshes

• Singularity controls cannot be applied to orphan meshes.
• Use the Mesh Edit tools to adjust their position.

L2.17
• If the side of the element is not collapsed but the midside nodes on the
sides of the element connected to the crack tip are moved to the ¼
point:
• The strain is square root singular along the element edges but not in
the interior of the element.
• This is better than no singularity but not as good as the collapsed
element.
nodes moved to ¼ points

L2.18
• Angular resolution
• We need enough elements to resolve the angular dependence of the
strain field around the crack tip.
• Reasonable results are obtained for LEFM if typical elements
around the crack tip subtend angles in the range of 10 (accurate) to
22.5 (moderately accurate).
• Nonlinear material response usually requires finer meshes.

L2.19
• Modeling the crack-tip singularity with first-order quad elements

• Collapsing the side of a first-order quadrilateral element with
independent nodes on the collapsed side gives
A
  as r  0.
r

L2.20
• Example: Slanted crack in a plate

• To enable the creation of degenerate quads, you must create swept
meshable regions around the crack tips (using partitions) and specify a
quad-dominated mesh.
24 elements around
crack tip: 15 angles
Quarter-
point
nodes
CPE8R elements; typical nodal

connectivity shows repeated node
at crack tip:
Quad-dominated mesh + swept 8, 8, 583, 588, 8, 1969, 1799, 1970
technique for the circular regions Quadratic element type
surrounding the crack tips assigned to part All crack-tip elements repeat node 8 in
this example (nodes are constrained).

L2.21
• Example (cont’d):
Alternate meshes
• No degeneracy:
With swept meshable region: With arbitrary mesh,

CPE6M elements at crack tip — singularity only along edges
cannot be used for fracture connected to crack tip.
studies in Abaqus.
• Degenerate with
duplicate nodes:
CPE8R elements at crack tip but no
repeated nodes:
1993, 1992, 583, 588, 2016, ...
Coincident nodes
located at crack tip

L2.22
• Example (cont’d): Deformed shape
Arbitrary mesh;
Focused mesh; deformation
deformation scale
scale factor = 100
factor = 100

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Three
Dimensions
L2.24
Modeling Sharp Cracks in Three Dimensions
• In three dimensions…
• The seam crack is modeled as a
face partition that is either partially
or totally embedded into a solid
body.
• This can be done by
partitioning or using a cut
(Boolean) operation. Penny-shaped seam
Quarter model
crack: Full model
• The face along the seam will have
duplicate nodes such that the
elements on the opposite sides of
the face will not share nodes.
• Wedge elements must be created
along the crack front.
• Generally, this will require
partitioning. Wedge elements Meshed model

L2.25
• Options for defining the crack front and crack line
Crack front for a

geometric instance Crack line for an
orphan mesh
Crack front may be:

Edges/Element edges Crack line may be:
Faces/Element faces Edges/Element edges
Cells/Elements
Geometric Orphan
Geometric Orphan Instances Mesh
Instances Mesh

L2.26
• Specifying the crack growth direction in three dimensions

• In 3D you can specify either the
• normal to the crack plane (only when the crack is planar)
or the
• virtual crack extension direction (the q vector).
• Only a single q vector can be defined for geometric instances.
• The implications of this will be discussed shortly.

L2.27
• Modeling the crack-tip singularity in three dimensions

• 20-node and 27-node bricks can be used with a collapsed face to create
singular fields.
C3D20(RH) midplane
edge plane
2 nodes collapsed to
the same location
crack line
midside nodes
moved to ¼ points
the same location

L2.28
• On an edge plane (orthogonal to the

crack line):
Double-edge notch specimen

(symmetry model)
A
 as r  0 A B
r   as r  0 B
r r  as r  0
r
Crack line
Edge plane nodes Edge plane nodes

displace independently displace together

L2.29
• On a midplane for 20-node bricks:

• If the two nodes on the collapsed face at the midplane can displace
independently,   r -1 at the midplane (i.e., element interior).
• If on each plane there is only one node along the crack line, no
singularity is represented within the element.
• In either case the interpolation is not the same on the midplane as
on an edge plane.
• This generally causes local oscillations in the J-integral values
along the crack line.

L2.30
• On a midplane for 27-node bricks with all the extra nodes on the
element faces:
midplane
C3D27(RH)
edge plane
same location
centroid
crack line
3 nodes collapsed to same

location

L2.31
• If all midface nodes and the centroid node are included and moved with
the midside nodes to the ¼ points, the singularity can be made the same
on the edge planes and midplane.
• Abaqus does not allow the centroid node to be moved from the
geometric centroid of the element.
• Therefore, the behavior at the midplane will never be the same as at
the edge planes.
• This usually causes some small oscillation of the crack fields along
the crack line.
• The midface node marked “A” is frequently omitted.
• This creates differences in interpolation between the midplane and
the edge planes and, hence, causes further oscillation in the crack-
tip fields.
• These oscillations are minor in most cases.

