Technical Specification

ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN
MINISTRY OF WORKS & HUMAN SETTLEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ROADS, BRIDGE DIVISION
CONSTRUCTION OF SOKPORONGCHU BRIDGE ON GYALPOSHING –

NGANGLAM ROAD
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION & Performance Requirements

DATE April 2013
Bridge Division, DoR,
Prepared by
Thimphu
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
1. This Specification should be read in conjunction with the other documents which are The
Tender, the Conditions of Contract and, The Drawings.
3. This specification is split into Sections 1 to 7, which are identified on the following
pages. Each section is separated into specific sub sections with work descriptions,
specifications of materials, construction methods, methods of measurement and items for
payment.
4. This Technical Specification is an integral part of the contract and the Contractor is
required to comply fully with all aspects of this Specification.
5. The Contractor is responsible for ensuring that the necessary tests and measurements are
carried out in order to ensure that the work complies with the Specifications. The
Contractor shall give a minimum of 24 hours notice in writing to the Engineer for each
item of work to be covered or buried. The contractor should make due allowance in his
program of work for all necessary testing of the works in accordance with these
Specifications. Any work not undertaken in accordance with these conditions may be
rejected by the Engineer.
6. The term “Engineer” used in this specification and other sections of this tender document
shall mean a person with degree or diploma in engineering from any recognized Institute
or University of Engineering who shall supervise and be in charge of the work, and act on
behalf of the Employer/Client.
BRIDGE DIVISION Page 1

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
CONTENTS:
ABBREVIATIONS
SECTION 1 GENERAL AND SITE FACILITIES
SECTION 2 EARTH WORK
SECTION 3 STRUCTURES
SECTION 4 MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION 5 DAY WORKS
SECTION 6 PARTICULAR SPECIFICATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS
AASHTO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS
ACV AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
ASTM AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS
BS BRITISH STANDARD
CBR CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
DOR DEPARTMENT OF ROADS
HWL HIGH WATER LEVEL
IS INDIAN STANDARD
LWL LOW WATER LEVEL
MLSS MEMBERS OF LOWER SERVICE STAFF
MSL MEAN SEA LEVEL
PVC POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
ROW RIGHT OF WAY
TS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
BoQ BILL OF QUANTITY

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 GENERAL AND SITE FACILITIES 11
1.1 GENERAL 12

1.1.1 Scope of Work 12
1.1.2 Site Acquaintance 12
1.1.3 Specifications 12
1.1.4 Reference to Bureau of Indian Standards Codes & Other Codes 12
1.1.5 Dimensions & Levels 12
1.1.6 Notice of operation 12
1.1.7 Work program 12
1.1.8 Time Schedule 13
1.1.9 Drawings 13
1.1.10 Sub-Contracting 13
1.1.11 Compliance 13
1.1.12 Supply of Materials 13
1.1.13 Ordering Materials 14
1.1.14 Material Quality 14
1.1.15 Equipment & Facilities 14
1.1.16 Work Site Register (Site Order Book) 14
1.1.17 Area for the Contractor 14
1.1.18 Unit of measurement 15
1.2 SITE INSTALLATION 15
1.2.1 Field Office for the Engineer and his Staff 15
1.2.2 Sign Boards 15
1.2.3 Survey Equipment 16
1.2.3.1 Total Station 16
1.3 TESTING OF MATERIALS 18
1.3.1 Contractor’s Site Laboratory 18
1.3.2 Materials Testing by Independent Laboratories 18
1.3.3 Special and Additional Testing 19
1.3.4 Staff for Materials Testing 19
1.3.5 Sampling and Testing 19
1.4 GENERAL CONTRACTOR’S OBLIGATIONS 19
1.4.1 Safety measures and penalties 19
1.4.2 Site Establishment, Maintenance and Demobilization 20
1.4.2.1 Site Establishment 20
Labor Camps 20
Waste Management 21

Material Storage 21

Temporary Drainage System 21
Site Water Supply and Electricity 21
Communication Facilities 21
1.4.2.2 Maintenance and demobilization 22
1.4.2.3 Protection of the Environment 22
1.4.3 As-Built Drawings 22
1.4.4 Measurement and Payment 22
1.4.5 Pay items shall be: 23
2.0 EARTH WORK 23
2.1 CLEARING AND GRUBBING 24

2.1.1 General 24
2.1.2 Clearing jungle 24
2.1.2.1 Measurements 25
2.1.2.2 Rates 25
2.1.3 Felling of Trees 25
2.1.3.2 Rate 25
2.1.4 Pay Items 26
2.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES 26
2.2.1 General 26
All kinds of soil 26
All kinds of rocks 27
2.2.1.1 Setting out 27
2.2.1.2 Stripping and storing topsoil 27
2.2.2 Excavation 27
2.2.2.1 Methods, tools and equipment 28
2.2.2.2 Rocks excavation: 28
2.2.2.3 Blasting 29
2.2.2.4 Disposal of Excavated Material 29
2.2.2.5 Cofferdams 29
2.2.2.6 Pumping and Bailing 30
2.2.3 Filling 30
2.2.3.1 Foundation Fill Material 30
2.2.3.2 Backfill Material 31
2.2.3.3 Backfilling 31
2.2.4 Measurements 32
2.2.5 Payment 33
2.2.6 Pay Items 33
3.0 STRUCTURES 34
3.1 CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES 35

3.1.1 Standards 35

3.1.2 Description 35

3.1.3 Materials 35
3.1.3.1 Specifications for Materials 35
3.1.3.2 Testing of Materials 38
3.1.3.3 Composition of Concrete 40
3.1.3.4 Control of Concrete Quality 43
3.1.4 Construction Methods 46
3.1.4.1 General 46
3.1.4.2 Care and Storage of Concrete Materials 46
3.1.4.3 Preparations before Casting 47
3.1.4.4 Measuring Materials 47
3.1.4.5 Mixing Concrete 47
3.1.4.6 Handling and Placing Concrete 50
3.1.4.7 Perforations and Embedment of Special Devices 54
3.1.4.8 Finishing Concrete Surfaces 54
3.1.4.9 Construction Joints 55
3.1.4.10 Curing Concrete 56
3.1.4.11 Removal of Scaffolding and Formwork 56
3.1.4.12 Repair of Concrete 57
3.1.4.13 Depositing Concrete under Water 57
3.1.4.14 Factory Made Precast Concrete Elements 58
3.1.4.15 Control of Heat in Structures 59
3.1.4.16 Loading 59
3.1.4.17 Backfill to Structures 59
3.1.4.18 Cleaning Up 59
3.1.5 Measurement 59
3.1.6 Payment 60
3.1.7 Pay Item 60
3.2 Formwork and Scaffolding 61
3.2.1 Scaffolding (Falsework) 61
3.2.2 Formwork 62
3.2.2.1 Surface Treatment for Shuttering 63
3.2.2.2 Camber 64
3.2.3 Approval of Scaffolding and Formwork 64
3.2.4 Special Formwork 64
3.2.5 Removal of Form Work 64
3.2.6 Measurements 65
3.2.7 Payment 66
3.2.8 Pay Items 66
3.3 REINFORCEMENT 66
3.3.2 Materials 67
3.3.2.1 Bar Reinforcement 67
3.3.2.2 Wire Mesh 67

3.3.2.3 Binding Wire 67

3.3.2.4 Bar Sizes 67
3.3.2.5 Ordering Material 67
3.3.2.6 Additional Tests 67
3.3.3 Construction Methods 68
3.3.3.1 Protection and Storage 68
3.3.3.2 Cutting and Bending 68
3.3.3.3 Placing, Supporting and Fastening 68
3.3.3.4 Splicing 68
3.3.3.5 Substitutions 69
3.3.5 Payment 70
3.3.6 Pay Items 70
4.0 MISCELLANEOUS 71
4.1 WEARING COURSE 71

4.1.1 Scope: 71
4.1.2 Materials 71
Fine Aggregates: 72
4.1.3 Thickness 74
4.1.5 Payment 74
4.1.6 Pay item: 74
4.2 DRAINAGE FOR STRUCTURES 74
4.2.2 Drainage Spouts 75
4.2.2.1 Scope 75
4.2.2.2 Fabrication 75
4.2.2.3 Placement 75
4.2.2.4 Finishing 75
4.2.2.6 Payment 75
4.2.3 HDPE drainage pipes 75
4.2.3.1 Scope 75
4.2.3.2 Material 76
4.2.3.3 Placement 76
4.2.5 Payment 76
4.2.6 Pay items: 76
4.3 ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARINGS 76
4.3.1 Scope 76
4.3.2 Steel reinforced Elastomeric Bearings 77
4.3.3 Properties of Elastomer 77

4.3.4 Steel Laminates 77

4.3.5 Bond 77
4.3.6 Manufacture 77
4.3.7 Fabrication Tolerances 78
4.3.8 Marking and Certifying 78
4.3.9 Testing 78
4.3.10 Installation 80
4.3.12 Payment 80
4.3.13 Pay items: 80
4.4 MOVEMENT OR EXPANSION JOINTS 81
4.4.1 Scope of Work 81
4.4.2 Specification for Strip Seal Expansion Joint 81
4.4.2.1 Components: 81
4.4.2.2 Material 82
4.4.2.3 Fabrication (Pre-installation) 82
4.4.2.4 Handling and Storage 83
4.4.2.5 Supply/ Installation 84
4.4.2.6 Acceptance criteria 85
4.4.2.7 Test and standards or acceptance: 85
4.4.4 Payment 85
4.4.5 Pay items: 86
4.5 GABION PROTECTION WORKS 86
4.5.1 Scope 86
4.5.2 Materials 86
4.5.2.1 Stones 86
4.5.2.2 Gabions 86
4.5.3 Construction of Gabions 88
4.5.3.1 General Requirements 88
4.5.3.2 Preparation of Foundation & Surface for Bedding 89
4.5.3.3 Arrangement of Joints 89
4.5.4 Test & Standard of Acceptance 91
4.5.6 Payment 92
4.5.7 Pay items: 92
4.6 OPEN SURFACE DRAINS 92
4.6.1 General requirements 92
4.6.3 Payment 93

4.6.4 Pay Item 93

4.7 Precast Foot path Slabs 93
4.7.3 Payment 93
4.7.4 Pay Item 94
4.8 Railings 94
4.8.3 Payment 94
4.8.4 Pay Item 94
SECTION 5 95
5.0 DAYWORKS 95
5.1 General 95

5.2 Daywork Labor 96
5.3 Daywork Materials 96
5.4 Daywork Plant 97
6.0 PARTICULAR SPECIFICATION 98
6.1 FIELD OFFICE FOR THE ENGINEER AND OTHER FACILITIES 99
6.1.1 Field Office for the Engineer 99
6.1.2 Project Signboards 99
6.1.3 Survey Equipments 99
6.2 TESTING OF MATERIALS 100
6.2.1 Contractor's Site Laboratory 100
6.2.2 Materials Testing by Independent Laboratories 101

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.2-1 Grading of foundation fill material ....................................................................... 31
Table 3.1-1 Grading Requirements Coarse Aggregate ............................................................ 37
Table 3.1-2 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate........................................................... 38
Table 3.1-3 Concrete classes .................................................................................................... 40
Table 3.2-1 Removal of Form Work ........................................................................................ 65
Table 4.1-1 Physical requirements of coarse aggregates ......................................................... 72
Table 4.4-1 Strip Seal Element Specifications ......................................................................... 82
Table 4.5-1 Standard Size of Wire Mesh Gabions ................................................................. 87
Table 4.5-2 Standard Sizes of Mesh & Wire in Gabions ....................................................... 88
Table 4.5-3 Scale of Sampling & Permissible Number of Defective Coil ............................. 91

SECTION 1
1.0 GENERAL AND SITE FACILITIES

1.1 GENERAL
1.1.1 Scope of Work
The Scope of work under this contract is to execute the construction of Sokporongchu
Bridge on Gyelposhing – Nganglam Highway.

1.1.2 Site Acquaintance

The Contractor shall be deemed to have made himself / herself fully acquainted with the
full nature of the work, the location & character of the bridge site & means of access to
the site, including any traffic restrictions imposed.

1.1.3 Specifications
The work shall be executed in accordance with the technical specifications, the
drawings, the Bill of Quantities & the instructions issued by the Client from time to time.
Wherever these specifications are found wanting in anyway, the latest edition of
standard specification for Bridges as approved by the Client shall be followed.

1.1.4 Reference to Bureau of Indian Standards Codes & Other Codes
The Standard Specifications & Codes of Practices explicitly referred to in these
Specifications or other related standard codes etc. shall be of latest editions, current at
the time of tendering including all amendments published before that date.

1.1.5 Dimensions & Levels
All dimensions & levels shown on the Drawings shall be verified by the Contractor at the
site & he/she will be held responsible for the accuracy & maintenance of all dimensions
& levels. Figured dimensions are in all cases to be accepted & no dimensions shall be
scaled. Large scale details shall take precedence over small scale drawings. In case of
discrepancy the Contractor shall ask for clarifications from the Engineer before
proceeding with the work.

1.1.6 Notice of operation
The Contractor shall not carry out important operation without the consent in writing
of the Engineer.

1.1.7 Work program
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer before commencement of the work, for his
approval, a detailed program in the form of bar chart/Microsoft project etc. The
submission & approval of such program shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his
duties or responsibilities under the Contract.


1.1.8 Time Schedule
The Contractor shall follow the project master schedule & detailed activity schedule
submitted after signing the contract. The contactor may submit minor changes on
schedule to the Engineer for approval whenever necessary.

1.1.9 Drawings
The Contractor will receive free of cost one complete set of all drawings necessary to
complete the Work & is to include in his Tender for any additional copies of drawings
required by him. One copy of the full set of drawings shall be retained at the site.

1.1.10 Sub-Contracting
Should the Contactor consider it necessary to sub‐contract any part of his work, the
Sub‐Contractor & the scope of the work proposed to be sub contracted has to be
approved by the Engineer/Client. It will be the responsibility of the Contractor to
ensure that the sub‐contracted works are carried out in accordance with the
specifications & relevant drawings.

1.1.11 Compliance
All workmanship, materials & tests (where required) shall comply with the appropriate
Indian or American Standards as specified or approved & be in accordance with the
drawings all to the satisfaction of the Client/Engineer.

1.1.12 Supply of Materials
a. The Contractor shall supply certificates of compliance with specified Indian
Standards for all materials supplied for the works. Manufacturer’s catalogues &
samples of materials proposed for procurement & to be used in the works shall be
submitted to the Client for approval, before procurement.
b. Materials procured without specific approval of the Client shall not be allowed to
be used in the works.
c. The Contractor’s quoted rate shall include but not limited to:
i. Preparation & submission of shop drawings wherever necessary, calculation
sheets, schedule of materials, & providing catalogues about, & samples of
materials, & obtaining approval from the Client.
ii. Carryout of mix design, sampling and testing of construction materials,
preparation and testing of trial mixes, preparation and testing of concrete
test cubes, and obtaining approval from the Client.
iii. Transporting to the Site, including loading & unloading.
iv. Providing certificates of compliance with required relevant standards, as
specified.
v. Storing & protection of the materials at the Site.

1.1.13 Ordering Materials
The Contractor is entirely responsible for assessing the quantities of materials to be
ordered for use in the works.

1.1.14 Material Quality
The Contractor should note that the qualities of all materials used shall be scrutinized,
monitored & checked by the Client. All materials used have to fulfill the requirements &
specifications given in the drawings & in the relevant code of practice. If the Contractor
is asked to supply certificate of origin of the supplied & used materials, he has to do so
within a reasonable timeframe fixed by the Engineer.

1.1.15 Equipment & Facilities
The Contractor shall provide & operate equipment & facilities to load, offload, shift,
move, transport, stack & place all types of steel parts & materials at the bridge site as
well as at the Contractor’s yard.

The Contractor shall also provide all lifting equipment & facilities to lift, shift, stack,
load, unload & handle all type of steel parts & materials at the bridge site as well as at
the Contractor’s yard.

1.1.16 Work Site Register (Site Order Book)
The Contractor shall keep a Work Site Register (Site Order Book) at the Site in which all
the remarks, instructions, decisions of the Client & the essential details of the work shall
be recorded. The Contractor shall keep the records of all daily information of the works
in this register as required by the Client. It shall be readily available in the office for
inspection.

1.1.17 Area for the Contractor
a. The Contractor shall be allocated an area for his equipment, materials & site
offices in the vicinity of the bridge site.
b. The Contractor shall maintain a properly furnished office, which will include but
not necessarily limited to lock up drawers for construction drawings, filing
cabinets, large sized soft board panels etc., with toilet facility in the allocated area
at the site for his own use as well as for use of the Client & his representatives.
These shall be provided by the Contractor at no extra cost.


1.1.18 Unit of measurement
The following units of measurement & abbreviations shall be used.

Unit Abbreviation
Millimeter mm
Meter m
Square millimeter mm2
Square meter m2
Hectare ha
Cubic metre m3
Kilogram kg
Tonne ton
Sum sum
Number no.
Hour hr
Week wk (7 days)
Pieces pcs
1.2 SITE INSTALLATION
1.2.1 Field Office for the Engineer and his Staff
In addition to the office space required for his own use, the Contractor shall provide and
maintain field office for the use of the Engineer and his staff. Requirements for the office,
including overall size, number and size of individual rooms, construction are stated in the
Section 6 – The Particular Specifications.
1.2.2 Sign Boards
The Contractor shall provide identification sign boards, of the number and size stated in
Particular Specifications, and maintain them in good condition. All information on the
signboards will be written in English and Dzongkha. The signboards will be positioned as
directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall submit proposals for the materials of the
signboards, the text layout and installation of the signboards at Site to the Engineer for
approval. Each sign shall show:
• the name of the Project

• the name of the Employer
• all other details as required by the Engineer
The Contractor shall remove the sign boards on completion of the Works or when instructed
by the Engineer

1.2.3 Survey Equipment
The Contractor will be required to provide survey equipment for the use of the Contractor
and Engineer and his staff. The description of the main items required is given in Sections
Error! Reference source not found.. The numbers of each item to be provided are stated in
Particular Specifications. The Contractor shall provide manufacturers published
specifications of proposed survey equipment for the approval of the Engineer and shall
ensure that equipment supplied to Site is maintained in good working order.
In addition to the survey equipment specified in SectionsError! Reference source not

found., the Contractor shall supply miscellaneous tools and minor items of survey equipment
such as 30 m and 3 m long steel tapes, spirit levels, plumb bobs, umbrellas, hammers, knives
wooden stakes, steel pins, string lines, paint, marking crayons etc. to the Site. These shall be
available in reasonable quantities at all times for use by the Contractor’s and Engineer’s staff.
The Contractor shall supply the required manpower to the Engineer to assist with survey and
setting out works, as and when required.
On completion of the Works or as otherwise instructed by the Engineer, all survey equipment
shall remain the property of the Contractor.
1.2.3.1 Total Station
Total station shall be from any reputable manufacturer and shall be supplied with full
accessories including legs, reflectors and stands, rechargeable batteries and charger. It shall
be with the following requirement or as approved by the Engineer.
Telescope
Tube length 158mm (6.22inch)

Image Erect
Effective diameter of objective 45mm/1.77in
(EDM: 50mm/1.97in)
Magnification 33x (21x/41x w/optional eyepieces)
Field of view 1°20'
Resolving power 2.5"
Minimum focusing distance 1.3m (4.26ft)
Reticle illumination Provided (3 steps)
Distance measurement
Under normal conditions

with reflector sheet (5 x 5 cm) 5 to 100m / 16.4 to 328.1ft
With mini prism 950m / 3100ft
With single prism 2400m / 7900ft
With triple prism 3100m / 10200ft
With nine prisms 3700m / 12100ft
Readout display 9999.9999m / 29999.999ft
Accuracy
Precise mode ±(2+2ppm x D)mm

Normal mode ±(4+2ppm x D)mm

Least count
Precise mode 0.1/1mm, 0.0005ft/0.002ft

Normal mode 1/10mm, 0.002/0.02ft
Measuring intervals
Precise mode 1.0 sec (initial: 1.0 sec)
Normal mode 0.5 sec (initial: 1.0 sec)
Measuring intervals
Ambient temperature range –20°C to 50°C / –4°F to +122°F
Atmospheric correction
Temperature range -40°C to 60°C / -40°F to 140°F

