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Process Costing
(Horngren et al, Ch.17)
Learning objectives
1. Identify the situation in which process‐costing
systems are appropriate
2. Understand the basic concepts of process‐
costing and compute average unit costs
3. Describe the five steps in process costing and
calculate equivalent units
4. Use the weighted‐average method and first‐in,
first‐out (FIFO) method of process costing
5. Apply process‐costing methods to situations
with transferred‐in costs
17-2
The case of ExxonMobil
Different process costing methods can critically
affect the company’s income:
• The company’s net income would have been
$4.3 billion lower if using FIFO (First‐in, First‐
out) rather than LIFO (Last‐in, First‐out).
• International Financial Report Standards
(IFRS) do not permit the use of LIFO.
17-3
1. Job versus Process Costing
17-4
Processing Departments
Any unit in an organization where materials, labor or
overhead are added to the product.
The activities performed in a processing
department are performed uniformly on all
units of production. Furthermore, the output of
a processing department must be
homogeneous.
The extent of averaging in
process costing and job costing
• Process costing is a system where the unit cost of a
product or service is obtained by assigning total costs
to many identical or similar units of output.
• Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs
incurred by the number of units of output from the
production process.
• Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of
direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and
manufacturing overhead.
17-6
The extent of averaging in process
costing and job costing
• In a job‐costing system, individual jobs use
different quantities of resources, so it would
be incorrect to cost each job at the same
average production cost.
• In contrast, when identical or similar units of
products or services are mass‐produced,
process costing is used to calculate an
average production cost for all units
produced.
17-7
2. Process‐Costing concepts and
average unit costs
• Process‐costing systems separate costs into
cost categories according to when costs are
introduced into the process.
• 1. Direct materials are usually added at the
beginning of the production process, or at the
start of work in a subsequent department
down the assembly line.
• 2. Conversion costs are generally added
equally along the production process.
17-8
Model SG‐40 in Pacific Electronics
• Two departments: assembly department and
testing department
• All units of SG‐40 are identical
• Two cost categories (pp. 686‐687): direct
materials (DM) and conversion cost (CC).
17-9
Process‐costing: three cases (p.
688)
Let’s look at the process‐costing process three
ways:
1. No beginning or ending WIP (averaging costs)
2. No beginning WIP and some ending WIP
(equivalent units)
3. Both beginning and ending WIP are present
(difference between weighted‐average and
FIFO).
17-10
Process costing – case 1
• When using process costing without any
beginning or ending WIP, all costs that were
introduced to the process during the period
will be assigned to the finished units leaving
WIP inventory at the end of the period.
• On January 1, 2015 (pp. 688‐689): physical
units and average cost per unit
17-11
3. Five‐Step Process‐Costing and
Equivalent Units
Case 2 (p. 689):
• February, 2014
• No beginning WIP inventory
• 400 physical units started, only 175 units transferred out
• Of the 225 physical units remaining in the ending WIP inventory,
they are 100% completed with respect to direct materials, and 60%
w.r.t. conversion costs
• Total DM cost = $32,000; total CC = $18,000; total costs = $50,600
17-12
Five‐Step Process‐Costing
1. Summarize the flow of physical units of
output.
2. Compute output in terms of equivalent
units. (pp. 691)
3. Summarize total costs to account for.
4. Compute cost per equivalent unit.
5. Assign total costs to units completed and to
units in ending work‐in‐process. (p.692)
17-13
Equivalent Units (Exhibit 17‐1)
A derived amount of output units that:
1. Takes the quantity of each input in units completed
and in unfinished units of work in process and
2. Converts the quantity of input into the amount of
completed output units that could be produced with
that quantity of input.
Are calculated separately for each input. (direct
materials and conversion cost)
When calculating equivalent units in step 2,
focus on quantities and disregard dollar
amounts until after the equivalent units are
computed.
17-14
Steps 1 and 2 example, case 2 (no
Beg WIP, some ending WIP)
17-15
Steps 3, 4, and 5, example, case 2
(no beg wip, some ending wip)
17-16
General Ledger Cost Flows Illustrated
17-17
Problem solving
17‐18
17-18
4. Weighted‐Average and FIFO
Process‐Costing Methods
• Process costing can be accomplished using the
weighted‐average method or the FIFO
method. We’ll look first at weighted‐average.
• Calculates cost per equivalent unit of all work
done to date. (regardless of the accounting
period in which it was done)
• Assigns this cost to equivalent units
completed and transferred out of the process,
and to equivalent units in ending work‐in‐
process inventory. 17-19
Weighted‐Average
Process‐Costing Method
• The Weighted‐average cost is the total of all costs
entering the work‐in‐process account divided by
the total equivalent units of work done to date.
• The beginning balance of the work‐in‐process
account (work done in a prior period) is blended
in with current period’s costs.