L2.32
• Example: Conical crack in a half-

space
• A conical crack in an infinite half-
space is considered.
• Only the aspects related to the
geometric modeling are
considered here.
• The results of this analysis
(J-integral values, etc) will
be considered in the next
lecture.
• The modeling procedure is
outlined next.

L2.33
1 Example (cont’d): Create the basic geometry
• Because of symmetry, only a quarter model is created
a = 15
r = 10
q = 45º
Large solid block (300 × 300 × 300)

used to represent the half-space. Conical shell of revolution (revolved 90º);
this will be used to cut the block.

L2.34
2 Example (cont’d): Merge the block and cone
• This will create the edges and surface

necessary to define the seam and the crack.
Instance and merge the

two parts to create a
new part. The instance
must be independent.

L2.35
3 Example (cont’d): Define the seam and the crack front/line
Only one q vector can be defined

for geometry. The q vectors will
be adjusted at the end of the
modeling process by editing an
orphan mesh.

L2.36
4 Example (cont’d): Partition the block for meshing
The regions surrounding the

crack front are partitioned to
permit structured meshing.
A small curved tube is centered

at the crack tip; this region is
meshed with a single layer of
wedge elements. This mesh is
swept along the length of the
tube.

L2.37
• Aside: Why is the small curved tube needed?
The swept meshing technique sweeps a

mesh through a cross section.
For the curved tube, this implies the
sweep direction is along its length. In
order for Abaqus to automatically create
a focused mesh at the crack tip,
however, it would need to sweep around
the circumference.
To overcome this, two concentric tubes
are used; the smaller one is meshed
with a single layer of wedge elements
(which is then swept along the length of
the tube).
If only a single curved tube was created
(shown at right), the mesh around the
crack tip would be arbitrary—not
focused (wedge elements not created).

L2.38
• Aside: What about the seam?

• After all the partitions are created for meshing purposes, the definition of
the seam remains intact.
Mesh seam

L2.39
5 Example (cont’d): Mesh the part
• Specify appropriate edge seeds to create

a focused mesh around the crack front
with minimal mesh distortion.

L2.40
6 Example (cont’d): Adjust the q vectors

• As noted earlier, only a single q vector
can be defined for geometry. As seen in
the figure, the vector that was defined is
only accurate at the left end of the crack
line.
• Individual q vectors can be defined on To take advantage of the input file
approach, define a set that
an orphan mesh, however. Thus, contains the conical region before
either… writing the input file. Then you will
be able to easily create a display
• Create a mesh part (Mesh module) group based on this set when
manipulating the orphan mesh.
or
• Write an input file and import the
model
• This approach has the
advantage that it preserves
attributes (sets, loads, etc).
L2.41
• For the orphan mesh, adjust each

vector individually
To redefine
this particular
vector, select
these nodes
as the start
and end points
of the vector.

L2.42
• For all elements, the singularities are modeled best if the element edges
are straight.
• In three dimensions the planes of the element perpendicular to the crack
line should be flat.
• If they are not, when the midside nodes are moved to the ¼ points,
the Jacobian of the element at some integration points may be
negative.
• One way to correct this is to move the midside nodes slightly away
from the ¼ points toward the midpoint.

L2.43
• Example: Conical crack model

Finite-Strain Analysis of Crack Tips
L2.45
• Finite-strain analyses:
• Singular elements should not be used (normally).
• The mesh must be sufficiently refined to model the very high strain
gradients around the crack tip if details in this region are required.
• Even if only the J-integral is required, the deformation around the
crack tip may dominate the solution and the crack-tip region will
have to be modeled with sufficient detail to avoid numerical
problems.

L2.46
• Physically, the crack tip is not perfectly sharp, and such modeling makes it
difficult to obtain results.
• Instead, we model the tip as a blunted notch, with a suggested radius
 10-3rp.
• Here, rp is the size of the plastic zone (discussed in Lecture 1).
• The notch must be small enough that under the applied loads, the
deformed shape of the notch no longer depends on the original
geometry.
• Typically, the notch must blunt out to more than four times its
original radius for this to be true.

L2.47
• Geometric modeling of blunt cracks

• In 2D, the geometry of a blunted (or
open) crack is modeled as a cut
having a significant thickness.
• Meshing is done in the usual way.
• A very fine mesh is required at
the crack tip.
• This can be achieved by simply
assigning small element sizes to
the notch.