Barometric pressure 400 to 999mmHg/533 to 1,332hPa/15.8 to 39.3 in.Hg
Prism offset correction -999 to +999
Angle measurement
Reading system Photoelectric detection by incremental encoder

(diametrical detection for H/V circles)
Circular diameter 79mm
Minimum increment
(Degree) 0.5"/1"/5"
(Gon) 0.1mgon/0.2mgon/1mgon
(MIL6400) 0.002mil/0.005mil/0.02mil
Accuracy 1" / 0.3 mgon
Dual-axis compensator
Method Liquid electric detection, Dual-axis

Compensation range ±3'
Setting accuracy ±1"
Lumi-Guide
Working range 100m / 330ft

Positioning accuracy within approx. 6cm /2.4in at 100m/330ft
Level vials
Sensitivity of plate level vial 30"/2mm

Sensitivity of circular level vial 10'/2mm
Optical plummet
Image Erect
Magnification 3x
Field of view 5°
Focusing range 0.5m /1.6ft to
Display
Type Graphic LCD (128 x 64 dot) on both side
Point memory
Raw/coordinates 10,000 records

External memory device CompactFlash (CF) card, USB memory

Environmental specification IP54
Recharging time Approx. 3.0 hours for full recharge
1.3 TESTING OF MATERIALS
1.3.1 Contractor’s Site Laboratory
The Contractor shall provide and maintain a site laboratory for the use of the Contractor and
the Engineer including furniture, testing equipment and consumable stores necessary to carry
out the tests listed in the Division 6: The Particular Specification, other sections of the
Specifications and Drawings. The laboratory shall be constructed with a reinforced concrete
floor (minimum thickness 150mm) and brick wall. The building shall be watertight and
provided with electricity, potable running water and sewerage connections.
The Contractor shall submit for the approval of the Engineer before construction, plans and
drawings of the proposed laboratory indicating location, overall size, construction details and
layout of benches, washing facilities, furniture, testing equipment, sample storage etc. The
Engineer may require revision of the plans prior to giving approval for construction. The
Contractor shall also submit details of proposed testing equipment, furniture and fittings to
the Engineer for approval.
The Contractor shall maintain the laboratory, furniture, fittings and testing equipment for the
duration of the Contract and replace any part or item that is irreparably damaged or lost. The
Contractor shall pay all expenses in respect of water, electricity and other consumables
necessary for the running of the laboratory and shall arrange for the laboratory to be regularly
cleaned.
The Contractor shall not be permitted to commence permanent works requiring on-Site
testing until the Site laboratory is complete in all respects, unless temporary testing
procedures proposed by the Contractor have been approved by the Engineer.
At the end of the Contract, all materials recovered from dismantling the laboratory, together
with all furniture, fittings and testing equipment will remain the property of the Contractor.
1.3.2 Materials Testing by Independent Laboratories
In addition to the Site testing facilities described in Specifications Section 1.3.1, and in the
Particular Specifications, the Contractor shall be responsible for arranging off-Site laboratory
tests, and all other tests indicated as the responsibility of the Contractor in different Sections
of the Specifications. These should be performed by site testing laboratories, or other
standard testing laboratories as approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall be
responsible for all attendance of staff from these approved testing laboratories, including if
necessary the provision of transport for personnel, equipment and test specimens.

1.3.3 Special and Additional Testing
In addition to the testing described in Specifications Sections 1.3.1 and 1.3.2, the Engineer
may require further testing to be carried out. Such special and additional testing shall be
arranged by the Contractor under the direction of the Engineer.
1.3.4 Staff for Materials Testing
The Contractor shall provide qualified laboratory engineers, technicians, assistants, laborers,
etc. to carry out sampling and testing of materials in accordance with Specifications Sections,
1.3.1, 1.3.2 and 1.3.3. Laboratory staff shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer and be
available to assist the Engineer with materials testing, as and when required.
1.3.5 Sampling and Testing
For Concrete Mixes 1 set of tests per 100 m3 of aggregate for shape, grading, ACV / 10%
Fines should be carried out.
The Contractor shall maintain complete records of test results, which may be inspected by the
Engineer at any time. All test results shall be recorded on standard forms approved by the
Engineer and shall be signed by the Contractor’s engineer or technician in charge of the
laboratory. Completed forms shall clearly show the locations of samples, sampling dates and
testing dates. Samples shall be numbered serially at the time of sampling. A copy of all test
results should be submitted to the Engineer immediately after completion of the test.
The Engineer will be informed prior to any sampling or testing carried out in the laboratory
and will have the right to use the facilities and equipment to make his own tests. The
Contractor shall have the right to witness any sampling or testing carried out by the Engineer.
On completion of the Contract the original copies of all test results shall be handed over to
the Employer, via the Engineer.
1.4 GENERAL CONTRACTOR’S OBLIGATIONS
1.4.1 Safety measures and penalties
The regulations and guidelines for Work Place Safety issued by Ministry of Labor and
Human Resources, RGoB shall be complied with at all times. The workers and the personnel
shall have safe and secure working conditions at the construction site at all times and there
shall be no compromise on the work place safety. The workers shall wear safety gears –
helmets, boots, belts, goggles, hand gloves, welding masks etc. as may be appropriate, at the
work site at all times.

The Contractor shall issue the required protective clothing and safety equipment to all his
employees and provide the first aid boxes within one month of the commencement of the
Contract. He is responsible for ensuring that all his employees make appropriate use of the
items and maintain them in good order. The Contractor shall replace damaged, worn-out,
exhausted or out of date items as necessary.
The Contractor shall build temporary scaffold, temporary stairs, working platforms, fall-
down-stoppers and such other measures to allow safe and proper execution and check of the
construction works. Anybody entering the worksite shall wear safety helmets at all times. If
scaffold, working platforms etc. are not possible or not required, the personnel and the
workers have to wear safety belts. The quality of the safety belts has to be approved by the
Engineer.
If any worker is found at the worksite without appropriate safety equipment/gear, the
Contractor shall be subject to a penalty of Nu. 300 per instance. The penalty amount shall be
deducted from the payments for the work due to the Contractor. The Contractor has to bear
the penalty himself and shall not recover the same from the worker. The photograph of the
worker at the worksite without the appropriate safety gear shall be adequate enough a proof
to make the Contractor liable to pay the penalty.
1.4.2 Site Establishment, Maintenance and Demobilization
1.4.2.1 Site Establishment
Site establishment includes the infrastructures at the bridge site such as contractor’s office,
stores, Contractor's yard, laborers camp, access roads etc. The construction site is an area
within 5kms radius of the location of the bridge.
All necessary accommodations, stores, workshops, etc. required for proper execution of the
works shall be provided, built, maintained and removed by the Contractor at his own costs
and within the working time program. The following points have to be fulfilled by the
Contractor:
Labor Camps
Labor camps with sufficient and maintained sanitary facilities, sufficient & safe drinking
water and sufficient supply of electric power have to be made available at the construction
site and at the labor camp at all times during the project duration.

The Contractor shall provide and maintain adequate sanitary latrine facilities for the use of
the employees on the Works and shall keep the whole of the site and latrines in a clean and
sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer and in accordance with the requirements
of the Health Authorities of the Government of Bhutan.
Waste Management
A proper waste management facility and system have to be put in place to maintain general
cleanliness of the site and upkeep hygiene of the personnel and laborers working at the bridge
site.
Material Storage
Construction materials have to be stored well under shed constructions to avoid quality drops
and loss.
Temporary Drainage System
The Contractor shall build a temporary drainage system at the site to drain out waste water.
The layout and design of the drains have to be approved by the Engineer.
Site Water Supply and Electricity
The Contractor shall make his own connections for water and electric supply and pay for
them.
The water supplied must be potable and must be free from salts, oils, acids, arsenic and
other substances harmful to health. The water shall be tested to confirm its portability
If electricity is not available at the bridge site, the Contractor shall install generators of
sufficient number and capacity to power all the facilities at the bridge site such as the
Engineer’s Office, Contractor’s office, laboratory, labor camps, stores etc. If the
Contractor intends to use electrically operated construction equipment and machinery,
matching number and capacity of generators have to be installed at the bridge site.
Communication Facilities
The Contractor has to set up his own connections and equipment for telephone, fax, internet
etc.
The Contractor shall provide and maintain a set of FM transceiver/walkie-talkie sets for local
communications among the personnel (both contractor and Client) at the bridge site. Besides
the three receiver sets to be provided to the Client, the contractor has to provide a receiver

each to all of its personnel involved in the bridge construction. After completion of works the
communication sets including the ones provided to the Client shall be the property of the
contractor.
1.4.2.2 Maintenance and demobilization

The Contractor shall properly maintain all the infrastructures built at the site such as office,
stores, yards, labor camps etc. till the end of the Project. At the end of the Project, the
Contractor has to remove and demobilize all the temporary infrastructures that it has built and
restore the bridge site to its original condition and shape.
1.4.2.3 Protection of the Environment

The Contractor has to allow for complying with his obligations for safety, security and
protection of the environment described in the Contract Documents included in the related
Sub-Clauses of the Conditions of Contract. The Contractor is not allowed to dispose or dump
any kind of waste materials into the river. The contractor has to, at the end of the project,
remove and clean the waterway of all the temporary constructions that it has built for the
purpose of securing temporary supports or restraints for the permanent structures,
installations for safety measures etc. and which do not ultimately form the part of the
permanent structure.
1.4.3 As-Built Drawings
The Contractor shall furnish sets of as-built Drawings of the Works to the Engineer, showing
the permanent works as actually constructed, within one month of completion of the Works.
Included in the sets of as-built Drawings will be revisions of Tender Drawings and Drawings
supplied to the Contractor during the Contract as well as revisions of drawings supplied by
the Contractor during the Contract. The As-built drawings submitted by the Contractor will
be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
1.4.4 Measurement and Payment
The items under “General Contractor’s Obligations” shall not be paid separately. These
items will be deemed to be included for by the contractor in his rates for the other items of
works. However if the obligations mentioned herein are not fulfilled by the contractor, the
Engineer will have the right to withhold the Contractor’s running bills till such time the
requirements are fulfilled as per this clause and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
It is understood that in the cost of the site installation, all costs for facilities, tools, plant,
and equipment have to be included. In addition to these costs, it should also include the cost
of all risk insurance of works and so forth. All risk insurance of the works (ongoing and
completed), plants & materials shall also cover the labor and personnel working at the project
site against injury and death. The modalities for the insurance shall be as per the stipulations

under "Insurance" in the General Conditions of Contract (GCC). By signing the contract, the
Contractor confirms that all efforts and costs to fulfill the task in the site installation are
included in his rates. He agrees not to ask for additional payment.
1.4.5 Pay items shall be:
1/1/1 Site Installation (facilities, tools, plant, equipment, insurance and so forth)
Lump Sum
SECTION 2
2.0 EARTH WORK

2.1 CLEARING AND GRUBBING
2.1.1 General
While executing the clearing and grubbing works, the trees, shrubs, pole lines, fences,
monuments, pipe lines etc. within or adjacent to the work site which are not to be disturbed
shall be protected properly from damage by the contractor at his own cost and nothing extra
shall be paid for this.
The contractor shall take adequate precautions against soil erosion, water pollution, etc.
wherever required. Before start of work/operations, the contractor shall submit to the
Engineer his work plan for approval including the procedures to be followed for disposal of
waste materials, etc. and the schedules for carrying out temporary or permanent erosion
control works as stipulated under the earth work.
Trunks, branches and stumps of trees shall be cleaned of limps & roots and stacked. Also
boulders, stones and other usable materials shall be neatly stacked at spots as directed by the
Engineer.
All branches of trees extending to the work site or above roadway shall be trimmed as
directed by the Engineer and such work shall be considered incidental to the clearing and
grubbing for which no separate payment shall be made.
Methods, tools and equipment to be adopted for the work shall be such which will not affect
the property to be preserved. Only such methods, tools and equipment as approved by the
Engineer shall be adopted in the work. If so desired by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
demonstrate the efficacy of the type of equipment to be used before the commencement of
the work.
2.1.2 Clearing jungle
The work shall consist of cutting, removing and disposing of all materials such as rank
vegetation, grass, brush-wood, shrubs, stumps trees and saplings of girth up to 300 mm
measured at a height of 1m above ground level which in the opinion of Engineer are
unsuitable for incorporation in the works. Where clearance of grass is only involved, no
payment shall be made under the item.
The roots of trees shall be dug at least up to 600mm from ground level or 150mm below sub
grade level whichever is lower. All holes or hollows formed by digging up roots shall be
carefully filled up with earth, well rammed and levelled.

2.1.2.1 Measurements
Only the area over which the jungle cutting has been done shall be measured. The length and
breadth shall be measured and area calculated in square metre correct to two places of
decimal.
Cutting and removing of roots of trees of girth above 300 mm at a height of 1m above ground
level shall be made separately in terms of number according to the sizes.
2.1.2.2 Rates
The rate shall cover the cost of carrying out all the required operations including cost of
labour, materials, equipment hired, tools and plants, and incidentals necessary to complete the
work. The rate also includes removal of stumps of trees less than 300mm in girth excavation,
back filling to required density, where necessary, and handling, salvaging, piling and
disposing of the cleared materials with all lift and lead up to 50m.
2.1.3 Felling of Trees
While clearing jungle growth, trees 300mm and above in girth (measured at a height of one
metre above ground level) to be cut, shall be approved by the Engineer and then marked at
site. Felling trees shall include taking out roots up to 600mm below ground level or 150mm
below sub-grade level whichever is lower.
All excavation below general ground level arising out of the removal of trees, stumps etc.
shall be filled with suitable material in 200mm layer and compacted thoroughly so that the
surfaces at these points conform to the surrounding area. The trunks and branches of trees
shall be cleared of limbs and tops and cut to suitable pieces as directed by the Engineer.
Wood, branches, twigs of trees and other useful material shall be the property of the
Employer. The serviceable materials shall be stacked in the manner as directed by the
Engineer.
All unserviceable materials shall be disposed off as per the directions of the Engineer.
Felling of trees (girth measured at a height of one metre above ground level or top of the
stump if the height of the stump is less than 1m from the ground) shall be paid for in terms of
number according to sizes given above.
2.1.3.2 Rate
The rate shall cover the cost of carrying out all the required operations including cost of
labour, materials, equipment hired/owned, tools and plants, and incidentals necessary to
complete the work. The rate also includes removal of stumps of trees greater than 300mm in
girth excavation, back filling to required density, where necessary, and handling, salvaging,
piling and disposing of the cleared materials with all lift and lead up to 50m.

Where a contract does not include separate items of clearing or grubbing the same shall be
considered incidental and the contract unit prices for the same shall be considered as
including clearing and grubbing operations.
2.1.4 Pay Items
2/1/1 Clearing jungle including uprooting of rank vegetation,

grass, brushwood, saplings and trees of girth up to 300mm m2
measured at height of 1m above ground level and disposal
of rubbish within 50m lead.
2/1/2 Felling trees of Girth 300 mm and more (girth measured

at a height of 1m above ground level) including cutting of no.
trunks and branches, removal of roots and stacking of
serviceable materials and disposal of rubbish within 50m lead.
2.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES
2.2.1 General
This work shall consist of excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials
necessary for the construction in accordance with requirements of these specifications and the
lines, grades and cross-sections shown in the drawings or as indicated by the Engineer.
It shall also include backfilling of the excavated foundations not occupied by the structures
and compacted filling with suitable materials of the abutments, return walls, wing walls and
retaining walls.
The excavation shall be deemed to be carried out by machine and for machine excavation,
materials shall be classified as:-
All kinds of soil

Generally any strata, such as sand, gravel, loam, clay, mud, black cotton soil, moorum,
shingle, river bed boulders, soiling of roads, paths etc. and hard core macadam surface of any
description (water bound, grouted tarmac etc.), lime concrete, mud concrete and their
mixtures which for excavation yields to the application of picks, shovels, jumpers, scarifiers,
ripper and other manual digging implements. This category includes both ordinary and hard
soil.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING & ROAD WORKS 2009

All kinds of rocks

This includes all categories of rocks - ordinary rock, hard rock requiring/not requiring
blasting, hard rock requiring chiselling. This category doesn’t include hard rock
excavation/cutting in the areas where conventional blasting is prohibited and requires silent
blasting operation. The rock cutting by silent blasting if required shall be measured and paid
for separately.
2.2.1.1 Setting out

After the site has been cleared, the limits of excavation shall be set out true to lines, curves,
slopes, grades and sections as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall provide all labour, survey instruments and materials such as strings, pegs,
nails, bamboos, stones, lime, mortar, concrete, etc., required in connection with the setting
out of works and the establishments of bench marks. The Contractor shall be responsible for
the maintenance of the benchmarks and other marks and stakes as long as, in the opinion of
the Engineer, they are required for the work.
The ground levels shall be taken at 5m to 15m intervals in uniformly sloping ground and at
closer intervals where local mounds, pits or undulations are met with. The ground levels shall
be recorded in field books and plotted on plans. Plans shall be drawn to a suitable scale and
North direction and position of benchmark shall be shown on the plans. The contractor and
the Engineer shall sign the plan before the earthwork is started. The contractor at his own cost
shall supply the labour required for taking levels.
2.2.1.2 Stripping and storing topsoil

When so directed by the Engineer, the topsoil existing over the sites of excavation shall be
stripped to specify depths and stockpiled at designated locations for re-use in covering
embankment slopes, cut slopes, and other disturbed areas where re-vegetation is desired.
Prior to stripping the topsoil, all trees, shrubs etc. shall be removed along with their roots,
with the approval of the Engineer.
2.2.2 Excavation
All excavations shall be carried out in conformity with the directions laid herein-under and in
a manner approved by the Engineer. The works shall be so done that the suitable materials
available from excavation are satisfactorily utilized as decided upon beforehand.
While planning of excavations, the Contractor shall take all adequate precautions against soil
erosion, water pollution etc. and take appropriate drainage measures to keep the sites free of
water.
The excavations shall conform to the lines, grades, side slopes and levels shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall not excavate outside the limits

of excavation. Subject to the permitted tolerances, any excess depth/ width excavated beyond
the specified levels/dimensions on the drawings shall be made good at the cost of the
Contractor with the suitable material of characteristics similar to that removed and
compacted.
All debris and loose materials on the slopes of cutting shall be removed. No backfilling shall
be allowed to obtain required slopes excepting that when boulders or soft materials are
encountered in the cut slopes, these shall be excavated to approved depth on instructions of
the Engineer and the resulting cavities filled with suitable materials and thoroughly
compacted in an approved manner.
4
After excavation, the sides of the excavated areas shall be trimmed and the area contoured to
minimize erosion and ponding, allowed for natural drainage to take place. If trees were
removed, new trees shall be planted, as directed by the Engineer. The cost of planting new
trees shall be deemed to be incidental to the work.
The elevations of the bottoms of footings shown on the Drawings are approximate only and
the Engineer may order in writing such changes in the dimensions or elevations of footings as
may be deemed necessary to secure a satisfactory foundation.
Boulders, logs and other objectionable material encountered in excavation shall be removed.
After each excavation is complete the Contractor shall notify the Engineer to that effect and
no footings, bedding material or structure shall be placed until the Engineer has approved the
depth of excavation and the character of the foundation material.
The foundation material shall be cleared of all loose material and cut to a firm surface, either
level or stepped or serrated, as specified or shown on the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer.
2.2.2.1 Methods, tools and equipment

Only such methods, tools and equipment as approved by the Engineer shall be adopted/used
in the work. If so desired by the Engineer, the Contractor shall demonstrate the efficacy of the
type of equipment to be used before the commencement of the work. Methods, tools and
equipment to be adopted for the work shall be such which will not affect the property to be
preserved
2.2.2.2 Rocks excavation:

Excavation in ordinary rock shall be carried out by crowbars, pickaxes or pneumatic drills.
Blasting operations are generally not required in this case. If the contractor wishes to resort to
blasting, he can do so with the permission of Engineer, but nothing extra will be paid to him
on this account.