• Let’s look at Case 3 (with both beginning and
ending work‐in‐process inventory using the
Weighted Average method.)
17-20
Case 3: some beginning WIP and
some ending WIP (p.694)
• At the beginning of March 2014, 225 partially
completed SG‐40 units in the beginning WIP
(TC = $26,100, DM cost = $18,000, CC =
$8,100)
• The production of 275 units started during
March; 100 units remain in the ending WIP.
• Cost information in the Table in p.694
17-21
Steps 1 and 2 example, case 3,
with beg & ending wip
17-22
Steps 3, 4, and 5, example, case 3,
with beg & ending wip
17-23
Problem Solving
17‐24
17-24
First‐in, First‐Out
Process‐Costing Method
• A distinctive feature of FIFO process‐costing
method is that work done on beginning
inventory is kept separate from work done in
the current period.
• There is no blending of costs as we saw with
the weighted‐average method.
17-25
Same case 3: some beginning WIP
and some ending WIP (p.694)
• At the beginning of March 2014, 225 partially
completed SG‐40 units in the beginning WIP (TC =
$26,100, DM cost = $18,000, CC = $8,100)
• The production of 275 units started during
March; 100 units remain in the ending WIP; 400
units transferred out in the end of March.
• Cost information in the Table in p.694
17-26
Steps 1 and 2, example, case 3,
with beg & ending wip (FIFO)
17-27
First‐in, First‐Out (FIFO)
Process‐Costing Method
The idea: Need assign the cost of the previous
accounting period’s equivalent units in beginning WIP
inventory to the first units completed and transferred
out of the process.
Steps: Assign the cost of equivalent units worked on
during the current period: (1) first to complete the WIP
units in beginning inventory, (2) next to units started
and completed, and (3) finally to units in ending work‐
in‐process inventory.
17-28
Steps 3, 4, and 5, example, case 3,
with beg & ending wip (FIFO)
17-29
Comparing weighted‐average and
fifo methods
FIFO assumes that all the higher‐cost units (from
our example) from the previous period in
beginning wip are the first to be completed and
transferred out and that ending wip consists of
only the lower‐cost current‐period units.
The weighted‐average method smooths out the
cost per equivalent unit by assuming that more
lower‐cost units are transferred out and some
higher‐cost remain in ending wip.
17-30
Comparing weighted‐average and
fifo methods, concluded
• Managers use information from process‐costing
systems to make pricing and product‐mix
decisions and understand how well a firm’s
processes are performing.
• FIFO provides managers with information about
changes in the costs per unit from one period to
the next.
• In a period of rising prices, the weighted‐average
method will decrease taxes because cost of goods
sold will be higher and operating income lower.
17-31
Problem solving
• 17‐25
17-32
5. Transferred‐In Costs
• Are costs incurred in previous departments that are carried
forward as the product’s cost when it moves to a
subsequent process in the production cycle.
• Are also called previous department costs.
• Journal entries are made to mirror the progress in
production from department to department.
• Transferred‐in costs are treated as if they are a separate
type of direct material added at the beginning of the
process.
17-33
Process Cost Flows
(in T‐account form)
Work in Process Work in Process
Department A Department B
•Direct Transferred •Direct
Materials to Dept. B Materials
•Direct •Direct
Labor Labor
•Applied •Applied
Overhead Overhead
•Transferred
from Dept. A
Process Cost Flows
(in T‐account form)
Work in Process
Department B Finished Goods
•Direct •Cost of •Cost of
Materials Goods Goods
•Direct Manufactured Manufactured
Labor
•Applied
Overhead
•Transferred
from Dept. A
Process Cost Flows
(in journal entry form)
Work in Process
Department B Finished Goods
•Direct •Cost of •Cost of •Cost of
Materials Goods Goods Goods
•Direct Manufactured Manufactured Sold
Labor
•Applied
Overhead
•Transferred
from Dept. A Cost of Goods Sold
•Cost of
Goods
Sold
Transferred‐In Costs
The testing department in Pacific Electronics:
• SG‐40 units (completed as far as assembly) are
transferred into the testing department for further
work
• SG‐40 units completed as far as testing will be
transferred to Finished Goods Inventory.
• Table p. 703 for cost information
17-37
Steps 1 and 2, example for
beginning and ending wip and
transferred‐in costs, weighted
average
17-38
Steps 3, 4, and 5, example for beg &
ending wip and transferred‐in costs,
weighted average
17-39
Steps 1 and 2, example for beg &
ending wip and transferred‐in costs, fifo
17-40
Steps 3, 4, and 5, example for beg &
ending wip and transferred‐in costs,
fifo
17-41
Additional Problems
17‐26, 17‐27, 17‐38, 17‐39