L2.48
• 3D open cracks can be created in

Abaqus/CAE in one of two ways:
• Adding a Cut feature in the Penny shaped open
Part module. crack: Full model
• Subtracting a flaw from the
original part with a Boolean
operation in the Assembly
module.
• Hex meshing more difficult
Quarter model Meshed model
due to irregular geometry.
• Creating a fine mesh at the
crack front generally requires
many partitions.
Partitions to control mesh Refined mesh

L2.49
• The size of the elements around the notch must be about 1/10 th the
notch-tip radius. Biased edge seeds can
reduce the size of the mesh
by focusing small elements
towards the crack tip.
SEN specimen
crack-tip mesh
rnotch
10% of rnotch

L2.50
• For J-integral evaluation, the region on the surface of the blunted notch
should be used to define the crack front.
Crack tip
region
q vector
Crack surface
The blunted notch
is detected
surface is the crack
automatically Symmetry plane
front region
• For the J- and Ct-integrals to be path independent, the crack surfaces
must be parallel to one another (or parallel to the symmetry plane).
• If this is not the case, Abaqus automatically generates normals on
the crack surface.
• If the notch radius shrinks to zero, all nodes that would be at the crack
tip should be included in the crack-tip node set.

L2.51
• If the mesh is so coarse that the integration points nearest the crack tip
are far from the tip, most of the details (accurate stresses and strains) of
the finite-strain region around the crack tip will be lost.
• However, accurate J values may still be obtained if cracks are
modeled as sharp.

L2.52
• Example: SEN specimen
Deformed shape
Moderate blunting
Undeformed
shape
Severe blunting
Deformed vs Undeformed Shapes Contours of PEEQ

L2.53
• In situations involving finite rotations but small strains, such as the

bending of slender structures, a small keyhole around the crack tip
should be modeled.
crack-front
region
• The region defining the crack front for the contour integral consists
of the region on the keyhole.
• The elements should not be singular.

Limitations Of 3D Swept Meshing For
Fracture
L2.55
Limitations Of 3D Swept Meshing For Fracture
• For curved regions cannot generate wedges at the center using a hex-
dominated approach and then sweep along the length of the region.
• This was discussed earlier in the context of the conical crack problem.
• To create a focused mesh in this case, embed a small tube within a
larger concentric tube. Mesh the smaller tube with a single layer of
wedge elements; the surrounding regions are meshed with hex
elements.
Sweep direction

L2.56
• Partition for a penny-shaped crack

• Illustrates the limitation that the path for the partition must be
perpendicular to its bounding surfaces; thus, cannot properly partition
along the arc of a circle as shown in this example:
Tangent direction of arc
arc (not a semi-circle as

in previous example)
Cross-sectional
view of block
Partition by sweeping
circular edge along arc

L2.57
• The workaround is to partition the face with circular arcs, and then
partition the cell using the n-sided patch technique.
Face partition n-sided patch
Note that the cross-sectional area of the swept

region is not constant along its length because
the tangents at the ends are not perpendicular Resulting mesh around
to the block (generalized sweep meshing) the crack front using
wedge elements

Modeling Cracks with Keyword
Options
L2.59
Modeling Cracks with Keyword Options
• Defining a crack with keyword options:

• The *CONTOUR INTEGRAL option is used to define both, the crack
itself and the fracture output, in an Abaqus input ( .inp) file.
• In this section, we focus solely on the crack-specific parameters of this
option.
• These include:
*CONTOUR INTEGRAL, SYMM, NORMAL
• In the next lecture, we discuss the output-specific parameters of this
option.
• As noted earlier, the main requirements in defining a crack are:
• Defining the crack front
• Defining the crack extension direction

L2.60
• Crack symmetry
*CONTOUR INTEGRAL, SYMM
• The crack lies on a plane of
symmetry and only half the
structure is being modeled
• This feature should only be
used for Mode I problems.

L2.61
• Crack extension
*CONTOUR INTEGRAL, NORMAL
• The NORMAL parameter is used to
define the normal to the crack plane
when the crack is planar.
• Usage:
*contour integral, normal
nx, ny, nz
nodeSet1, nodeSet2, ...
These sets define the crack front;
• In this case, give a list of the node the first node in each set defines
set names defining the crack front the crack tip node for that set.
from one end to the other end, in (An optional CRACK TIP NODES
sequential order, without missing parameter is available to specify
any points on the crack line. the crack tip nodes directly).
• In two-dimensional cases,
only one node set is needed.