Excavation in hard rock shall be done by chiseling where blasting operation is prohibited or
is not applicable. In trenches or drains where blasting is not otherwise prohibited, the
excavation in hard rock shall be carried out by blasting in the first instance and finally by
chiseling so as to obtain the correct section of the trench as per drawing. The blasting
operation shall be strictly as per latest RGOB blasting manuals.
2.2.2.3 Blasting
The contractor shall obtain a licence from the competent authority for obtaining and storing
the explosives. The contractor shall procure the explosives, fuses, detonators etc. from the
Government or as per the provision in terms and condition of the contract. The Engineer or
his representative shall have the right to check the contractor's store and accounts of
explosives. The contractor shall provide facilities for this.
All blasting work shall only be done under careful supervision of trained personnel and the
contractor shall take all precautions as per rules for blasting operations.
The contractor shall be responsible for any damage arising out of accident to the workmen,
public or property due to storage, transportation and use of explosive during blasting
operations.
2.2.2.4 Disposal of Excavated Material

Excavated material classified as suitable by the Engineer shall generally be utilized as
backfill or embankment fill. Surplus suitable material shall be stockpiled on Site. Excavated
suitable material for use as backfill shall be deposited by the Contractor in spoil heaps at
points convenient for re-handling of the material during the backfilling operation and
approved by the Engineer.
Excavated material classified as unsuitable as backfill by the Engineer shall be carried to

waste.
Excavated material shall be deposited in such places and in such a manner as not to cause
damage to roads, services or property either within or outside the right-of-way and so as to
cause no impediment to the drainage of the site or surrounding area. The location of spoil
heaps shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer who may require that the reference
lines and the traverse lines of any part of the structure be kept free of obstruction.
2.2.2.5 Cofferdams
The term “cofferdam” denotes any temporary or removable structure, constructed to hold the
surrounding earth, water or both, out of the excavation, whether such structure is constructed
of earth, timber, steel, concrete or any combination of these. The term includes earth dikes,
timber cribs, sheet piling, removable steel shells and all bracing; and it shall be understood to
include excavation enclosed by pumping wells and well points.

The cost of cofferdams, if required to be provided, is always to be included in the tender

rates/prices for the permanent work and shall not be paid extra.
The Contractor shall submit upon request, drawings showing his proposed method of
cofferdam construction. Approval of the drawings by the Engineer will not in any way relieve
the Contractor of the responsibility for the adequacy of the design for strength and stability.
Unless specified otherwise, the cofferdams shall be removed after the completion of the sub-
structure. The removal shall be effected in such a manner as not to disturb or mar the finished
work. The Engineer may order the Contractor to leave any part or the whole of the cofferdam
in place.
When conditions which, in the opinion of the Engineer, render it impossible to de-water the
foundation before placing the footing are encountered, the Engineer may require the
construction of a concrete foundation or seal of such dimensions as he may consider
necessary, and of such thickness as to resist any possible uplift. The concrete for such seal
shall be placed as shown on the Drawings or required by the Engineer. The foundation shall
then be de-watered and the footing placed. When weighted cribs are used and the weight is
used to overcome partially the hydrostatic pressure acting against the bottom of the
foundation seal, special anchorages such as dowels or keys shall be provided to transfer the
entire weight of the crib to the foundation seal. When a foundation seal is placed under water
the cofferdam shall be vented at low water as directed.
Cofferdams shall be constructed so as to protect newly cast concrete from sudden rising of
the water and to prevent damage to the foundation by erosion.
2.2.2.6 Pumping and Bailing

Pumping and bailing from the interior of any foundation enclosure shall be done in such a
manner as to preclude the possibility of the movement of water through or alongside any
concrete being placed. No pumping or bailing will be permitted during the placing of
concrete and for a period of at least 24 hours thereafter unless it is done from a suitable pump
separated from the concrete work by a watertight wall or from well points.
Excavations shall be as dry as possible prior to and during placing concrete. Placing concrete
under water will only be permitted if indicated on the Drawings or approved by the Engineer.
2.2.3 Filling
2.2.3.1 Foundation Fill Material

Material for foundation fill shall be a natural or artificial mixture of sand or other mineral
aggregate, free from vegetable matter, soft particles and excess clay and shall consist of
suitably graded sand to one of the grading envelopes A to C of Table 2.2-1, gravel or stone as
shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer, or concrete. Concrete for foundation

fill shall conform to the general requirements of Section 3.1. Concrete to be placed under
water shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.1.4.13. Concrete used as foundation fill
in dry excavation shall be M15.
Table 2.2-1 Grading of foundation fill material

A B C D E
Nominal Not less 1.5-2.8 1.0-1.5 0.8-1.0 0.5-0.8
fineness than 2.8
modulus
Sieve size
(mm)
10 100 100 100 100 100
5.0 90-95 95-100 100 100 100
2.4 70-90 90-100 100 100 100
1.2 45-70 70-95 95-100 100 100
0.6 25-45 40-80 85-100 95-100 100
0.3 10-20 10-50 50-80 70-90 80-95
0.15 0-2 0-20 5-25 15-40 30-60
Grading outside the above limits may in certain circumstances be approved by the Engineer.
Such permission shall be in writing.
2.2.3.2 Backfill Material

The excavated materials shall be used for backfilling if found suitable and approved by the
Engineer. The source (borrow pit) and type of fill material have to be approved by the
Engineer.
The earth shall be free from all roots, grass and rubbish. All lumps and clods exceeding
80mm in any direction shall be broken and each layer shall be consolidated by ramming and
rolling, etc. Watering shall be done, if so stipulated. The top surface of the finally finished
area shall be neatly dressed.
The finished formation levels, in case of filling shall be kept higher than the required levels,
by making an allowance of 10% of depth of filling for future settlement in case of ordinary
consolidated fills, and 5% in case where consolidation is done by heavy mechanical
machinery under optimum moisture conditions.
2.2.3.3 Backfilling
All spaces excavated under these Specifications and not occupied by the permanent structure
shall be backfilled. However, the finished level of the back fill shall be as per the lines and
levels of the finished profile of the slope shown in the design drawings. Backfilled material

shall fully comply with this Specification and adequate provision shall be made for drainage.
No backfilling shall commence until permission has been given by the Engineer.
Backfilling shall be well compacted and shall be done in layers, not exceeding 200mm in
each layer. Each layer shall be watered, rammed and consolidated before the succeeding one
is laid.
Special care shall be taken to prevent any unduly high pressure against the structures. In
placing backfill and embankment, the material shall be placed insofar as possible to
approximately the same height on both sides of the structure at the same time. If conditions
require backfilling appreciably higher on one side, the additional material on the higher side
shall not be placed until permission is given by the Engineer that the structure has enough
strength to withstand any pressure created.
2.2.4 Measurements
The volume of excavation shall be measured in cubic Meters of excavated undisturbed

material.
The quantity of excavation for structures to be measured for payment shall include
excavation for all structures. The measured volume shall be the excavation plan outline,
bounded on the bottom by the plane of the underside of the blinding concrete under the
reinforced concrete footing and on the top by the surface of the existing ground and on
the sides by vertical planes of the footings and the volume so measured shall be term as
“Solid Volume”.
Additional excavations for slope cutting, working space and for other purposes of
construction ease and convenience shall not be paid extra. The cost for such additional
excavation works is deemed to be included in the unit rates under the payable items and
quantities of the excavation works. The removal of slides, cave-ins, silting or filling shall also
neither be measured nor paid for.
The soil/rock excavation for construction/widening of approach roads to the bridge

however shall be measured as actual volume of excavation as per the drawings or as
directed by the Engineer as per the actual requirement of the site. The contractor has to
do a detail survey of the area to be excavated as per direction of the Engineer prior to and
after the excavation to arrive at the actual volume of excavation. The measured volume shall
be in-situ volume and no allowance shall be allowed for bulking and other forms of volume
change.
The measured volume for backfilling and filling behind the abutment/return walls etc. shall
be the backfilling plan outline bounded at the bottom by the plane of the underside of the
blinding concrete under the reinforced concrete footing and on the top by the surface of the
finished ground and on the sides by vertical planes of the footings minus the volume
occupied by the permanent structure. However the areas around the foundations excavated

by the contractor for creating working space, stabilizing excavation slope etc. shall be
backfilled to required degree of compaction as per this specification at the contractor’s own
cost.
The length, breadth and depth/height shall be measured correct to 10mm. In case the
measurements are taken with staff and level, the level shall be recorded correct to 5mm and
depth of cutting and heights of filling calculated correct to 5mm. The cubical contents shall
be worked out to the nearest two places of decimal in cubic metres.
2.2.5 Payment
The rates shall cover the cost for carrying out all the required operations including cost of
labour, materials, equipment hired/owned, tools and plants, and incidentals necessary to
complete the work. In case of rock, the rate shall also include the cost of all operations of
blasting with explosive and accessories as mentioned above.
2.2.6 Pay Items
2/2/1 Excavation for foundations of Abutments A1 and A2 true to the

lines and levels shown in the relevant drawings. The excavation
shall be measured and paid for as Solid Volume:
2/2/1.1 All kinds of soil m3
2/2/1.2 All kinds of rocks m3
2/2/2 Excavation for arch footings F1, F2, F3 & F4 true to the
lines and levels shown in the relevant drawings.
2/2/2.1 All kinds of soil m3
2/2/2.2 All kinds of rocks m3
2/2/3 Excavation for widening of the approach road on the Left bank
(Nganglam Side). The excavation shall be measured and paid as
per the actual volume of in-situ excavation and not as solid volume.
2/2/3.1 All kinds of soil
2/2/3.2 All kinds of rocks
2/2/4 Backfilling of the foundation pits/trenches around the

permanent structures to the lines and levels of the
finished profile shown on the drawings including
the compacted filling behind the abutments and m3
return walls. The quantity covers backfilling/filling
for all six foundations of the bridge (A1, A2, F1, F2, F3& F4)

DIVISION 3
3.0 STRUCTURES

3.1 CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES
3.1.1 Standards
The concrete materials, production, methods, testing & admixtures shall conform to the latest
revisions of the following Indian Standards or, where not covered by these standards, to the
equivalent International Standards:

IS: 269 33 grade Ordinary Portland Cement.
IS: 383 Coarse & fine aggregates from natural sources for aggregates.
IS: 456 Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete.
IS: 457 Code of practice for general construction of plain & reinforced concrete for dams &
other massive structures.
IS: 516 Method of test for strength of concrete.
IS: 875 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings & structures.
IS: 1199 Methods of sampling & analysis of concrete.
IS: 1489 Portland Pozzolana cement.
IS: 2386 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete.
IS: 2505 Concrete vibrators – immersion type – general.
IS: 2506 General requirements for screed board concrete vibrators.
IS: 4082 Stacking & storage of construction materials & components at site– recommendations.
IS: 7861 Code of practice for extreme weather concreting.
IS: 9103 Admixtures for concrete.
IS: 10262 Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design.

In cases of conflict between or among the above standards & the specifications given herein,
the decision of the Client shall prevail.
3.1.2 Description
This work shall consist of the construction of all or portions of concrete structures, of the
required grades and types, with or without reinforcement and with or without admixture, in
accordance with these Specifications and to the lines, levels, grades and dimensions shown
on the Drawings and as required by the Engineer.
The cement concrete shall consist of a mixture of cement, water and coarse and fine
aggregate with or without admixture.
3.1.3 Materials
3.1.3.1 Specifications for Materials

A) Cement

Cement shall conform to the requirements of Indian Standard as mentioned in Article 3.1.1 of
this specification unless other types are indicated on the Drawings or specified by the
Engineer.
One of the types of the cements, specified below shall be used.

a) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 269
b) Portland blast furnace slag cement conforming to IS: 455
e) Portland pozzolana cement conforming to IS: 1489
Bagged or bulk cement which has partially set or which contains lumps of caked cement shall
be rejected. The use of cement reclaimed from discarded or used bags shall not be permitted.
B) Water
Water used for mixing mortars and concrete shall be clean and reasonably free from injurious
quantities of deleterious materials such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts and vegetable growth.
Generally potable water shall be used. Where water can be shown to contain any sugar or an
excess of acid, alkali or salt, the Engineer may refuse to permit its use. As a guide, the
following concentrations may be taken to represent the maximum permissible limits of
deleterious materials in water.
(a) Limits of acidity: - To neutralize 200 ml sample of water, it should not require more than
2 ml of 0.1 N caustic soda solutions.
(b) Limits of Alkalinity: - To neutralize 200 ml sample of water it should not require more
than 0.1 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.
(c) Percentage of solids should not exceed: -
• Organic 200 ppm (0.02%)

• Inorganic 3000 ppm (0.30%)
• Sulphates 500 ppm (0.05%)
• Alkali chlorides 1000 ppm (0.1%)
Water found satisfactory for mixing is suitable for curing concrete. However, the water used
for curing should not produce any objectionable stain or deposit on the concrete surface.
The use of river water will be subject to the approval of the Engineer. Such approvals may be
withdrawn from time to time depending on the condition of the river.
C) Admixtures
Admixtures or any other additions shall not be used except with the written approval of the
Engineer.

Admixtures, if specified or permitted, shall fully conform to the requirements of Indian

Standard IS: 9103
D) Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate for all types of concrete with the exception of blinding concrete shall
consist of hard durable crushed or broken rock and generally conform to the requirements of
Indian Standard IS: 383 (or AASHTO Standard Specification M 80 or ASTM C33 / C33M –
08). Coarse aggregate shall be clean, free from dust and other deleterious material.
The amounts of deleterious substances shall not exceed the following limits:
1) Soft fragments; 2% by mass
2) Clay lumps; 0.25% by mass
3) Material Passing the 0.075 mm sieve; 0.50% by mass if clay, 1.50% by mass if
fractures dust
In addition, coarse aggregates shall comply with the following:
1) Thin or elongated pieces; Flakiness Index less than 30
2) The aggregate crushing value shall be less than 30% and the ten percent fines value
shall be greater than 150 kN.
The grading of coarse aggregate of shall conform to Table 3.1-1below.
Table 3.1-1 Grading Requirements Coarse Aggregate
In heavily reinforced structures with difficult casting conditions smaller size aggregates may
be used if approved by the Engineer.

E) Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand and fine aggregates from different sources of
supply shall not be mixed or stored in the same pile.
The amounts of deleterious substance when tested shall not exceed the following limits:
1) Friable Particles; 0.5% by mass
2) Coal and Lignite; 0.5% by mass
3) Material passing the 0.075 mm sieve; 3.0% by mass
4) Any other deleterious materials shall not cause a strength reduction of the concrete of
more than 5% in relation to the strength of concrete free of the concerned deleterious
material.
The grading shall normally be in accordance with Table 3.1-2. In the event that it is not
possible to obtain regular supplies of sand conforming to this grading, the Engineer may
approve the adoption of an alternate grading conforming to the requirements of the mix
design. However, any additional cost results from changes in aggregate proportions or
additional cement contents required to achieve the specified strengths, when using these
alternative grading, shall be borne by the Contractor and shall not be reimbursed.
Table 3.1-2 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate

Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate
Sieve Size (mm) % Passing by Weight

10.0 100
5.0 95-100
1.2 45-80
0.30 10-30
0.15 2-10
3.1.3.2 Testing of Materials

A) Cement
Cement shall be in accordance with Indian Standard. The Contractor must provide the
Engineer with manufacturer’s certificates indicating compliance.
Cement shall be sampled and tested for fineness, setting time and strength in accordance with
IS: 615 at the Contractor’s expense. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of delivery

dates so that there will be sufficient time for sampling the cement, either at the mill or upon
delivery. If this is not done, the Contractor may be required to re-handle the cement in the
store for the purpose of obtaining the required samples.
Sampling shall normally be instructed by the Engineer for every batch of cement prior to this
cement being incorporated in the Works.
B) Water
The water proposed by the Contractor to be used in mixing or curing concrete shall be tested
by methods described in Indian Standard or AASHTO Test Method T 26 [or ASTM C1602 /
C1602M – 06].
In sampling water for testing, care shall be taken that the containers are clean and that
samples are representative.
When comparative tests are made with a water of known satisfactory quality, any indication
of unsoundness, marked change in time of setting, or a reduction of more than 10 percent in
mortar strength, shall be sufficient cause for rejection of the water under test.
The water shall be tested at a recognized laboratory approved by the Engineer. The test result
shall be signed by the laboratory. The water shall be tested before commencement of work or
if the source is changed or at any time required by the Engineer. All testing shall be carried
out at the Contractor’s expense.
C) Admixtures
Chemical admixtures are not to be used until permitted by the Engineer. In case their use is
permitted, the type, amount and method of use of any admixtures proposed by the Contractor
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. The minimum cement specified shall not be
reduced on account of the use of the admixtures.
The contractor shall provide the following information concerning each admixture to the
Engineer:
a. Normal chemical dosage and detrimental effects if any of under dosage and over
dosage.
b. The chemical names of the main ingredients in the admixtures.
c. The chloride content, if any, expressed as a percentage by weight of admixture.
d. Whether or not the admixture leads to the entrainment of air when used in the
manufacturer’s recommended dosage.
e. Where two or more admixtures are proposed to be used in any one mix, the
manufacturer’s written confirmation of their compatibility.
3. In reinforced concrete, the chloride content of any admixture used shall not exceed 2
percent by weight of the admixtures as determined in accordance with IS: 6925 and

the total chloride and sulphate contents in concrete mix shall not exceed 1.15 and 4.0
percent respectively by weight of cement.
The admixtures when used shall conform to IS: 9103. The suitability of all admixtures shall
be verified by trial mixes.
The addition of calcium chloride to concrete containing embedded metal will not be
permitted under any circumstances.
Retarding admixtures when used shall be based on ligno-sulphonates with due consideration
to clause 5.2 and 5.3 of IS: 7861
D) Aggregates
1) Selection and Approval
From the aggregate materials proposed by the Contractor, samples shall be selected according
to Standard Testing Procedure and in the presence of the Engineer. The samples shall be
tested at the site laboratory or at an approved testing laboratory for conformance with Section
3.1.3.1 of these Specifications.
2) Quality Control
The quality control of the aggregate shall be as directed by Engineer. Grading shall normally
be checked daily.
Moisture contents of fine aggregate shall be determined daily and at any time when a change
in moisture content is expected.
If the Contractor proposes to change the source of aggregate, the Engineer shall be informed
in advance and in no case less than 3 weeks before the new aggregate shall be used.
3.1.3.3 Composition of Concrete

A) Classes of Concrete
Concrete with cement type as specified for incorporation in the Works shall be of the classes
indicated on the Drawings and shall comply with Table 3.1-3.
Table 3.1-3 Concrete classes

Concrete 28 days Characteristic Strength Maximum Size of Minimum
Class (N/mm2) (15cmx15cm15cm Cube) Coarse Aggregate Cement
(mm) Content (Kg/m3)

40 180
M7 7
20 210
40 210
M10 10
20 240
40 250
M15 15
20 280
40 300
M20 20
20 320
40 340
M25 25
20 360
40 370
M30 30
20 400
40 400
M35 35
20 430
B) Proportioning
When designing the concrete mix, the Contractor shall consider the following conditions:
1) Strength
The class of the concrete is to be as shown on the Drawings. The class is the specified
characteristic cube strength at 28 days. Concrete mixes shall be designed to comply with
Specifications Section 3.1.3.4.
2) Water/Cement Ratio
The ratio of free water to cement when using saturated surface dry aggregate shall be as low
as possible and not exceed 0.50 by weight for all concrete, except for blinding concrete where
it shall not exceed 0.6, unless approved by the Engineer.
For concrete in barriers, edge beams and bridge decks directly exposed to traffic or concrete
in pile caps or abutments in contact with the ground, the water cement ratio shall not exceed
0.45, unless approved by the Engineer.

3) Minimum Cement Content
As indicated for the respective class in Table 3.1-3
4) Minimum Filler Content
Filler content (fine aggregate less than 0.25 mm and cement) shall not be less than as follows
(except for mass concrete).
Maximum coarse aggregate size (mm) 20 40
Minimum filler content (kg/m3 of concrete) 435 350
5) Coarse Aggregate
The maximum size of coarse aggregate will generally be stated on the Drawings; either 40
mm or 20 mm, in accordance with Table 3.1-1. Grading and quality is to comply with the
requirements of Section 3.1.3.1.
6) Fine Aggregate
The grading and quality is to comply with the requirements of Section 3.1.3.1.
7) Workability
The concrete shall be of suitable workability to obtain full compaction. Slumps measured in
accordance with approved standard procedure shall not exceed 75 mm unless otherwise
indicated on the Drawings or approved by the Engineer.
C) Trial Mixes
After the Contractor has received approval for the cement and aggregate to be used, he shall
prepare trial mixes with concrete of designed proportions to prove and establish workability,
strength, water cement/ratio, surface criteria etc. Methods of transporting fresh concrete and
the compaction equipment shall be considered. The trial mixes shall be made and compacted
in the presence of the Engineer, using the same type of plant and equipment as will be used
for the Works.
From each trial mix, cylinders or cubes shall be made and tested in accordance with Section
3.1.3.4.
From the same mix as that from which the test specimens are made, the workability of the
concrete shall be determined by the slump test. The remainder of the mix shall be cast in a
wooden mould and compacted. After 24 hours the sides of the mould shall be struck and the
surface examined in order to satisfy the Engineer that an acceptable surface can be obtained
with the mix.

The trial mix proportions should be approved if the required strength is obtained from tests
carried out in accordance with Section 3.1.3.4 and the consistency and surface is to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
When a mix has been approved, no variations shall be made in the mix proportions, or in the
type, size, grading zone or source, of any of the constituents without the consent of the
Engineer, who may require further trial mixes to be made before any such variations are
approved.
Until the results of trial mixes for a particular class have been approved by the Engineer, no
concrete of the relevant class shall be placed in the Works.
When the Contractor intends to purchase factory-made precast concrete units, trial mixes may
be dispensed with provided that evidence is given to satisfy the Engineer that the factory
regularly produces concrete which complies with the Specifications. The evidence shall
include details of mix proportions, water/cement ratios, slump tests and strengths obtained at
28 days.
3.1.3.4 Control of Concrete Quality

A) General
The Contractor shall assume the full responsibility for the quality of the concrete conforming
to these Specifications and this responsibility shall not be relieved by the testing carried out
and approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall thus at his own discretion establish additional testing procedures as
necessary.
B) Control of Concrete Production
1) Materials
Materials used shall be tested in accordance with the relevant sections of this specification.
2) Plant and Equipment
Batching plants will be tested by the Contractor in a manner approved by the Engineer before
any major concrete casting and at any other time if requested by the Engineer. The concreting
plant and equipment shall have a capacity for atleast 80m3 of concreting per day.
3) Fresh Concrete
The frequency of slump tests shall be as directed by the Engineer, with at least one test per 25
m3 of concrete.

C) Control of Strength
C.1) Sampling and Testing
The Contractor shall take samples of the concrete for testing. The number, frequency and
location shall be decided by the Engineer. A minimum of 3 concrete cubes should be taken
for each day’s casting, or for every 15 m3 of concrete cast in large pours. The slump of
concrete samples shall be measured.
The procedures for sampling and making cubes and testing them shall be as described in IS:
1199/IS: 516 (or ASTM C873 / C873M - 04e1.)
C.2) Strength Requirement
The results of the testing shall conform to the strength requirements according to IS: 456 or to
any mathematically correct statistical test for each casting section.
C.2.1) General
The characteristic strength of concrete is the 28 days strength below which not more than 5%
of the test results may be expected to fall.
C.2.2) Target Mean Strength
The concrete mix should be designed to have a mean strength greater than the required
characteristic strength by at least the current margin.
The current margin for each particular type of concrete mix shall be determined; it may be
taken as having the smaller of the values given by (1) or (2) below.
C.2.2.1)1.64 times the standard deviation of tests on at least 100 separate batches of concrete
of nominally similar proportions of similar materials and produced over a period not
exceeding 12 months by the same plant under similar supervision.
C.2.2.2)1.64 times the standard deviation of tests on at least 40 separate batches of concrete
of nominally similar proportions of similar materials and produced over a period exceeding 5
days but not exceeding 6 months by the same plant under similar supervision.
Where there are insufficient data to satisfy (1) or (2) above, the margin for the initial mix
design should be taken as one-thirds of the characteristic strength for concrete. This margin
should be used as the current margin only until sufficient data are available to satisfy (1) or
(2) above. However, when the required characteristic strength approaches the maximum
possible strength of concrete made with a particular aggregate, a smaller margin may be
permitted by the Engineer for the initial mix design.
C.2.3) Testing Plan

Each cube shall be made from a single sample taken from randomly selected batches of
concrete.
Compliance with the specified characteristic strength may be assumed if:
1) The average strength determined from any group of four consecutive test cubes
exceeds the specified characteristic strength by not less than 0.5 times the current margin, and
2) Each individual test result is greater than 85% of the specified characteristic strength.
The current margin should be taken to be one-thirds (1/3) of the specified characteristic
strength for concrete, unless as mentioned above a smaller margin has been established to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
If only one cube result fails to meet the second requirement then that result may be
considered to represent only the particular batch of concrete from which that cube was taken
provided the average strength of the group satisfies the first requirement.
If more than one cube in a group fails to meet the second requirement or if the average
strength of any group of four consecutive test cubes fail to meet the first requirement then all
the concrete in all the batches represented by all such cylinders shall be deemed not to
comply with the strength requirements. For the purposes of this sub-Section, the batches of
concrete represented by a group of four consecutive test cylinder/cubes shall include the
batches from which samples were taken to make the first and the last cubes in the group of
four, together with all the intervening batches.
C.2.4) Action to be taken in the event of Non-Compliance with the Testing Plan
When the average strength of four consecutive test cubes fail to meet the first requirement in
(F), above, the mix proportions of subsequent batches of concrete should be modified to
increase the strength.
The action to be taken in respect of the concrete which is represented by the test- cubes which
fail to meet either of the requirements (or not by correct statistical proof can be verified to
have the required strength) shall be determined by the Engineer. This may range from
qualified acceptance in less severe cases, to rejection and removal in the most severe cases.
The Engineer may also require the Contractor at his own expenses to prove statistically the
strength, by boring out cores and testing them according to a program approved by the
Engineer. The age of the concrete and degree of hardening at the time of the new testing shall
be considered. The equivalent cylinder/cube strength shall comply the minimum
characteristic strength or as decided by the Engineer.
D) Control of Hardening

If the Contractor wants to remove forms and scaffolding earlier than specified herein, extra
test specimens shall be cast by the Contractor in accordance with the instruction of the
Engineer. These specimens shall be tested the day before removal of the form. On the basis of
the test results the Engineer shall take the final decision on the time for the removal of forms.
3.1.4 Construction Methods
3.1.4.1 General
The Contractor shall in due time and as soon as possible present and discuss his construction
methods and work program with the Engineer and shall obtain his approval before
commencement of any work.
The Contractor shall maintain an adequate number of trained and experienced supervisors
and foremen at the Site to supervise and control the work.
All construction, other than concrete, shall conform to the requirements prescribed in other
Sections of the Specifications, for the particular items of work comprising the complete
structure.
3.1.4.2 Care and Storage of Concrete Materials

A) Storage of Cement
All cement shall be stored in suitable weatherproof buildings or silos which will protect the
cement from dampness. These buildings or silos shall be placed in locations approved by the
Engineer. Provisions for storage shall be ample, and the shipments of cement as received
shall be separately stored in such manner as to provide easy access for the identification and
inspection of each shipment. Storage buildings shall have a capacity for the storage of a
sufficient quantity of cement to allow sampling at least 14 days before the cement is to be
used. Cement shall meet the test requirements at any time and any cement stored for an
elongated time shall be checked and tested before use regardless of whether it has previously
been tested.
B) Storage of Aggregates
Aggregates shall be so stored as to prevent the inclusion of foreign material. Aggregates shall
not be placed upon the finished roadbed. Aggregates of different sizes and kinds shall be
placed in different stockpiles. Stockpiles of blended coarse aggregates shall be built up in
successive horizontal layers not more than 1 Meter thick. Each layer shall be completed
before the next is started. Should segregation occur, the aggregates shall be recombined to
conform to the grading requirement.
Washed aggregates and aggregates produced or manipulated by methods which involve the
use of water shall be allowed to drain at least 12 hours before use.

3.1.4.3 Preparations before Casting

Before any major casting, the Contractor shall prepare a complete “casting program”
describing staff and labor, consumption of materials, plant, tools and equipment, reserves of
materials, standby plant and equipment, proposed means of handling and placing the
concrete, quality controls etc.
No concrete shall be mixed and placed until the Contractor’s casting program has been
approved in writing by the Engineer.
Equipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing the work, and
satisfactory to the Engineer as to design, capacity, and mechanical condition, shall be at the
site of the work before casting is started.
If any equipment is not maintained in full working order, or if the equipment as used by the
Contractor proves inadequate to obtain the result prescribed, such equipment shall be repaired
or other suitable equipment substituted or added at the discretion of the Engineer.
3.1.4.4 Measuring Materials

All material in the mix shall be proportioned by weight or volume, subject to the approval of
the Engineer.
When volume batching is proposed by the Contractor, the exact proportions must be
converted from trial mix weights to volumes, from bulk densities determined in the
laboratory. Written approval from the Engineer is required.
3.1.4.5 Mixing Concrete

A) General
All concrete shall be mixed in batch mixers, either at the site of construction, at a central
plant, or in transit. Each mixer shall have attached to it in a prominent place, a manufacturer’s
plate showing the capacity of the drum in terms of mixed concrete and the speed of rotation
of the mixing drum.
B) Mixers at Local Site of Construction
Mixers at local sites shall be approved drum-type capable of combining the aggregate,
cement, and water into a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass within the specified mixing
period and of discharging the mixture without segregation. The mixer shall be equipped with
a suitable charging hopper, water storage and a water measuring device, accurate within 1%.
Controls shall be so arranged that the water can be applied only while the mixer is being
charged. Suitable equipment for discharging the concrete shall be provided. The mixer shall
be cleaned at suitable intervals. The pickup and throw-over blades in the drum shall be
replaced when they have lost 10% of their depth.

The mixer shall be operated at a drum speed of between 15 and 20 revolutions per minute.
The batched materials shall be so charged into the drum that a portion of the water shall enter
in advance of the cement and aggregates and the water shall continue to flow into the drum
for a minimum time of 5 seconds after all the cement and aggregates are in the drum. Mixing
time shall be measured from the time all materials except water are in the drum and shall, in
the case of mixers having a capacity of 1 cubic Meter or less, not be less than 50 seconds nor
more than 70 seconds. In the case of dual drum mixers, the mixing time shall not include
transfer time. The contents of an individual mixer drum shall be removed before a succeeding
batch is emptied therein. Any concrete mixed less than the specified minimum time shall be
discarded and disposed of by the Contractor at his own expense.
The volume of concrete mixed per batch shall not exceed the mixer’s nominal capacity in
cubic feet or cubic Meters as shown on the manufacturer’s guaranteed capacity standard
rating plate on the mixer; except that an overload up to 20% of the mixers nominal capacity
may be permitted provided concrete test data for strength, segregation and uniform
consistency are satisfactory, and provided no spillage of concrete takes place.
Re-tempering concrete by adding water or by other means shall not be permitted. Concrete
which is not of the required consistency at the time of placement shall not be used and shall
be discarded and disposed of by the Contractor at his own expense.
C) Central Plant Mixers
These mixers shall be of approved drum type capable of combining the aggregate, cement
and water into a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass within the specified mixing period and
of discharging the mixture without segregation. Central plant mixers shall be equipped with
an acceptable timing device that will not permit the batch to be discharged until the specified
mixing time has elapsed. The water system for a central mixer shall be either a calibrated
measuring tank or a meter and shall not necessarily be an integral part of the mixer.
The mixers shall be cleaned at suitable intervals. They shall be examined daily for changes in
interior condition. The pick up and throw-over blades in the drum shall be replaced when
they have lost 10% of their depth.
In addition to the requirements for mixers at local sites detailed above, central plant mixers
which have a capacity of between 2 and 5 cubic Meters, or greater than 5 cubic Meters,
should have a minimum mixing time of 90 and 120 seconds respectively, provided tests
indicate that the concrete produced is equivalent in strength and uniformity to that attained as
stated in the preceding paragraphs.
Mixed concrete shall be transported from the central mixing plant to the site of work in
agitator trucks or, upon written permission of the Engineer, in non-agitator trucks. Delivery
of concrete shall be so regulated that placing is at a continuous rate unless delayed by the
placing operations. The intervals between deliveries of batches shall not be so great as to

allow the concrete in place to harden partially, and in no case shall such an interval exceed 30
minutes.
D) Agitator Trucks
Unless otherwise permitted in writing by the Engineer, agitator trucks shall have watertight
revolving drums suitably mounted and shall be capable of transporting and discharging the
concrete without segregation. The agitating speed of the drum shall not be less than two or
more than six revolutions per minute. The volume of mixed concrete permitted in the drum
shall not exceed the manufacturer’s rating nor exceed 80% the gross volume of the drum.
Upon approval by the Engineer, open-top, revolving-blade truck mixers may be used in lieu
of agitating trucks for transportation of central plant mixed concrete.
Gross volume of agitator bodies expressed in cubic feet or cubic Meters shall be supplied by
the mixer manufacturer. The interval between introduction of water into the mixer drum and
final discharge of the concrete from the agitator shall not exceed 45 minutes. During this
interval the mix shall be agitated continuously.
E) Non-Agitator Trucks
Bodies of non-agitating equipment shall be smooth, water-tight metal containers equipped

with gates that will permit control of the discharge of the concrete. Covers shall be provided
when needed for protection against the weather.
The non-agitating equipment shall permit delivery of the concrete to the site of the work in a
thoroughly mixed and uniform mass with a satisfactory degree of discharge.
Uniformity shall be satisfactory if samples from the one-quarter and three quarter points of
the load do not differ by more than 30 mm in slump. Discharge of concrete shall be
completed within 30 minutes after the introduction of the mixing water to the cement and
aggregate.
F) Truck or Transit Mixers
These shall be equipped with electrically actuated counters by which the number of
revolutions of the drum or blades may readily be verified and the counters shall be actuated at
the commencement of mixing operations at designated mixing speeds. The mixer when
loaded shall not be filled to more than 60% of the drum gross volume. The mixer shall be
capable of combining the ingredients of the concrete into a thoroughly mixed and uniform
mass and of discharging the concrete with a satisfactory degree of uniformity.
Except when intended for use exclusively as agitators, truck mixers shall be provided with a
water measuring device to measure accurately the quantity of water for each batch. The
delivered amount of water shall be within plus or minus 1% of the indicated amount.

Truck mixers may be used for complete mixing at the batch plant and as truck agitators for
delivery of concrete to job sites, or they may be used for complete mixing of the concrete at
the job site. They shall either be a closed watertight revolving drum or an open top revolving
blade or paddle type.
The amount of mixing shall be designated in number of revolutions of the mixer drum. When
a truck mixer is used for complete mixing, each batch of concrete shall be mixed for between
70 and 100 revolutions of the drum or blades at the rate of rotation designated by the
manufacturer of the equipment as the “mixing speed”. Such designation shall appear on a
metal plate attached to the mixer. If the batch is at least 0.5 cubic Meters less than guaranteed
capacity, the number of revolutions at mixing speed may be reduced to not less than 50.
Mixing in excess of 100 revolutions shall be at the agitating speed. All materials, including
the mixing water, shall be in the mixer drum before actuating the revolution counter which
will indicate the number of revolutions of the drum or blades.
When wash water (flush water) is used as a portion of the mixing water for the succeeding
batch, it shall be accurately measured and taken into account in determining the amount of
additional mixing water required. When wash water is carried on the truck mixer, it shall be
carried in a compartment separate from the one used for carrying or measuring the mixing
water. The Engineer will specify the amount of wash or flush water, when permitted, any
may specify a “dry” drum if wash water is used without measurement or without supervision.
When a truck is used for complete mixing at the batch plant, mixing operations shall begin
within 30 minutes after the cement has been added to the aggregate. After mixing, the truck
mixer shall be used as an agitator, when transporting concrete, at the speed designated by the
manufacturer of the equipment as agitating speed. Concrete discharge shall be completed
within 45 minutes after the addition of the cement to the aggregates. Each batch of concrete
delivered at the job site shall be accompanied by a time slip issued at the batching plant,
bearing the time of departure there from. When the truck mixer is used for the complete
mixing of the concrete at the job site, the mixing operation shall begin within 30 minutes
after the cement has been added to the aggregates.
The rate of discharge of the plastic concrete from the mixer drum shall be controlled by the
speed of rotation of the drum in the discharge direction with the discharge gate fully open.
3.1.4.6 Handling and Placing Concrete

The temperature of concrete at the time of placing shall not be below 50C or above 35°C.
In preparation for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips and other construction debris and
extraneous matter shall be removed from the interior of forms. Struts, stays and braces,
serving temporarily to hold the forms in correct shape and alignment, pending the placing of
concrete at their locations, shall be removed when the concrete placing has reached an

elevation rendering their service unnecessary. These temporary members shall be entirely
removed from the forms and not buried in the concrete.
Concrete must reach its final position in the forms within 20 minutes of the completion of
mixing, or as directed by the Engineer.
Concrete shall be placed so as to avoid segregation of the materials and the displacement of
the reinforcement. The use of long troughs, chutes and pipes for conveying concrete from the
mixer to the forms shall be permitted only on written authorization of the Engineer. In case
an inferior quality of concrete is produced by the use of such conveyors, the Engineer may
order discontinuance of their use and the institution of a satisfactory method of placing.
Open troughs and chutes shall be of metal or metal lined. Where long steep slopes are
required, the chutes shall be equipped with baffles or be in short lengths that reverse the
direction of movement.
All chutes, troughs and pipes shall be kept clean and free from coatings of hardened concrete
by thoroughly flushing with water after each run. Water used for flushing shall be discharged
clear of the structure.
When placing operations would involve dropping the concrete more than 1 .5 m, it shall be
deposited through sheet metal or other approved pipes. As far as practicable, the pipes shall
be kept full of concrete during placing and their lower ends shall be kept buried in the newly
placed concrete. After initial set of the concrete, the forms shall not be jarred and no strain
shall be placed on the ends of reinforcement bars which project.
Concrete, during and immediately after depositing, shall be thoroughly compacted. The
compaction shall be done by mechanical vibration subject to the following provisions:
1) The vibration shall be internal unless special authorization of other methods is given
by the Engineer or as provided herein.
2) Vibrators shall be of a type and design approved by the Engineer. They shall be
capable of transmitting vibration to the concrete at frequencies of not less than 4,500
impulses per minute.
3) The intensity of vibration shall be such as to visibly affect a mass of concrete of 20

mm slump over a radius of at least 450 mm.
4) The Contractor shall provide a sufficient number of vibrators to properly compact

each batch immediately after it is placed in the forms.
5) Vibrators shall be manipulated to thoroughly work the concrete around the

reinforcement and embedded fixtures, and into the corners and angles of the forms.