L2.62
• Example: Penny-shaped crack in an infinite space

*Contour integral, symm, normal, ...
0.0, 1.0, 0.0
Crack-Front-1, Crack-Front-2, Crack-Front-3, ...
Crack-Front-1

L2.63
• If the NORMAL parameter is omitted, we must give the crack-tip node

set name, and the crack propagation direction q, at each node set
defining the crack front.
• Usage:
*contour integral, ...
nodeSet1, (qx)1, (qy)1, (qz)1
nodeSet2, (qx)2, (qy)2, (qz)2
:
• Data must start with the node set at one end and be given for each
node set defining the crack line sequentially until the other end of
the crack is reached.
• The first node in each set is the crack tip node for that set
unless the CRACK TIP NODES parameter is used.
• This format allows nonplanar cracks to be analyzed.

L2.64
• Example: conical crack in an infinite

half-space
*Contour integral, ...

Crack-Front-1, 0.707107, -0.707107, 0.
Crack-Front-2, 0.705994, -0.707107, 0.0396478
Crack-Front-3, 0.702661, -0.707107, 0.0791708
Crack-Front-1

L2.65
• Generating a focused mesh with keyword options

• Example: DEN specimen
• The focused mesh shown in the figure will be generated with the
use of keyword options.
• The options include
*NODE
*NGEN
*NFILL
*ELEMENT
*ELGEN

L2.66
• Node definitions
*node 12101 8101 4101
1, 0.0125, 0.0000
16001, 0.0125, 0.0000
101, 0.0250, 0.0000
4101, 0.0250, 0.0125
14101 2101
12101, 0.0000, 0.0125
16101, 0.0000, 0.0000
*ngen, nset=tip
1, 16001, 1000
*ngen, nset=outer 16101 101
101, 4101, 1000 tip
4101, 12101, 1000
12101, 16101, 1000 *NGEN generates nodes
incrementally between any two
previously defined nodes.
Start Increment in In this example, 17 crack-tip nodes
End node
node node number are created (contained in the set tip);
the 17 nodes on the outer boundary
are contained in set outer.

L2.67

This parameter generates quarter-
• Quarter-point nodes point nodes; the 1 indicates the first
*nfill, singular=1 bound represents the crack tip
tip, outer, 10, 10
Start set: End set: Node

first bound second bound number
8021
increment
4021
Number of
intervals between 2021
bounding nodes 4011 1021
11 21 31
*NFILL generate nodes for a region of a
mesh by filling in nodes between two
bounds.
In this example, 10 rows of nodes are
generated between each tip node and its
corresponding outer node.

L2.68
• Element definitions
*element, type=cps8r
1, 1, 21, 2021, 2001, 11, 1021, 2011, 1001
*elgen, elset=plate
1, 5, 20, 10, 8, 2000, 1000
First row of Nodes 1, 1001,
Total number of and 2001 are
elements rows coincident
1
2021
1021
*ELGEN generates elements
incrementally.
In this example, 5 elements form the
21 first row (extending radially outward
11 from the tip); a total of 8 rows of
elements (based on the first row) are
created around the crack tip.
1

L2.69
• Crack-tip nodes
• If the crack-tip nodes are permitted to behave independently, the
strength of the strain-field singularity is   r -1.
• The crack-tip nodes can be constrained using equations, multi-point
constraints, using repeated nodes in the element definition, etc. For
example, to constrain the crack-tip nodes with a multi-point
constraint:
*nset, nset=constrain, generate
1, 15001, 1000
*mpc
tie, constrain, 16001
• Only node 16001 is independent in this case.
• The strain-field singularity is   r -½.

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Modeling Cracks

• Crack Modeling Overview

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Crack Modeling Overview

• A crack can be modeled as either

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Crack Modeling Overview

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Crack Modeling Overview

• The crack-tip singularity in small-strain analysis

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Example: Slanted crack in a plate

Create face partition to represent

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• To define the crack, you must specify

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

Crack front for a

Crack tip for an

Crack front may be:

Geometric Orphan Geometric Orphan

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Example: crack on a symmetry plane

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Modeling the crack-tip singularity with second-order quad elements

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• If nodes a, b, and c are free to move independently, then

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Aside: Controlling the position of midside nodes for orphan meshes

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

nodes moved to ¼ points

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Nonlinear material response usually requires finer meshes.

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Modeling the crack-tip singularity with first-order quad elements

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Example: Slanted crack in a plate

CPE8R elements; typical nodal

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

With swept meshable region: With arbitrary mesh,

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Two Dimensions

• Example (cont’d): Deformed shape

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Three Dimensions

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Sharp Cracks in Three Dimensions

• Options for defining the crack front and crack line