Vibration shall be applied at the point of deposit and in the area of freshly deposited concrete.
The vibrators shall be inserted and withdrawn from the concrete slowly. The vibration shall
be of sufficient duration and intensity to thoroughly compact the concrete, but shall not be
continued so as to cause segregation. Vibration shall not be continued at any one point to the
extent that localized areas of grout are formed.
Application of vibrators shall be at points uniformly spaced and not further apart than twice
the radius over which the vibration is visibly effective.
6) Vibration shall not be applied directly or through the reinforcement to sections or

layers of concrete which have hardened to the degree that the concrete ceases to be plastic
under vibration. It shall not be used to make concrete flow in the forms over distances so
great as to cause segregation, and vibrators shall not be used to transport concrete in the
forms.
7) Vibration shall be supplemented by such spading as is necessary to ensure smooth

surfaces and dense concrete along form surfaces and in corners and locations impossible to
reach with the vibrators.
8) The provisions of this Section shall also apply to precast piling, concrete cribbing and
other precast members except that, if approved by the Engineer, the manufacturer’s methods
of vibration may be used.
Concrete shall be placed in horizontal layers not more than 600 mm thick except as
hereinafter provided. When less than a complete layer is placed in one operation, it shall be
terminated in a vertical bulkhead. Each layer shall be placed and compacted before the
preceding batch has taken initial set to prevent injury to the green concrete and avoid surfaces
of separation between the batches. Each layer shall be compacted so as to avoid the formation
of a construction joint with a preceding layer which has not taken initial set.
When the placing of concrete is temporarily discontinued, the concrete, after becoming firm
enough to retain its form, shall be cleaned of laitance and other objectionable material to a
sufficient depth to expose sound concrete. To avoid visible joints as far as possible upon
exposed faces, the top surface of the concrete adjacent to the forms shall be smoothed with a
trowel. Where a “feather edge” might be produced at a construction joint, as in the sloped top
surface of a wing wall, an inset form shall be used to produce a blocked out portion in the
preceding layer which shall produce an edge thickness of not less than 150 mm in the
succeeding layer. Work shall not be discontinued within 450 mm of the top of any face,
unless provision has been made for a coping less than 450 mm thick, in which case, if
permitted by the Engineer, a construction joint may be made at the underside of the coping.
Immediately following the discontinuance of placing concrete all accumulations of mortar

splashed upon the reinforcement steel and the surfaces of forms shall be removed. Dried
mortar chips and dust shall not be puddle into the unset concrete. If the accumulations are not

removed prior to the concrete becoming set, care shall be exercised not to injure or break the
concrete-steel bond at and near the surface of the concrete, while cleaning the reinforcement
steel.
For simple spans, concrete shall preferably be deposited by beginning at the centre of the
span and working from the centre toward the ends. Concrete in girders shall be deposited
uniformly for the full length of the girder and brought up evenly in horizontal layers. For
continuous spans, the concrete placing sequence shall be as shown on the plans or agreed on
by the Engineer.
Concrete in slab and girder haunches less than 1 .0 Meter in height shall be placed at the
same time as that in the girder stem.
Concrete in slab spans shall be placed in one continuous operation for each span unless
otherwise provided.
Concrete in T-beam or deck girder spans may be placed in one continuous operation if
permitted by the Engineer.
Concrete in columns and pier shafts shall be placed in one continuous operation, unless
otherwise directed.
Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer, no concrete shall be placed in the superstructure
until the column forms have been stripped sufficiently to determine the character of the
concrete in the columns. The load of the superstructure shall not be applied to the supporting
structures until they have been in place at least 14 days, unless otherwise permitted by the
Engineer.
Pneumatic placing of concrete shall be permitted only if authorized by the Engineer. The
equipment shall be so arranged that vibration does not damage freshly placed concrete.
Where concrete is conveyed and placed by pneumatic means the equipment shall be suitable
in kind and adequate in capacity for the work. The machine shall be located as close as
practicable to the place of deposit. The position of the discharge end of the line shall not be
more than 3 Meters from the point of deposit. The discharge lines shall be horizontal or
inclined upwards from the machine. At the conclusion of placement the entire equipment
shall be thoroughly cleaned.
Placement of concrete by pumping shall be permitted only if authorized by the Engineer. The
equipment shall be so arranged that vibrations do not damage freshly placed concrete. Where
concrete is conveyed and placed by mechanically applied pressure, the equipment shall be
suitable in kind and adequate in capacity for the work. The operation of the pump shall be
such that a continuous stream of concrete without air pockets is produced. When pumping is
completed, the concrete remaining in the pipeline, if it is to be used, shall be ejected in such a

manner that there is not contamination of the concrete or separation of the ingredients. After
this operation, the entire equipment shall be thoroughly cleaned.
3.1.4.7 Perforations and Embedment of Special Devices

The Contractor is responsible for determining in advance of making any concrete pours, all
requirements for perforation of concrete sections or embedment therein of special devices of
other trades, such as conduits, pipes, weep holes, drainage pipes, fastenings, etc. Any
concrete poured without prior provision having been made, shall be subject to correction at
the Contractor’s expense.
Special devices to be embedded:
• Expansion joints
• Drain outlets including fixing bolts for down pipes
• Bolts and inserts for sign posts
• Bolts and inserts for various purposes regarding inspection and maintenance as directed
by the Engineer
Other devices not mentioned above shall be shown on the Drawings, or directed by the
Engineer.
3.1.4.8 Finishing Concrete Surfaces

One of the following types of finishing shall be applied to concrete surfaces:
Type A - Concrete Decks
Immediately after placing concrete, concrete decks shall be struck off using templates to
provide proper crowns and shall be finished smooth to the correct levels. Finish shall be
slightly but uniformly roughened by brushing. The finished surface shall not vary more than
10 mm from a 3 Meter straight edge placed in any direction on the roadway. Deviation from
the grade line shall not be more than + 30 mm in any 20 Meter length.
Type B - Kerb and Sidewalk Surface
Exposed faces of kerbs and sidewalks shall be finished to true lines and grades. The kerb
surface shall be wood floated to a smooth but not slippery finish. Sidewalk surfaces shall be
slightly but uniformly roughened by brushing.
Type C - Ordinary Finish
An ordinary finish is defined as the finish left on a surface after the removal of the forms
when all holes left by form ties have been filled, and any minor surface defects have been
repaired. The surface shall be true and even, free from depressions or projections.

The concrete in bridge seats, caps, and tops of walls shall be struck off with a straight edge
and floated to true grade. Under no circumstances shall the use of mortar topping for concrete
surfaces be permitted.
Type D - Rubbed Finish
After the removal of forms the rubbing of concrete shall be started as soon as its condition
permits. Immediately before starting this work the concrete shall be kept thoroughly saturated
with water for a minimum period of three hours. Sufficient time shall have elapsed before the
wetting down to allow the mortar used in patching to have thoroughly set. A medium coarse
carborundum stone shall be used for rubbing a small amount of mortar on the face. The
mortar used shall be composed of cement and fine aggregate mixed in the same proportions
as that used in the concrete being finished. Rubbing shall be continued until all form marks,
projections, and irregularities have been removed, all voids filled, and a uniform surface has
been obtained. The paste produced by this rubbing shall be left in place at this time. The final
finish shall be obtained by rubbing with a fine carborundum stone and water until the entire
surface is of a smooth texture and uniform color.
After the final rubbing has been completed and the surface has dried, burlap shall be used to
remove loose powder. The final surface shall be free from unsound patches, paste, powder
and objectionable marks.
Type E – Bush hammer Finish
Bush hammering shall be carried out by treating the surface with an approved heavy duty
power hammer fitted with a multi-point tool which shall be operated over the surface to
remove 5 to 6 mm of concrete paste and expose maximum areas of coarse aggregate.
Aggregate left embedded shall not be fractured or loose. 25 mm wide bands at all corners and
arises shall be left as cast. The finish surface shall be even and of uniform appearance and
shall be washed with water upon completion.
Type F - Ribbed Finish
Ribs shall be vertical and to the dimensions shown on the Drawings. The direction of the
grain of the timber forming the ribs shall be vertical.
3.1.4.9 Construction Joints

A) General
Construction joints shall be made only where located on the plans or shown in the pouring
schedule, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.

If not detailed on the plans, or in the case of emergency, construction joints shall be placed as
directed by the Engineer. Shear keys or inclined reinforcement shall be used where necessary
to transmit shear or bond the two sections together.
B) Bonding
Before depositing new concrete on or against concrete which has hardened, the forms shall be
re-tightened. The surface of the hardened concrete shall be roughened as required by the
Engineer, in a manner that does not leave loosened particles of aggregate or damaged
concrete at the surface. It shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter and laitance, and
saturated with water. To ensure an excess of mortar at the juncture of the hardened and the
newly deposited concrete, the cleaned and saturated surfaces, including vertical and inclined
surfaces, shall first be thoroughly covered with a thin coating of mortar or neat cement grout
against which the new concrete shall be placed before the grout has attained its initial set.
The placing of concrete shall be carried continuously from joint to joint. The face edges of all
joints which are exposed to view shall be carefully finished true to line and elevation.
3.1.4.10 Curing Concrete

All concrete surfaces shall be kept thoroughly wet for at least 7 days after placing. Bridge
deck and sidewalk slabs shall be covered with wet hessian immediately after final finishing of
the surface. This material shall remain in place for the full curing period or may be removed
and replaced with sand when the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent marking. In
both cases the materials shall be kept thoroughly wet for the entire curing period. All other
surfaces if not protected by forms, shall be kept thoroughly wet, either by sprinkling or by the
use of wet burlap until the end of the curing period. The wood forms are allowed to remain in
place during the curing period, but they shall be kept moist at all times to prevent openings at
joints.
After a period of 7 days, the concrete shall be watered daily at certain intervals approved by
the Engineer to avoid drying out of the surface. This shall take place during the following 2
weeks. The water used shall be the same as used in concrete mixes unless otherwise approved
by the Engineer.
Any proposal from the Contractor for the use of liquid membrane curing compound shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer.
3.1.4.11 Removal of Scaffolding and Formwork

Forms and scaffolding shall not be removed without the approval of the Engineer. The
Engineer’s approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his Contract responsibilities. Any
kentledge blocks and bracing shall be removed at the same time as the forms and in no case
shall any portion of the wood forms be left in the concrete.

Forms used on exposed vertical faces shall remain in place for periods which shall be
determined by the Engineer and normally not less than 3 days.
Supporting scaffolding and forms under slabs, beams and girders shall normally remain in
place until the full required strength of the concrete has been obtained. If a shorter period is
requested, this may be permitted by the Engineer. In such case, special test specimens (see
Section 3.1.3.4) shall be cast to monitor the hardening.
All structures shall be fully stripped before adjacent structures are cast.
3.1.4.12 Repair of Concrete

As soon as the form has been stripped, the Contractor shall advise the Engineer who shall
inspect the concrete before any improvement of the surface takes place.
All wire or metal devices used for securing the formwork which project from or appear on the
surface of the finished concrete shall be removed or cut back to at least a depth equal to the
required reinforcement cover. All holes and pockets so formed shall be filled with cement
mortar mixed in the same proportions as the fine aggregate to cement of the concrete mix
used for that particular section of the structure, after the surface to be patched has been
thoroughly cleaned and wetted to receive the patch.
Excessive honeycombing shall be sufficient to cause rejection of portions of the structure

containing this honeycombing. The Contractor, on receipt of written orders from the
Engineer, shall remove and rebuild such portions of the structure at his own expense.
Smaller honeycombing and other defects can be repaired if permitted by the Engineer.
Structural, maintenance and aesthetical points of view shall be taken into consideration
before such approval, if any, may be given. The method of repair shall be approved by the
Engineer and an extension of period for a certain part of the performance bond may be
required.
3.1.4.13 Depositing Concrete under Water

Concrete shall not be deposited in water except with the approval of the Engineer and under
his immediate supervision; and in this case the method of placing shall be as defined in this
Section.
Concrete placed under water shall be carefully placed in a compact mass, in its final position,
by means of a tremie tube and shall not be disturbed after being deposited. Special care must
be exercised to maintain still water at the point of deposit. Concrete shall not be placed in
running water. The method of depositing concrete shall be so regulated as to produce
approximately horizontal surfaces.

Concrete seals shall be placed in one continuous operation. When a tremie tube or pipe is
used, it shall consist of a tube or pipe not less than 150 mm in diameter. All joints in the tube
shall be watertight. The means of supporting the tremie tube shall be such as to permit free
movement of the discharge end over the entire top of the concrete and to permit its being
lowered rapidly when necessary to choke off or retard the flow. The tremie tube shall be
filled by a method that prevents washing of the concrete. The discharge end shall be
completely submerged in concrete at all times and the tremie tube shall be kept full. Concrete
slump shall not be less than 150 mm.
Dewatering shall proceed only when the concrete seal is considered strong enough to
withstand any pressure to be exerted upon it. This time shall be decided by the Engineer.
All laitance or other unsatisfactory material shall be removed from the exposed surface by
scraping, jetting, chipping or other means, which do not injure the seal unduly.
3.1.4.14 Factory Made Precast Concrete Elements

Any supplier of precast concrete elements shall be approved in writing by the Engineer. Such
approval can be withdrawn at any time.
Concrete work in precast concrete elements shall fully conform to all relevant Sections of
these Specifications.
The supplier shall maintain laboratory facilities of the same standard as the site laboratory.
Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, precast concrete members shall not be moved
from the casting position until the concrete has attained a compressive strength of 80% of the
specified 28 day strength, nor transported until it has developed strength of 90% of the
specified 28 day strength.
Extreme care shall be exercised in handling and moving precast concrete members. Precast
girders and slabs shall be transported in an upright position. Shock shall be avoided and the
points of support and directions of the reactions with respect to the member shall be
approximately the same during transportation and storage as when the member is in its final
position. If the Contractor deems it expedient to transport or store precast units in other than
this position, this shall be at the Contractor’s risk, after notifying the Engineer of his intention
to do so. Any rejected unit shall be replaced at the Contractor’s expense by an acceptable
unit.
Proposed details on the handling and transportation of precast concrete members shall be
submitted in writing by the Contractor, to the Engineer, for his approval.
Each precast member is to be uniquely and permanently marked so as to show its type, date
of casting and any other information required by the Engineer.

3.1.4.15 Control of Heat in Structures

In structures of major dimensions i.e., pile caps, etc. the heat deriving from the hardening of
the concrete shall be controlled by the Contractor. Temperature gradients introducing risk of
cracking shall not occur and the temperature shall not exceed 70°C.
The Contractor shall submit timely proposals for avoiding excessive heat generation, such as
the cooling of aggregates before mixing, to the Engineer for approval.
3.1.4.16 Loading
No superstructure load shall be placed upon finished bents, piers, or abutments until the
Engineer so directs but in no case shall any toad of any kind be placed until the concrete has
completed curing.
The Contractor shall not place any temporary loads on deck slabs unless allowed by the
Engineer in writing (see Section 3.2). Bridge deck slabs shall be opened to traffic only when
so directed by the Engineer and generally not sooner than 28 days after the placing of the
concrete has been completed.
3.1.4.17 Backfill to Structures

All spaces which have been excavated and the volumes of which are not occupied by the
concrete structure shall be backfilled and compacted with acceptable material in accordance
with the provisions of relevant specification and as directed by the Engineer.
3.1.4.18 Cleaning Up
Upon completion of a structure and before final acceptance, the Contractor shall remove all
forms and scaffolding etc. down to 0.5 Meters below the finished ground line. Excavated, or
useless materials, rubbish etc. shall be removed from the Site and the Site shall be left in a
neat and tidy condition satisfactory to the Engineer.
3.1.5 Measurement
Concrete shall be measured by the number of cubic Meters of Class indicated on the
Drawings complete in place and accepted by the Engineer. In computing quantities, the
dimensions used shall be those shown on the Drawings. No deduction from the measured
quantity shall be made for drainage, pipes less than 300 mm in diameter, conduits, chamfers,
reinforcement bars, expansion joints, water stops or pile heads embedded in concrete.
Reinforcing steel shall be measured for payment as described in Specifications Sections 3.3.

3.1.6 Payment
The concrete of grades shown on the Drawings and measured as provided in Section 3.1.5
shall be paid for at the Contract unit prices per cubic Meter. The Contractor’s rates shall
include materials, mixing, transporting, placing and compacting the concrete. The rates shall
also include all trial mixes (as specified in Section 3.1.3.3), all conformance tests, all concrete
finishings, the supply, placing and building in of weep pipes or pipe sleeves, forming
construction joints, forming holes or pockets not exceeding 0.15 m3 each.
Payment for precast units shall include all concrete, formwork, finishing, transport and
erection and where applicable any bolts, bedding or other devices necessary to fix them in
their permanent position.
3.1.7 Pay Item
3/1/1 Providing and laying leveling concrete in Plain Cement

Concrete of grade as Detailed on the Drawings and as
Stated in the Bill of Quantities (BoQ) for all the foundation m3
of the bridge
3/1/2 Providing and laying Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

of grade as detailed in the drawings and as stated in the BoQ
for abutments A1 & A2:
3/1/2.1 Footing slabs of the abutments m3
3/1/2.2 Abutment walls (stem), dirt walls & return walls
including supply, placing and building in of the weep
pipes as per details shown in the relevant drawings. m3

of grade as detailed in the drawings and as stated in the
BoQ for the two arches:
3/1/3.1 Footing slabs of the arches m3
3/1/3.2 Arch ribs and arch cross beams m3

of grade as detailed in the drawings and as stated in the m3
BoQ for the Columns

BoQ for the deck system – slab, beam, cross beams & kerbs

BoQ for the approach slabs

3.2 Formwork and Scaffolding
3.2.1 Scaffolding (Falsework)
Details, plans and structural calculations for scaffolding shall be submitted by the Contractor
to the Engineer for approval, but in no case shall the Engineer’s approval relieve the
Contractor of his Contract responsibilities. All scaffolding shall be designed and constructed
by the Contractor to provide the necessary rigidity and to support dead and live loads without
deflection or deformation. The Engineer may require the Contractor to employ screw jacks or
hardwood wedges to take up any settlement in scaffolding and formwork, either before or
during the placing of concrete.
Tests may be required by the Engineer of materials proposed by the Contractor for
scaffolding. Test loadings of the completed scaffolding may also be required for the
determination of flexibility and strength. All expenses associated with testing shall be borne
by the Contractor.
Scaffolding which cannot be founded on a satisfactory footing shall be supported on piles,

which shall be spaced, driven and removed in a manner approved by the Engineer. When the
Contractor wishes to support scaffolding on existing structures, he shall submit his proposals
in due time to the Engineer, in writing, including loads from the scaffolding. The Engineer
will consider the proposals and respond in writing.
Scaffolding shall be set to give the finished structure a camber, if indicated on the Drawings
or specified by the Engineer.
Scaffolding shall remain in place for periods which shall be determined by the Engineer.
The formwork shall be properly designed for the self-weight, weight of reinforcement, weight
of fresh concrete, various live loads imposed during the construction process (such as
workmen and equipment). Dumping of concrete, movement of construction equipment and
action of the wind may produce lateral forces which must be resisted by the form work to
prevent lateral failure for which suitable horizontal as well as diagonal bracings shall be
provided. The permissible stresses in bending, buckling load of props, permissible deflection
of shuttering should not be exceeded.
In case the height of centering exceeds 3.50 Meters, the props may be provided in multi-
stages.
Before the concreting is started, the props and wedges shall be thoroughly checked to see that
these are intact, and take suitable action in case these are loose. While the concreting is in
progress, at least one carpenter shall be readily available at the site. The carpenter shall keep
a constant watch on the props and take immediate remedial measures, as soon as any of these

get loosened. Care shall be taken that props and wedges do not get loose for a minimum
period specified in Table 3.2-1.
3.2.2 Formwork
Formwork shall include all temporary or permanent moulds for forming the concrete.
Formwork shall be of wood, metal or other approved materials and shall be built mortar tight
and rigid enough to maintain the concrete in position during placing, compacting, setting and
hardening.
Formwork for exposed surfaces (“wrought form”) shall be made of dressed lumber of
uniform thickness with or without a form liner of an approved type or shall be of metal
sufficiently rigid in itself with no surface blemishes that will impair the quality of the
concrete surface finish. No rusty or bent metal forms shall be used. Exposed concrete arises
shall be provide with formed chamfers, as indicated on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer.
Rough lumber may be used for surfaces that will not be exposed in the finished structure
(“rough form”).
All lumber shall be sound, free from warps and twists, sap, shakes, large or loose knots, wavy
edge or other defects affecting the strength or appearance of the finished structure.
All forms shall be set and maintained true to the line designated until the concrete is
sufficiently hardened. Forms shall remain in place for periods, which shall be determined by
the Engineer. When forms appear to be unsatisfactory in any way, either before or during the
placing of concrete, the Engineer may order the work stopped until the defects are corrected.
If requested, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer working drawings of the forms and
also, if requested, calculations to verify the rigidity and strength of the forms.
The shape, strength, rigidity, water tightness and surface smoothness of reused formwork
shall be maintained at all times. Any warped or bulged lumber must be re-sized before being
reused. Formwork that is unsatisfactory in any respect shall not be reused.
Metal ties or anchorages within the form shall be so constructed as to permit their removal to
a depth of at least 50 mm from the face without injury to the concrete. All fittings for metal
ties shall be of such design that, upon their removal, the cavities which are left will be of the
smallest possible size. The cavities shall be filled with cement mortar and the surface left
sound, smooth, even and uniform in color.
Formwork shall be so constructed that easy cleaning out of any extraneous material inside the
formwork can be achieved without disturbing formwork already checked and approved by the
Engineer.

Formwork shall be treated with approved non-staining oil or saturated with water, to facilitate
formwork removal. The Engineer may require trials to be carried out before approval is given
for the use of a particular type of oil, to ascertain that the oil proposed by the Contractor does
not discolor or injure the finished concrete face in any way.
Before placing any concrete, all shavings, loose binding wires, soil, rubbish and all foreign
matter shall be removed from the formwork and the formwork shall be carefully and
thoroughly washed with water. If not indicated otherwise, the following tolerances of the
finished concrete structures shall apply:
Foundations: horizontally ±30 mm; vertically ±20 mm
Piers: Horizontally±20 mm, vertically~ 10mm, inclination 1:400
Dimensions of other structural members: + 10 mm, -5 mm
Edge beams and parapets shall be made to such accuracy that no deviations from the correct
alignment are visible.
The cross sectional areas of the superstructure of bridges shall in no place deviate more than
3% from the theoretically correct cross sectional areas.
Anchors for bearings, expansion joints, railings, etc. shall be placed within the tolerances
indicated on the Drawings or specified by the Engineer.
3.2.2.1 Surface Treatment for Shuttering

The surfaces of timber shuttering that would come in contact with concrete shall be well
wetted and coated with soap solution, raw linseed oil or form oil of approved manufacture, to
prevent adhesion of concrete to form work. Use of polythene sheets shall not be permitted.
Soap solution, for the purpose shall be prepared by dissolving yellow soap in water to get the
consistency of paint. Inside surfaces of forms shall be thoroughly cleaned before application
of any of the materials mentioned above. Release agents shall be applied strictly in
accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and shall not be allowed to come in contact
with any reinforcement. Re-use of the shuttering shall be permitted only after the inside
surface has been thoroughly cleaned in the manner described above.
Contractor shall give the Engineer due notice before placing any concrete in the forms to
permit him to inspect and accept the form work as to its strength alignment and general
fitness, but such inspection shall not relieve the contractor of his responsibility for safety of
workman, machinery, materials and for results obtained.

3.2.2.2 Camber
Cambers both along and across the bridge shall be provided as per the lines and levels shown
in the design drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The scaffold and the formwork shall be
so assembled as to provide for such camber. For cantilevers, the camber at free end shall be
1/50th of the projected length or as directed by the Engineer.
3.2.3 Approval of Scaffolding and Formwork
If plans and calculations of scaffolding and formwork are requested by the Engineer, no
construction of such scaffolding and formwork shall take place before approval by the
Engineer, in writing. Such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities
under the Contract for the adequacy of scaffolding and formwork.
The Engineer shall have reasonable time for his examination of the Contractor’s plans and
calculations, especially if scaffolding is introducing temporary loading on new structures.
The Contractor shall not be allowed extensions of Contract time due to awaiting such
approval.
The Engineer shall inspect all formwork and scaffolding and no concrete shall be placed until
the Engineer’s approval has been given. Such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of any
of his responsibilities under the Contract for the successful completion of the structure.
3.2.4 Special Formwork
For special type of work-locations like tall structures etc. use of special types of formwork
like moving or climbing forms shall be permitted. The details of such formworks along with
the sequence of working shall be approved by the Engineer before their erection.
3.2.5 Removal of Form Work
No formwork or any part thereof shall be removed without prior approval of the Engineer.
The formwork shall be so removed as not to cause any damage to concrete due to shock or
vibration. In a slab and beam construction, sides of beam shall be stripped first, then the
under sides of slab and lastly the underside of the beam. Formwork must be so designed that
they can be stripped in the order required i.e.
(a) Shutters to vertical (non load bearing) faces e.g. column boxes, beam sides, wall forms,
(b) Shutters forming soffits to slabs, horizontal and inclined which carry only light load, e.g.
slabs, roofs, floors and canopies etc.
(c) Soffit shutters carrying heavy load e.g. beam and girder bottoms.

The whole of the formwork should be planned and a definite scheme of operation worked
out. In no circumstances should forms be struck until the concrete reaches strength of at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of striking. Where
possible the formwork should be left longer as it would assist curing. Forms should be eased
carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete. The period that
shall elapse after the concrete has been laid, before easing and removal of centering and
shuttering is undertaken shall be as given in Table 3.2-1 below:
Table 3.2-1 Removal of Form Work
Type of formwork Minimum period before striking formwork
Vertical formwork of Column, Wall and 16 – 24 h

beams
Soffit formwork to slabs ( props to be re- 3 days

fixed immediately after removal of
formwork)
Soffit formwork to beams ( props to be 7 days

re-fixed immediately after removal of
formwork)
Props to deck slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
Props to deck slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
Props to beams spanning upto 6m 14 days
Props to beams and arches spanning over 6 m 21 days
Note 1: In case of cantilever slabs and beams, the centering shall remain till structures for
counter acting or bearing down have been erected and have attained sufficient strength.
Note 2: Proper precautions should be taken to allow for the decrease in the rate of hardening
that occurs with all cements in cold weather.
Note 3: Work damaged through premature or careless removal of forms shall be

reconstructed.
3.2.6 Measurements
The formwork shall be paid for separately. Measurement shall be taken of the area of
shuttering in contact with the concrete surface.
Dimensions of formwork shall be measured correct to 10mm. The measurements shall be

taken separately under each of the items mentioned in the Pay Item.

No deductions from the shuttering due to the openings/ obstructions shall be made if area of
such openings/obstructions does not exceed 0.1sq.m. Nothing extra shall be paid for forming
such openings.
3.2.7 Payment
The rate of formwork includes the cost of planning & design of a safe scaffold system,
material, erection, centering & propping, shuttering and formwork and other materials, tools
and plant, labor required for all the operations described in this section including properly
supporting the members as required until the concrete is cured, set and hardened as required.
No separate payment shall be made for items such as form release agent, connections, ties,
provisions for openings and other items required for the completion of the work unless
specified otherwise.
3.2.8 Pay Items
3/2/1 Centering and shuttering for abutments A1 & A2 including

all scaffolds and propping works:
3/2/1.1 Footing slabs of the abutments m2
3/2/1.2 Abutment walls (stem), dirt walls & return walls m2
3/2/2 Centering and shuttering for the two arches including

all scaffolds and propping works of all heights:
3/2/2.1 Footing slabs of the arches (two sides, top and the front). m2
3/2/2.2 Arch ribs (all four sides) and arch cross beams (bottom
and the two sides) m2
3/2/3 Centering and shuttering for the Columns including

all scaffolds and propping works of all heights m2
3/1/4 Centering and shuttering for the deck system

including all scaffolds and propping works:
3/2/4.1 Deck slab, longitudinal beams and the cross
beams (bottom and sides) m2
3/2/4.2 kerbs and dividers (sides) m2
3/2/5 Centering and shuttering for the sides of approach slabs m2
3.3 REINFORCEMENT
3.3.1 Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and placing bars of the grade, type and size in
accordance with this specification and the BoQ and in conformity with the requirements
shown in the Drawings.

3.3.2 Materials
3.3.2.1 Bar Reinforcement

All high yield steel bars shall be deformed bars with a yield stress not less than 500 N/mm2
and shall conform to Indian Standard IS:1786 or specification in force that is considered by
the Engineer to apply.
The use of cold twisted bars is not permitted. Steel for all bars shall be produced by open
hearth, basic oxygen or electric arc furnace methods, unless otherwise called for on the
Drawings or in special provisions.
3.3.2.2 Wire Mesh

Wire mesh shall conform to the requirements of Indian Standard IS 1566 [or AASHTO
Standard Specification M 55 -Welded Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement or
ASTM A185 / A185M – 07].
3.3.2.3 Binding Wire

Reinforcement binding wire shall be best black annealed mild steel wire, approximately 1.6
mm in diameter.
3.3.2.4 Bar Sizes

Metric sizes of steel are shown on the Drawings and shall be used.
3.3.2.5 Ordering Material

The name of the proposed supplier (or names of proposed suppliers) of the reinforcement
shall be submitted as soon as possible to the Engineer for his approval. The Contractor shall
also submit all relevant data on the steel required by the Engineer, such as breaking strength,
yield strength, characteristics on elongation, chemical composition etc.
Copies of orders placed shall be submitted to the Engineer.
No steel shall be delivered without a manufacturer’s certificate guaranteeing the yield stress,
which shall be submitted to the Engineer.
The steel shall be stored on Site and marked in a way that later enables identification of the
steel corresponding to each certificate.
3.3.2.6 Additional Tests

The Contractor shall cut out steel samples as directed by the Engineer and these shall be
tested according to the Engineer’s instructions by an approved Testing Institution. Expenses
incurred in connection with cutting out, transporting and testing of the samples shall be paid

for by the Contractor. In general, two samples shall be tested from each batch of a particular
size of reinforcement delivered to the site.
3.3.3 Construction Methods
3.3.3.1 Protection and Storage

Reinforcement for structures shall be handled and stored in a manner that will prevent
bending out of the desired shape and any accumulation of dirt, oil and paint. When placed in
the works it shall be free from dirt, oil, grease, paint, mill scale and loose or thick rust.
3.3.3.2 Cutting and Bending

Bars shall be cut and bent cold to the dimensions indicated and with equipment and methods
approved by the Engineer.
Stirrups and tie bars shall be bent around a pin having a diameter not less than four times the
minimum thickness of the bar. Bends for other bars, where full tension in the bar may occur,
shall be made around a pin having a diameter not less than twenty times the bar diameter.
Hooks shall conform to Article 5.10.2 of AASHTO 2007 or as shown on the Drawings.
3.3.3.3 Placing, Supporting and Fastening

All bar reinforcement shall be placed, supported and secured prior to any concreting
operations. The reinforcement shall be checked and approved by the Engineer before pouring
of concrete.
Cover blocks required for ensuring that the reinforcement is correctly positioned shall be as
small as possible, consistent with their purpose, of a shape and material acceptable to the
Engineer, and designated so that they will not overturn when the concrete is placed. If made
of concrete, the maximum size of aggregate shall be 6 mm and the mix proportion shall be
one part of cement to 2 parts of sand by weight. Wire shall be cast in the block for the
purpose of tying it to the reinforcement. The wire must not be closer than 30 mm from the
concrete surface. The use of small stones or wood blocks shall not be permitted.
The reinforcement shall be held securely in place at the exact position and at the exact
spacing as indicated on the Drawings by the use of wire ties at bar intersections, supports and
cover blocks. Wire ties shall be securely tied and folded so that they do not project beyond
the planes formed by the reinforcing bars. The adequacy of the supports and ties to secure the
reinforcement properly shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
3.3.3.4 Splicing
Reinforcement shall be furnished in the lengths indicated on the Drawings. When the
Contractor wishes to use more splices than are indicated and/or necessary, the Contractor
shall furnish Working Drawings to the Engineer for approval in accordance with the

guidelines provided on the Contract Drawings. If such additional splices are approved, the
extra weight occasioned by such splices shall not be included in the measurement of
reinforcement for payment.
All splices for high yield deformed steel bars and mild steel plain steel bars shall have lap
lengths as shown on the Drawings. Lap splices shall generally be located at points of
minimum tension in bars. Except where otherwise shown on the Drawings lap splices shall be
made with the bars placed in contact and securely wired together.
Welding of reinforcing steel shall be done only if detailed on the Drawings or approved in
writing by the Engineer. Before the Engineer may approve of such welding, the Contractor
shall submit and test any samples as the Engineer may require and make due allowance for
the time elapsing before results are available.
3.3.3.5 Substitutions
Substitutions of bars shall be permitted only with specific authorization by the Engineer and
at the expense of the Contractor. If bars are substituted they shall have a cross sectional area
equivalent to the design area, or larger. If substitutions of bars are permitted, the Contractor
shall produce working drawings and reinforcing detailing at his own expense and to the
approval of the Engineer. Substituted bar must be tested as per requirement of the Engineer.
3.3.4 Measurement
The quantity of reinforcement to be measured under this Section shall be the computed
weight in tonnes of material used and accepted as shown on the Drawings provided that the
quantity shall not include the reinforcement in any item of work for which the basis of
payment includes the reinforcement. In computing the weight to be measured, the theoretical
weights of bars of the cross section shown on the Drawings or authorized shall be used. The
weight shall be calculated based on a constant mass of 0.00785 kg/mm2 per Meter run.
The computed weight shall not include the extra material incurred when bars larger than
those specified are used, or the extra material necessary for splices when bars shorter than
those specified are used with the permission of the Engineer, or the weight of any devices
used to support or fasten the reinforcement in the correct position including any necessary
Chairs for Slab, Pile/Caisson Caps, Footing or any other structural components. The quantity
for the chairs/spacers shown in the drawings and accounted for in the bar bending schedule
are incorporated in the BoQ and shall be paid for separately at the contract unit price
However, payment shall be allowed for lap splices not shown when the bars are longer than
12 meters, only one lap splice per every 12 meters will be paid for and where required as per
construction condition and approved by the Engineer.

3.3.5 Payment
This work measured as provided above, shall be paid for at the Contract unit price per metric
tonne of reinforcement of the particular type. The payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing, cutting, bending and placing reinforcement of any size and for all labor, binding
wire, equipment, spacer/chair required for placing of reinforcement, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Section.
3.3.6 Pay Items
3/3/1 HYSD bars, Fe500 for abutments A1 and A2 ton

3/3/2 HYSD bars, Fe500 for arch footings, arch
ribs and arch cross beams ton
3/3/3 HYSD bars, Fe500 for columns ton
3/3/4 HYSD bars Fe500 for deck slab, longitudinal
beams, deck cross beams, kerbs and dividers ton
3/3/5 HYSD bars Fe500 for approach slabs ton

SECTION 4
4.0 MISCELLANEOUS
4.1 WEARING COURSE
4.1.1 Scope:
This clause specifies the construction of Bituminous Concrete, for use as wearing course on
the bridge deck and the approach slabs. This work shall consist of construction in a single or
multiple layers of bituminous concrete on a previously prepared surface. A single layer shall
be 25 mm to 100mm in thickness.
4.1.2 Materials
Bitumen:

The bitumen shall be paving bitumen of penetration grade complying with IS Specification
for paving Bitumen, IS: 73 or as otherwise specified in the contract.
Coarse aggregates: The coarse aggregates shall satisfy the physical requirements of Table
4.1-1
Table 4.1-1 Physical requirements of coarse aggregates
Property Test Specification

Cleanliness(dust) Grain size analysis Max 5% passing 0.075 mm
sieve.
Particle shape Strength Flakiness and Elongation Max 30%(Combined)
Index Los Angeles Abrasion
Value Aggregate Impact Max 30%
Value
Polishing Polished Stone Value Max 24%
Durability(Soundness) Sodium Sulphate Magnesium Min 55

Sulphate Max 12%
Water Absorption Max 18%
Water Absorption Coating and Stripping of Max 2%
Stripping Bitumen Aggregate Mixtures Minimum retained coating
Retained Tensile Strength 95%
Water Sensitivity Min 80%
09
Fine Aggregates:
Fine aggregates shall consist of crushed or naturally occurring mineral material or a

combination of the two, passing the 2.36 mm sieve and retained on the 75 micron sieve. They
shall be clean, hard, durable, dry and free form dust, and soft or friable matter, organic or
other deleterious matter. The fine aggregate shall be a sand equivalent value of not less than
50 when tested in accordance with the requirement of IS: 2720 (part 37). The plasticity index
of the fraction passing the 0.425mm sieve shall not exceed 4 when tested in accordance with
IS: 2720 (part 5). The plasticity index of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall not
exceed 4 when tested in accordance with IS: 2720 (part 5).
Filler:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, hydrated lime or
cement approved by the engineer. The filler shall be graded within the limits specified below

IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % by weight of total aggregate?

0.6 100
0.3 95-100
0.75 85 – 100
The filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a plasticity index not greater than 4.
The plasticity requirement shall not apply if the filler is cement or lime. When the coarse
aggregate is gravel, 2% by weight of the total aggregate, shall be Portland cement or hydrated
lime and the % of fine aggregate reduced accordingly. Cement or hydrated lime is not
required when the limestone aggregate is used.
Mixture Design
Requirements for the mixture:
The mix shall conform to the grading and quality requirements of all the ingredients.
Binder Content:
The binder content shall be optimized to achieve the following requirements of the mixture
and the traffic volume as specified in the contract.
Minimum stability (KN at 60oc) - 9.0

Minimum flow (mm) - 2
Maximum flow (mm) - 4
Compaction level (Number of blows) - 75 blows on each of the two faces of the
specimen.
Percent air voids - 3.6
Percent air voids in mineral aggregate -
(VMA)
Percent air voids filled with bitumen (VFB) - 65-75
Loss of stability on immersion in water at
60oc (ASTMD 1075) - Minimum 75 percent retained strength.
CIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING & ROAD WORKS 2009
The Marshall method for determining the optimum binder content shall be adopted as
described in the Asphalt Institute Manual MS-2, replacing the aggregates retained on the 26.5
mm sieve and retained on the 22.4 mm sieve, where approved by the Engineer.
Job mix formula:

The contractor shall inform the engineer in writing, at least 20 days before the start of the
work, of the job mix formula proposed for use in the works. While establishing the job mix
formula, the contractor shall ensure that it is based on a correct and truly representative
sample of the materials that will actually be used in the work and that the mixture and its
different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength requirements of these specifications.

Approval of the job mix formula shall be based on the independent testing by the engineer for
which samples of all ingredients of the mix shall be furnished by the contractor as required by
the engineer.
The approved job-mix formula shall remain effective unless and until a revised job mix
formula is approved. Should a change in the source of materials be proposed, a new job mix
formula shall be forwarded to the engineer for approval before placing of the material.
4.1.3 Thickness
The shape and size of wearing course shall be in conformity with the camber and thickness as
shown on the drawings or as specified in the BoQ
4.1.4 Measurement
Wearing course shall be measured as a surface area for the thickness specified in the relevant
drawings and the BoQ. If the thickness varies, mean value shall be calculated by taking
average of the values.
4.1.5 Payment
The quantity measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price per unit
of measurement as shown in the Bill of Quantities, or on the drawings.
4.1.6 Pay item:
4/1/1 Providing and laying Asphalt/Bituminous Concrete of

thickness = 60mm as specified in the BoQ and as per m2
drawings
4.2 DRAINAGE FOR STRUCTURES
4.2.1 Description
This work consists of furnishing and erection of drain outlets on bridge decks and drainage of
other structures including PVC piping, cleaning boxes, catch basins, concrete drains, erosion
protection, inserts, fittings and other incidental parts necessary to provide for further supports
of drain pipes in accordance with the lines, levels, grades, sizes, dimensions and types shown
on the Drawings.

4.2.2 Drainage Spouts
4.2.2.1 Scope
This work shall consist of furnishing and fixing in position of drainage spouts and drainage pipes
for bridge decks as per drawing and specification.
4.2.2.2 Fabrication
The drainage assembly shall be fabricated to the dimensions shown on the drawings; all materials
shall be corrosion resistant; steel components shall be of mild steel conforming to IS: 226. The
drainage assembly shall be seam welded for water tightness and then hot-dip galvanized.
4.2.2.3 Placement
The galvanized assembly shall be given two coats of bituminous painting before placement. The
whole assembly shall be placed in true position, lines and levels as shown in the drawing with
necessary cut-out in the shuttering for deck slab and held in place firmly. Where the
reinforcements of the deck are required to be cut, equivalent reinforcements shall be placed at the
corners of the assembly.
4.2.2.4 Finishing
After setting of the deck slab concrete, the shrinkage cracks around the assembly shall be totally
sealed with bituminous sealant as per IS:1834 and the excess sealant trimmed to receive the
wearing coat. After the wearing coat is completed, similar sealant shall be finished to cover at
least 50 mm on the wearing coat surface all round the drainage assembly.
The measurement for payment for Drainage spouts shall be number/piece.
4.2.2.6 Payment
The contract unit rate for each drainage spout shall include the cost of all labor, materials tools
and plant required for completing the work as per these Specifications. It shall also include the
cost of providing flow drain pipes with all fixtures up to the point of ground drains wherever
shown on the drawings.
4.2.3 HDPE drainage pipes
4.2.3.1 Scope
This work shall consist of providing HDPE drainage pipes on the deck slab underneath the
foot path slabs.

4.2.3.2 Material
All HDPE pipes shall comply with Indian Standard IS 13592 or ISO D1785:08 Standard
Specification for High Density Poly Ethene pipe (HDPE) Plastic Pipes.
4.2.3.3 Placement
The pipes shall be placed in true position, lines and levels as shown in the drawing with necessary
cut-out in the shuttering for deck slab and held in place firmly. Where the reinforcements of the
deck are required to be cut, equivalent reinforcements shall be placed around the pipes. Thel ends
of pipes during construction shall be closed against the intrusion of foreign material.
4.2.4 Measurement
The drainage pipes shall be measured as number/piece for the shape, length, diameter wall
thickness etc. shown in the drawings.
4.2.5 Payment
HDPE drainage pipes as shown in the drawings and defined in the BoQ, will be paid for at
the Contract unit price.
The price and payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all materials as
indicated in the Drawings including delivery, placement, finishing and for all labor,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work.
4.2.6 Pay items:
4/2/1 Providing and fixing of drainage spouts as detailed in the

Drawings and defined in the Bill of Quantities no.
4/2/2 Providing and fixing HDPE drainage pipes as detailed in

the drawings and defined in the BoQ no.
4.3 ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARINGS
4.3.1 Scope
The purpose of bridge bearing is to spread the load over a pre-determined area of beam above
and of the pier and abutment below, while permitting an adequate amount of elastic and
temperature movements. The degree of sophistication needed in a bearing will depend on the
load to be carried and the number of movements (e.g. translations and rotations) to be

allowed for; also for the lateral forces to be resisted in a direction at right angles to the
primary movements.
Design life of bearing is not generally as long as the bridge. Provision must be made for their
replacement as well as their regular inspection. This requires that the bridge can be jacked up
and that bearings can be removed without too much difficulty.
4.3.2 Steel reinforced Elastomeric Bearings
An elastomeric bridge bearing is a device constructed partially or wholly from elastomer. The
purpose of this is to transmit loads and accommodate movements between a bridge
superstructure and its supporting structure. Steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing shall consist
of alternate layer of steel reinforcement and elastomer bonded together. In addition to any
internal reinforcement, bearings may have external steel load plated bonded to either or both
the upper or lower elastomer layers.
Bearings should be furnished with dimensions, material properties, elastomer grade and type
of laminates required by the drawings.
4.3.3 Properties of Elastomer
The raw elastomer shall be either virgin Neoprene (polychloroprene) or virgin natural rubber
(polyisoprene). The elastomer compound shall be classified as being of low temperature
grade. The elastomer shall have a shear modulus between 0.9 and 1.3 MPa. It shall conform
to the requirements of AASHTO Materials Specification M 251.
4.3.4 Steel Laminates
Steel laminates used for reinforcement shall be made from rolled mild steel conforming to IS
2062 or ASTM A36, A570 or equivalent unless otherwise specified by the Engineer. The
laminates shall have a minimum thickness as shown on the drawings. Holes in plates for
manufacturing purposes will not be permitted unless they have been accounted for in the
design and shown on the drawing.
4.3.5 Bond
The vulcanised bond between elastomer and reinforcement shall have a minimum peel
strength of 5.2 kN/m. Steel laminated bearings shall develop a minimum peel strength of 6.9
kN/m. Peel strength test shall be performed in accordance with ASTM D 429 Method B.
4.3.6 Manufacture
Bearing with steel laminates shall be cast as a unit in a mould and shall be bounded and
vulcanised under heat and pressure. The mould finish shall conform to standard shop
practice. The internal steel laminates shall be sand blasted and cleaned of all surface coatings,
rust, mill scale, and dirt before bonding, and shall be free from sharp edges and burrs.

Bearings that are designed to act as a single unit with a given shape factor must be
manufactured as a single unit.
4.3.7 Fabrication Tolerances
Plain pads and laminated bearings shall be built to the specified dimension within the
following tolerances:
Design Thickness 32mm (1¼ in.) or less - 0, + 3mm
Design Thickness over 32mm - 0, + 6mm
Overall Horizontal Dimension 914mm (36 in.) or less - 0, + 6mm
Thickness of Individual Layers of ± 20% of design

Elastomer (Laminated Bearings only) value but not
At any point within the bearings more than ± 3mm
Parallelism with opposite face 0.005 radian
Top and bottom sides 0.02 radian
Edge Cover
Embedded Laminates - 0, + 3mm
Thickness
Top and bottom cover Layer - 0, the smaller of + 1.5mm and +

20% of the nominal cover
layer thickness.
4.3.8 Marking and Certifying
The manufacturer shall certify that each bearing satisfies the requirements of the drawings
and these specifications, and shall supply a certified copy of material test results. Each
reinforced bearing shall be marked with indelible ink or flexible paint the bearing
identification number, elastomer type and grade number. The marking shall be on the face
that is visible after erection of the bridge.
4.3.9 Testing
i) General
Materials for elastomeric bearings and the finished bearings themselves shall be subjected to
the tests described in the drawings.

ii) Ambient Temperature Tests on the Elastomer
The elastomer used shall at least satisfy the limits prescribed in the AASHTO for durometer
hardness, tensile strength, ultimate elongation, heat resistance, compression set, and ozone
resistance. The bond to the reinforcement, if any, shall also satisfy the requirement of Article
4.3.5 above. The shear modulus of the material shall be tested at 23°c (73°F) using the
apparatus and procedure described in Annex A of ASTM D4014. It shall be either equal to or
greater than the value shown on the drawing.
iii) Visual Inspection of the Finished Bearing
Every finished bearing shall be inspected for compliance with dimensional tolerances and for
overall quality of manufacture. In steel reinforced bearings, the edges of the steel shall be
protected everywhere from corrosion.
iv) Short Duration Compression Tests on Bearings
The bearing shall be loaded in compression to 1.5 times the maximum design load. The load
shall be held constant for 5 minutes, removed, and re-applied for another 5 minutes. The
bearing shall be examined visually while under the second loading. If the bulging pattern
suggests laminate parallelism or a layer thickness that is outside the specified tolerances, or
poor laminate bond the bearing shall be rejected. If there are three or more separate surface
cracks that are greater than 0.2mm (0.08 in.) wide and 0.2mm (0.08 in.) deep, the bearing
shall be rejected.
v) Long-Duration Compression Tests on Bearings
The bearing shall be loaded in compression to 1.5 times its maximum design load for a
minimum period of 15 hours. If, during the test, the load falls below 1.3 times the maximum
design load, the test duration shall be increased by the period of time for which the load is
below this limit. The bearing shall be examined visually at the end of the test while it is still
under load. If the bulging pattern suggests laminate parallelism or a layer thickness that is
outside the specified tolerances or poor laminate bond the bearing shall be rejected. If there
are three or more separate surface cracks that are greater than 0.2mm (0.08 in.) wide and
0.2mm (0.08 in.) deep, the bearing shall be rejected.
vi) Shear Modulus Tests on Material from Bearings
The shear modulus of the material in the finished bearing shall be evaluated by testing a
specimen cut from it using the procedure given in annex A of ASTM D4014. If the test is
conducted on finished bearings, the material shear modulus shall be computed from the
measured shear stiffness of the bearing, taking due account of the influence on shear stiffness
of bearing geometry and compressive load.

4.3.10 Installation
Bearings shall be placed on surfaces that are plane to within 1.5mm (1/16 in.) and horizontal to
within 0.01 radian. Any lack of parallelism between the top of the bearing and the underside of
the girder that exceeds 0.01 radian shall be corrected by grouting or as otherwise directed by the
Engineer.
In order to function correctly the elastomeric bearings must be placed with particular care.
As a general rule, the bearings must be placed on a perfectly plane and horizontal surface. A
30 to 40 mm high mortar pad or for larger height the RC pad is cast onto the base concrete,
which must be previously carefully roughened. The dimensions of the pad must be by 30 to
50 mm larger than those of the bearing.
When minimum loads are small, it is recommended to glue the bearing to the support with an
epoxy resin.
The bottom face of the pre-cast unit, in contact with the bearing, must be perfectly plane and
horizontal.
For cast-in-situ structures, the bearing is placed on the support and the structure cast on the
bearing. The shuttering surrounding the bearing must be removable at the time of stripping
the forms and at the same time it must be strong enough to resist the weight of concrete. If the
base shuttering fails, the bearing will be partially embedded in the concrete and the
distortions hindered. Future lifting of the structure may become more difficult.
4.3.11 Measurement
Elastomeric bearing is measured by the total number of complete bearing installed at the
specified bridge location.
4.3.12 Payment
Elastomeric bearing measured in accordance with Section 4.3.11 shall be paid for at the
Contract unit prices for providing bearings in the locations indicated on the Drawings and
described in the Bill of Quantities. Payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and
installing all materials, including all labor, tools, equipment and incidentals necessary to
complete the work.
4.3.13 Pay items:
4/3/1 Providing & laying steel reinforced elastomeric bearings

as detailed in the drawings and as defined in the BoQ. no.

4.4 MOVEMENT OR EXPANSION JOINTS
4.4.1 Scope of Work
The scope of work will include:
i) Preparation of detailed engineering and installation drawings, supply and supervision

during fixing of strip seal/compression seal expansion joints conforming to specifications.
The expected expansion/contraction of the superstructure at the location of expansion joints
are shown in relevant approved drawings.
ii) Design manufacture, providing and seating of expansion joints by the specialized agency
and approved by the Engineer.
iii) Necessary technical supervision for installation of each and every expansion joint during
different stages of installation including rectification of any deficiency or defect attributable
to fixing and installation will be provided by the manufacturer/supplier. The expansion joint
shall be provided for the full width of bridge including the railing. Leak tightness of all joints
shall be ensured which shall also carry a warranty of 10 years from the contractor.
4.4.2 Specification for Strip Seal Expansion Joint
Expansion joint type described here –after is the “strip seal type”, but alternate designs can
be proposed for the Engineer’s approval.
4.4.2.1 Components:
Strip seal expansion joint shall comprise the following items:
a) Edge beam:
This shall be either extruded or hot rolled steel section or cold rolled cellular steel section
with suitable profile to mechanically lock the swelling element in place throughout the
normal movement cycle. Further the configuration shall be such that the section has a
minimum thickness of 10 mm all along its cross section (flanges and web) the minimum
height of the edge beam section shall be 50 mm and the minimum cross sectional area of the
edge beam shall be 1500 sq.mm.
b) Anchorage:
Edge beams shall be anchored to the deck/dirt wall/approach slab by reinforcing bars or bolts
or anchor plates cast in concrete or a combination of anchor plate and reinforcing bars.
Anchor bars studs or bolts shall engage the main structural reinforcement of the deck and in
case of anchor plates or loops, this shall be achieved by passing transverse bars through the
loops or plates.

The minimum thickness of anchor plate shall be 12 mm. Total cross sectional area of bar on
each side of the joint shall not be less than 1600 sq.mm per meter length of the joint and the
center to center spacing shall not exceed 250 mm. The ultimate resistance of anchors shall not
be less than 600 kN/m in any direction.
4.4.2.2 Material
a. The steel for edge beams shall conform to any of the steel grade corresponding to RST
37-2 or 37-3 (DIN), ASTM A 36 or A 588, CAN/CSA standard G40.21 Grade 300W or
equivalent.
b. Anchorage steel shall conform to IS: 2062 or equivalent.
c. All steel sections shall be protected against corrosion by hot dip galvanizing or any other
approved anticorrosive coating with a minimum thickness of 100 micron.
d. Chloroprene of strip seal element shall conform to clause 9151.1 of IRC:83 (Part-ll) The
properties of chloroprene shall be as specified in Table 4.4-1
4.4.2.3 Fabrication (Pre-installation)

a. The strip seal joint system and all its component parts including anchorages shall be
supplied by the manufacturer/ system supplier.
b. The width of the gap to cater for movement due to thermal effect, pre stress, shrinkage and
creep, superstructure deformations (if any) and sub- deformations (if any) shall be determined
and intimated to the manufacturer depending upon the temperature at which the joint is to be
installed, the gap dimension shall be preset.
Table 4.4-1 Strip Seal Element Specifications
Sl. No Property Specified Value

1 Hardness 63+/- shore A
2 DIN 53505 55+/- Shore A
3 ASTM D (Modified)
4 Tensile strength Min. 11 MPa
5 DIN 53504 Min. 13.8 MPa
6 ASTM D412
7 Elongation at fracture Min. 350 per cent

8 DIN 53504 Min. 250 per cent

9 ASTM D412
10 Tear Propagation strength Min. 10 N/mm
11 Longitudinal Min. 10N/mm
12 Transverse Min. 25 per cent
13 Shock elasticity Min 220 Cu. mm
14 Abrasion
15 Residual compressive strain (22/70 deg C/30 per Max. 28 per cent
cent) Aging in hot air (14 days/70 degC)
16 Change in hardness Max. +7 Shore A
17 Change in tensile strength Max. -20 per cent
18 Change in elongation at fracture -20 per cent
19 Aging in ozone (24h/50pphm/25 deg per cent No cracks
elongation)
20 Swelling behaviour in oil (168h/28 deg/C)
21 ASTM Oil No. 1 Max. +5 per cent
22 Volume Change Max. -20 Shore A
23 Change in hardness Max. -35 deg C
24 ASTM Oil No. 3 Max. +25 per cent
25 Volume change Max. -25 Shore A
26 Change in hardness Max. -35 deg C
27 Cold Hardening Point
c. Each strip seal expansion joint system shall be fabricated as a single entity unless stage
construction or excessive length prohibits monolithic fabrication. It shall fit the full width of
the structure as indicated on the approved drawing. The system shall be pre-set by the
manufacturer prior to transportation. Presetting shall be done in accordance with the joint
opening indicated on the drawing.
d. The finally assembled joint shall them be clamped and transported to the work site.
4.4.2.4 Handling and Storage

a. For transportation and storage, auxiliary brackets shall be provided to hold the joint
assembly together.
b. The manufacture/ supplier shall supply either directly to the Engineer or to the Bridge
Contractor all the materials of strip seal joints including sealants and all other accessories for
the effective installation of the jointing.
c. Expansion joint material shall be handled with care. It shall be stored under cover on
suitable lumber padding.

4.4.2.5 Supply/ Installation

Components of expansion joint such as edge beam and strip seal shall be arranged by the
contractor by procuring the same form reputed approved manufacturer to ensure quality and
performance. Contractor shall furnish a warranty of trouble free performance for at least ten
years and free rectification of defects / replacement, if any, during this period.
The joints shall be installed in compliance to the manufacturer’s instructions for installation.
Taking the width of gap for movement of the joint into account the dimensions of the recess
in the decking shall be established in accordance with the drawings or design data of the
manufacturer. The surfaces of the recess shall be thoroughly cleaned and all dirt and debris
removed. The exposed reinforcement shall be suitably adjusted to permit unobstructed
lowering of the joint into the recess.
The recess shall be shuttered in such a way that dimensions in the joint drawing are
maintained. The formwork shall be rigid and firm.
Immediately prior to placing the joint, the presetting shall be inspected. Should the actual
temperature of the structure be different from the temperature provided for presetting,
correction of the presetting shall be done. After adjustment the brackets shall be tightened
again.
The joint shall be lowered in a pre-determined position. Following placement of the joint in
the prepared recess, the joint shall be leveled and finally aligned and the anchorage steel on
one side of the joint welded to the exposed reinforcement bars of the structure. Upon
completion, the same procedure shall be followed for the other side of the joint. With the
expansion joint finally held at both sides, the auxiliary brackets shall be released allowing the
joint to take up the movement of the structure.
High quality concrete shall then be filled into the recess. The packing concrete must feature
low shrinkage and have the same strength as that of the superstructure but in any case not less
than M35 grade good compaction and careful curing of concrete is particularly important.
After the concrete has cured, the movable installation brackets and shuttering still in place
shall be removed.
The neoprene seal shall be field installed in continuous length spanning the entire roadway
width. To ensure proper fit of seal and enhance the ease of installation dirt, spatter or standing
water shall be removed from the steel cavity using a brush, scrapper or compressed air. The
seal shall be installed without any damage to the seal by suitable hand method or machine
tools.
The deck surfacing shall be finished flush with the top of the steel sections, the horizontal leg
of the edge beam shall be cleaned beforehand. It is particularly important to ensure thorough

and careful compaction of the surfacing in order to prevent any premature depression forming
in it.
4.4.2.6 Acceptance criteria

a. All steel elements shall be finished with corrosion protection system
b. For neoprene seal, the acceptance test shall conform to the requirements stipulated in Table
4.4-1. The manufacturer/ supplier shall produce a test certificate accordingly, conducted in a
recognized laboratory, in India or abroad.
c. The manufacturer shall produce test certificates indicating that anchorage system had been
tested in recognized laboratory to determine optimum configuration of anchorage assembly
under dynamic loading.
d. Prior to acceptance 25 percent of the completed and installed joints, subject to a minimum
of one joint, shall be subjected to water tightness test. Water shall be continuously pounded
along the entire length for a minimum period of 4 hours for a depth of 25mm above the
highest point of deck. The width of ponding shall be at least 50mm beyond the anchorage
block of the joint on either side. The depth of water shall not fall below 25mm anytime
during the test. A close inspection of the underside of the joint shall not reveal any leakage.
e. As strip seal type of joint is specialized in nature, generally of the proprietary type, the
manufacturer shall be required to produce evidence of satisfactory performance of this type
of joint.
4.4.2.7 Test and standards or acceptance:

The materials shall be tested in accordance with these specifications and shall meet the
prescribed criteria. The manufacturer/ supplier shall furnish the requisite certificates from the
recognized laboratory in India or abroad.
4.4.3 Measurement
Expansion joints shall be measured by the linear Meter of complete joint installed,
measurement being along a straight line from base to top of a wall or one side of a slab to the
other, etc. The measured length may therefore include a sealant length of over twice this
value if several faces of the concrete are sealed.
4.4.4 Payment
Expansion joints measured in accordance with Section 4.4.3 shall be paid for at the Contract
unit prices for providing joints in the locations indicated on the Drawings and described in
the Bill of Quantities. Payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and installing all

materials, including all labor, tools, equipment and incidentals necessary to complete the
work.
4.4.5 Pay items:
4/4/1 Expansion Joint Complete as detailed in the drawings and

as described in the Bill of Quantities m
4.5 GABION PROTECTION WORKS
4.5.1 Scope
This Clause covers the furnishing of materials & construction of gabion works that may
be required to act as buttresses, retaining walls, catch walls, stream or river training
structures, check dams within gullies, or where placed as mattresses, to prevent stream
or gully erosion.
4.5.2 Materials
4.5.2.1 Stones
Stones used for filling the gabion boxes or mattresses shall be clean, hard, sound, un‐
weathered & angular rock fragments or boulders. The specific gravity of the stone shall
be not less than 2.50 & the stones shall not absorb water more than 5 percent when
tested as per IS1124. The length of any stone shall not exceed three times its thickness.
The smallest dimension of any stone shall be at least twice that of the longer dimension
of the mesh of the crate. However smaller size of stones as spalls shall be allowed for
filling voids & its volume including voids shall not be more than 20 percent of the total
volume of the stones.
Before filling any gabion boxes & mattresses the Contractor shall submit representative
samples of the rock he proposes to use in the gabions for approval by the Engineer.
Further representative samples shall be submitted for approval each time when there is
a change in the type & strength of the rock.
4.5.2.2 Gabions
Gabions shall consist of steel wire mesh crates. The steel wire shall be mild steel wire
complying with IS 280‐197. All wires used in the manufacturing crates & diaphragms,
binding & connecting lids & boxes shall be galvanized with an heavy coating of zinc by
an electrolytic or hot dip galvanizing process. The weight of deposition of zinc shall be
in accordance with IS 4826‐1979. Zinc coating shall be uniform & be able to withstand
minimum number of dips & adhesion test specified in IS 4826‐1979. Tolerance on

diameter of wire shall be + 2.5 percent. The tensile strength of gabion wire shall be
between 300 & 550 N/mm2.
The wire shall be woven into a hexagonal mesh with a minimum of 3 twists. All edges of
the crates shall be finished with a selvedge wire at least 3 gauges heavier than the mesh
wire. Gabions shall be manufactured in the standard sizes shown in Table 4.5-1 with
mesh & wire sizes as shown in Table 4.5-2

Diaphragms shall be manufactured of the same materials as the parent gabion box &
shall have selvedge wire throughout their perimeter. The number & size of diaphragms
to be provided with each crate shall be as in Table 4.5-1. All crates shall be supplied with
binding & connecting wire of the gauges shown in Table 4.5-2 of sufficient quantity to
bind all diaphragms & closing edges.
Table 4.5-1 Standard Size of Wire Mesh Gabions
Dimensions in Number of Dimensions of Volume of crate in

meters diaphragms diaphragms in cubic meters
meters
(Prior to fill)
1 x 1 x 1 ‐ ‐ 1
1.5 x 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 1.5
2 x 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 2
3 x 1 x 1 2 1 x 1 3
1 x 1 x 0.75 ‐ ‐ 0.75
2 x 1 x 0.75 1 1 x 0.75 1.5
3 x 1 x 0.75 2 1 x 0.75 2.25
1 x 1 x 0.5 ‐ ‐ 0.5
2 x 1 x 0.5 1 1 x 0.5 1
3 x 1 x 0.5 2 1 x 0.5 1.5
1 x 1 x 0.3 ‐ ‐ 0.3

2 x 1 x 0.3 1 1 x 0.3 0.6
3 x 1 x 0.3 2 1 x 0.3 0.9
Table 4.5-2 Standard Sizes of Mesh & Wire in Gabions
Mesh Thickness of
Thickness of Thickness of
opening mm binding &
Mesh type mesh wire selvedge wire
connecting wire
(SWG) (SWG)
(DxH) (SWG)
83x114 80x100 9,10,11 11,12,13 6,7,8

114x128 100x120 10,9 12,11 7,6

The mesh opening shall be as instructed by the Engineer.
Equivalent diameter in mm
SWG 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

mm 4.88 4.47 4.06 3.66 3.25 2.95 2.64 2.34 2.0

4.5.3 Construction of Gabions
4.5.3.1 General Requirements

Before filling any gabion boxes & mattresses, the Contractor shall submit samples of
gabion boxes &/or gabion mattresses assembled, erected & filled with stones for
approval which, when approved, shall be retained for reference & comparison with the
gabions built as part of the permanent works. The size, type & location of the samples
shall be as directed by the Engineer.
Gabion boxes & gabion mattresses shall be assembled, erected & filled with stones in the
dry on prepared surfaces except as may be otherwise approved. Approval for
assembling & erecting gabions in water shall be given only, if in the Engineer's opinion

such a method will produce work which is otherwise in accordance with the
Specification.
4.5.3.2 Preparation of Foundation & Surface for Bedding

The bed on which the gabion boxes or mattresses are to be laid shall be even & conform
to the levels shown on the Drawing. If necessary, cavities between rock protrusions
shall be filled with material similar to that specified for gabion filling.
4.5.3.3 Arrangement of Joints

a) Walls
In walls, gabion boxes shall be placed such that vertical joints are not continuous, but
staggered. Aprons shall be formed of headers. If more than one unit is required to obtain
the necessary width, units of unequal length shall be used & the joints between them
should be staggered.
b) Channel linings
In channel linings, gabion box & mattress units shall be laid so that the movement of
stone inside the mesh due to gravity or flow of water is avoided. Hence, on side slopes,
units shall be placed with their internal diaphragms at right angles to the direction of
the slope &, on inverts, as far as possible, at right angles to the direction of flow.
c) Assembly
Gabion boxes & gabion mattresses shall be assembled on a hard flat surface. After
fabrication, unpacking or unfolding, they shall be stretched out & any kinks shall be
removed. Creases shall be in the correct position for forming the boxes or mattress
compartments. The side & end panels shall be folded into an upright position to form
rectangular boxes or compartments. The top corners shall be joined together with the
thick selvedge wires sticking out of the corners of each panel. The tops of all sides &
partitions shall be leveled except as may be appropriate to special units. The sides & end
panels shall be tied together using binding wire of the thickness given in Table 25.2,
starting at the top of the panel by looping the wire through the corner & twisting the
wire together. Binding shall continue by looping the wire through each mesh & around
both selvedges with three rounds which shall be joined tightly together by twisting &
the end shall be poked inside the unit. The diaphragms shall be secured in their correct
positions by binding in the same way. The bindings wire shall be fixed using 250mm
long nose fencing pliers or equivalent approved tools.
The gabion boxes & gabion mattresses shall be laid in such a manner that the hinges of
the lid will be on the lower side on slopes & on the outer side in walls.

Where mattresses are laid horizontally hinges shall not be placed on the downstream
side as much as practicable.
d) Filling
The crates shall be placed in their final position before filling commences. They shall be
stretched to their full dimension & securely pegged to the ground or wired to adjacent
gabions before filling. The vertical corners shall be kept square & to full dimension by
inserting a steel bar of at least 20 mm diameter at each vertical corner, maintaining it in
the correct final position throughout the filling process, & removing it when the crate is
full. Before filling commences, the selvedges of the crate shall be bound to the selvedges
of adjacent crates with binding wire. Where crates are being assembled in position in a
wall the binding of the edges of each crate in the assembly process & the binding
together of adjacent crates shall be carried out in the same operation.
Before filling with stone, gabions shall be anchored at one end or side & stretched from
the opposite end or side by inserting temporary bars & levering them forward, the top &
bottom shall be kept stretched by tensioning with tie wires attached to an anchorage or
equivalent approved method until the gabion has been filled. The gabions shall be
inspected at this stage but before filling with stone to ensure that the tie/wiring has
been properly carried out & the gabion boxes or gabion mattresses are not pulling
apart. Gabion boxes or gabion mattresses may be tensioned either singly or in the case
of a long straight structure by straining a number of units together using an approved
tensioning system.
The filling shall be carried out by placing individual stones into the gabion by hand in
courses in such a manner that the stones are bedded on each other & bonded as in dry
random rubble masonry as per Clause 1308. No loose stones shall be tipped into the
crate & the practice of coursing & bonding the outer layer & filling the interior with
unlaid stones shall not be permitted.
All 1m deep gabions shall be filled in three equal layers & 0.5m deep gabions in two
equal layers. Horizontal bracing wires made with the same bindings wire as used for
tying shall be fixed directly above each layer of the stone in the compartments, the wires
being looped round two adjoining meshes in each side of the compartment & joined
together to form a double tie which shall be tensioned by wind lasing together to keep
the face of the gabions even & free from bulges. Bracing wires shall be spaced
horizontally along & across the gabions at distances not greater than 0.33m. Where the
upper faces of gabion boxes are not covered with further gabions vertical bracing wires
shall be fitted between the top & bottom mesh using two tie wires per square meter of
surface.

The ties shall be fixed to the bottom of the units prior to filling & tied down to the lid on
completion. Where a double layer of gabion boxes is used to form an apron both upper
& lower layers shall have vertical tie wires.
e) Securing Lids
The gabion boxes & mattress compartments shall be over filled by 50mm above their
tops to allow for subsequent settlement. The lids shall then be tied down with binding
wire to the tops of all partition panels. The lids shall be stretched to fit the sides exactly
by means of a suitable tool but due care shall be taken to ensure that the gabions are not
so full that the lids are overstretched. The corners shall be temporarily secured first.
f) Tolerance
On completion, the crates shall be completely & tightly filled, square, true to dimensions
& the line & level shown on the Drawing. However the tolerance limit permitted in the
length, height & width of the gabion boxes & mattresses as manufactured shall be ± 3
percent from the ordered size prior to filling. The tolerances on the wire mesh opening
shall be ± 10% on the nominal dimension 'D' values as follows:
Mesh type Nominal dimension 'D' values
80x100 83
100x120 114
However, the number of opening per gabion box/mattress shall not be less than the
nominal length divided 'D' on horizontal direction & nominal height divided by 'H' in
vertical direction where D & H are as per Table 4.5-2.
4.5.4 Test & Standard of Acceptance
a. The gabion wire shall be tested for mass, uniformity & adhesion of zinc coating &
tensile strength of the wire itself. Failure of test results to comply with the
specifications shall lead to the rejection of gabion wires. The test on the samples
taken as per Table 4.5-3 from each lot of the G.I. wire received at the side of the
work shall be carried out in accordance with IS 280‐197 & IS 4826‐1979.

Table 4.5-3 Scale of Sampling & Permissible Number of Defective Coil

No. of coils randomly Permissible No. of

No. of coils in a lot
selected for sampling* defective coil
Up to 25 2 0
26‐50 3 0
51‐150 5 0
151‐300 8 1
300 & above 13 1
* One sample per coil shall be tested in all respect.
b. The stones shall be tested for water absorption. At least 3 set of tests shall be
made for every source of material. The test results shall meet the specified
criteria.
4.5.5 Measurement
Measurement shall be in cubic meters of gabion crates filled with stones & complete in
place & quantity shall be calculated from the dimension of the gabions indicated in the
Drawing or ordered by the Engineer.
4.5.6 Payment
Payment shall be made as per respective contract unit rate which shall be the full & the
final compensation to the Contractor to complete the work in accordance with these
Specifications. The rate shall be inclusive of excavation and backfilling to be carried out
as per the relevant section in this specification and as described and defined in the BoQ
and the drawings.
4.5.7 Pay items:
4/5/1 Providing & laying gabion wire mesh wall as defined

in the BoQ and detailed in the drawings m3
4.6 OPEN SURFACE DRAINS
4.6.1 General requirements
The open surface drains shall be of the size as specified in the item and laid to such gradients
and in such locations as may be shown in the relevant drawing or as directed by the Engineer.

The drains shall be built to the design dimensions shown in the drawings and as specified in
the BoQ. The drain shall be given, as far as possible, uniform slope from the starting point to
the discharge point.
4.6.2 Measurement
The drains shall be measured in running metres nearest to 10mm
4.6.3 Payment
final compensation to the Contractor including labor, material, equipment and all other
efforts required to fulfill the task in full in accordance with drawings and these
Specifications. The rate shall be including excavation, leveling and disposal of surplus
earth within 50m lead.
4.6.4 Pay Item
4/6/1 Construction of L-shaped drain as defined in the BoQ

and detailed in the drawings m
4.7 Precast Foot path Slabs
The specifications for reinforced concrete, reinforcement and the workmanship covered
under the relevant clauses in this technical specification shall apply to the reinforced concrete
precast footpath slab.
The detailed dimensions, grade of concrete, type and grade of reinforcement etc. shall be as
specified in the design drawings and the BoQ.
4.7.2 Measurement
The footpath slabs meeting the requirements of the design drawings, BoQ and this technical
specifications shall be paid per piece.
4.7.3 Payment
Specifications. The contractor is eligible for payment for this item of work only after

completion of the laying of the precast slabs at the specified location on the bridge true
to the lines and levels as shown on the drawings.
4.7.4 Pay Item
4/7/1 Manufacture and laying of the precast footpath slabs . no.
4.8 Railings
The specifications for reinforced concrete, reinforcement and the workmanship covered
under the relevant clauses in this technical specification shall apply. The components of the
railing shall be form finished to the required degree of surface finish and smoothness. Cement
or cement mortar plastering shall not be allowed. If the contractor chooses to manufacture
certain components of the railings as precast elements, the same may be allowed for by the
Client. But the contractor has to submit the detailed scheme of the proposal for prior approval
of the Client. The unit rate for the work item will however not change on account of above.
The detailed dimensions, grade of concrete, type and grade of reinforcement etc. shall be as
specified in the design drawings and the BoQ. The railings shall be built to the exact lines and
levels as specified in the design drawings.
4.8.2 Measurement
The railing shall be measured and paid per running metre.
4.8.3 Payment
Specifications.
4.8.4 Pay Item
4/8/1 Providing and laying reinforced concrete railings m

SECTION 5
5.0 DAYWORKS
5.1 General
Work shall not be executed on a Daywork basis except by written order of the Engineer.
Bidders shall enter basic rates for Daywork items in the Schedules and the rates shall apply to

any quantity of Daywork ordered by the Engineer. Unit quantity has been indicated against
each item of Daywork, and the extended total for Dayworks shall be carried forward as a
Provisional Sum to the Summary. Unless otherwise adjusted, payments for Dayworks shall
be subject to price adjustment in accordance with the provisions in the Conditions of
Contract.
5.2 Daywork Labor
In calculating payments due to the Contractor for the execution of Dayworks, the payment
will be made for the actual number of work hours and not for the travel to and from the site.
Only the time of classes of labor directly doing work ordered by the Engineer and for which
they are competent to perform will be measured. The time for Charge Hands actually doing
the work with the gangs will also be measured but not the time for Foremen or other
supervisory personnel.
The Contractor shall be entitled to payment in respect of the total time that labor is employed
on Daywork, calculated at the basic rates entered by him in the "Schedule of Daywork Rates,
Labor", together with an additional percentage payment on basic rates representing the
Contractor's profit, overheads, etc., as described below:
(a) The basic rates for labour shall cover all direct costs to the Contractor, including (but
not limited to) the amount of wages paid to such labour, transportation time, overtime,
subsistence allowances, and any sums paid to or on behalf of such labour for social benefits
in accordance with the laws of the country of the Employer.
(b) The additional percentage payment to be quoted by the Bidder to be applied to costs
incurred under (a) above shall be deemed to cover the Contractor's profit on costs,
superintendence, liabilities and insurances and other allowances to labour, time-keeping,
clerical and office work, the use of consumable stores, water, lighting and power; the use and
repair of stagings, scaffolding, workshops and stores, portable power tools, manual plant and
tools, supervision by the Contractor's staff, foremen and walking gangers (other than charge
hands working with the gang); and other charges incidental to the foregoing.
5.3 Daywork Materials
The Contractor shall be entitled to payment in respect of materials used for daywork (except
for materials for which the cost is included in the percentage addition to labor costs as
detailed heretofore), at the basic rates entered by him in the “Schedule of Daywork Rates,
Materials”, together with an additional percentage payment on the basic rates to cover
overhead charges and profit, as follows:
(a) The basic rates for materials shall be calculated on the basis of the invoiced price,
freight, insurance, handling expenses, damage, losses, etc., and shall provide for delivery to
store for stockpiling at the Site. The basic rates shall be stated in national currency, but

payment will be made in the currency or currencies expended upon presentation of

supporting documentation.
(b) The additional percentage payment to be quoted by the Bidder to be applied to costs
incurred under (a) above shall be deemed to cover the Contractor's profit on costs,
superintendence, liabilities and insurances and other charges incidental to the foregoing.
Payments under this item shall be made in the currencies and in the proportions as stated in
the Summary.
5.4 Daywork Plant
The Contractor shall be entitled to payments in respect of Contractor’s Plant already on Site
and employed on daywork at the basic rental rates entered by him in the “Schedule of
Daywork Rates, Plant”. Said rates shall be deemed to include due and complete allowance for
depreciation, interest, indemnity, insurance, repairs, maintenance, supplies, fuel, lubricants,
other consumables, all overhead, profit and administrative costs related to the use of such
plant. The cost of drivers, operators, and assistants shall be included in the rates of vehicles
and machinery.
In calculating the payment due to the Contractor for Contractor’s Plant employed on
daywork, only the actual number of working hours will be eligible for payment. However
where applicable and agreed with the Engineer, the contractor would be eligible for payment
for the to and fro travel time of the plant/equipment from the part of the site where the
Contractor’s Plant was located when ordered by the Engineer to be employed on daywork, to
the actual location of the site where such plant/equipment is engaged for the work.

Section 6
6.0 PARTICULAR SPECIFICATION

6.1 FIELD OFFICE FOR THE ENGINEER AND OTHER FACILITIES
6.1.1 Field Office for the Engineer
The Contractor will have to make provision of Engineer’s Field Offices for Construction of
the Bridge located within the project area.
The size of the Engineer’s Field office will be 100 square meter plinth area having three
rooms to meet the requirements for accommodating 3(three) persons of the Engineer’s Field
staff. The site office should also house a meeting room (4mx5m) to accommodate more than
six persons and at least one toilet. The site office has to be furnished with necessary
amenities. The site office shall have at least bamboo mat/ekra wall with inside ply board,
concrete/timber flooring and CGI roof. After completion of the construction works, field
offices with all service facilities, furniture, fittings & fixings etc. shall the property of the
Contractor.
6.1.2 Project Signboards
Project Sign Boards are to be erected at the start and end of the Works which state:-
♦ Contract Name
♦ Employer and Employer’s Agent
♦ Name of Consultant
♦ Name of Contractor
♦ Contract duration
♦ Contract amount
♦ Date of Commencement and Completion
Location and number of sign posts: one each at two ends of the bridge.
Project Signboards will have steel pipe posts of diameter from 75mm to 100mm with 3mm
thick steel plates and embedded into ground. The design of the signpost and the information
content on it shall be approved by the Engineer.
6.1.3 Survey Equipments
The Contractor shall provide survey equipment in accordance with Section 1.2.3 of the
Technical Specifications. The numbers of main items required are as follows:
Total Station 1 No.

6.2 TESTING OF MATERIALS
6.2.1 Contractor's Site Laboratory
The Contractor shall provide and maintain a Site Laboratory in a semi-permanent building of
about 50m2 plinth areas with CC floor, brick wall & tin roof. Other details shall be as per
Technical Specification.
(a) In accordance with Section 1.3 of the Technical Specifications, the following Tests
are to be performed by the Contractor at site:
• Moisture Content
• Particle Size Distribution
• Standard Compaction
• Flakiness Index
• Fineness Modulus
• Aggregate Crushing Value
• Slump Test
• Concrete Crushing Strength
• Fineness of Cement
• Setting Time of Cement
• Strength of Cement
(b) The Contractor would be required to mobilize, but not limited to, the following
equipment for quality assurance tests both at site and at the site laboratory:
1. Moisture can
2. Weighing balance (accuracy 0.01 gm)
3. 1000 ml glass cylinder with rubber bung
4. Graduated measuring cylinder
5. Hydrometer
6. Thermometer
7. Sample tray
8. Straight edge knife
9. Scoop
10. Mixing trowel
11. Wooden hammer
12. Sand pouring cylinder with lid
13. Metal tray

14. Flakiness index gauge

15. Sieve set
16. Slump cone
17. Scale
18. Aggregate crushing value test apparatus
19. *Concrete crushing machine
20. Concrete cube mould
21. Tamping rod
22. Vicat apparatus
23. Cement cube mould
24. Hand gloves & filter papers
25. Concrete thermometers
*The Contractor shall provide a sufficient number of cube moulds to meet the testing frequency requirements
for the concrete pour program for all the sites under the Contract. A reasonable number of spare moulds should
also be available for any ‘ad hoc’ testing that may be required.
6.2.2 Materials Testing by Independent Laboratories
In addition to the above mentioned tests the Contractor shall arrange for the following tests to
be carried out at off-site testing facilities:
• Test of reinforcing steel

Other tests as may be decided by the Engineer

Technical Specification

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ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN

MINISTRY OF WORKS & HUMAN SETTLEMENT

CONSTRUCTION OF SOKPORONGCHU BRIDGE ON GYALPOSHING –

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION & Performance Requirements

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 1

SECTION 1 GENERAL AND SITE FACILITIES

SECTION 2 EARTH WORK

SECTION 5 DAY WORKS

SECTION 6 PARTICULAR SPECIFICATIONS

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 2

AASHTO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS

ACV AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

ASTM AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS

CBR CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

DOR DEPARTMENT OF ROADS

HWL HIGH WATER LEVEL

LWL LOW WATER LEVEL

MLSS MEMBERS OF LOWER SERVICE STAFF

MSL MEAN SEA LEVEL

PVC POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

ROW RIGHT OF WAY

BoQ BILL OF QUANTITY

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 3

1.1 GENERAL 12

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 4

Material Storage 21

2.1 CLEARING AND GRUBBING 24

3.1 CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES 35

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 5

3.1.2 Description 35

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 6

3.3.2.3 Binding Wire 67

4.1 WEARING COURSE 71

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 7

4.3.4 Steel Laminates 77

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 8

4.6.4 Pay Item 93

5.0 DAYWORKS 95

5.1 General 95

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 9

Table 2.2-1 Grading of foundation fill material ....................................................................... 31

Table 3.1-1 Grading Requirements Coarse Aggregate ............................................................ 37

Table 3.1-2 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate........................................................... 38

Table 3.1-3 Concrete classes .................................................................................................... 40

Table 3.2-1 Removal of Form Work ........................................................................................ 65

Table 4.1-1 Physical requirements of coarse aggregates ......................................................... 72

Table 4.4-1 Strip Seal Element Specifications ......................................................................... 82

Table 4.5-1 Standard Size of Wire Mesh Gabions ................................................................. 87

Table 4.5-2 Standard Sizes of Mesh & Wire in Gabions ....................................................... 88

Table 4.5-3 Scale of Sampling & Permissible Number of Defective Coil ............................. 91

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 10

1.0 GENERAL AND SITE FACILITIES

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 11

1.1.1 Scope of Work

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 12

1.1.8 Time Schedule

1.1.12 Supply of Materials

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 13

1.1.13 Ordering Materials

1.1.14 Material Quality

1.1.15 Equipment & Facilities

1.1.16 Work Site Register (Site Order Book)

1.1.17 Area for the Contractor

BRIDGE DIVISION Page 14