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Type III – A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a
concrete with a strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement
does have a much higher heat of hydration.
Type IV – A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat
very slowly. It is used for very large concrete structures.
Type V – A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high
concentrations of sulfate.
Aggregates
Aggregate is formed from natural sources by the process of weathering
and abrasion, or by artificially crushing a larger parent (rock) mass.
The aggregates used in concrete occupy about three-fourths of the
concrete volume. Since they are less expensive than the cement, it is desirable
to use as much of them as possible. Both fine aggregates (usually sand) and
coarse aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone) are used. Material of a
larger size is coarse aggregate.
Aggregates must be strong, durable, and clean. Should dust or other
particles be present, they may interfere with the bond between the cement paste
and the aggregate.
o Fine Aggregates
Any aggregate that passes a No. 4 sieve
(which has wires spaced 14 in. on centers in
each direction) is said to be fine aggregate.
Sand, taken from river beds and pits, is
normally used as fine aggregate, after it is
cleaned and rendered free from silt, clay and
other impurities; stone (quarry) dust is
sometimes used as a partial replacement for
sand.
o Coarse Aggregates
Any aggregate that has particle size larger
than 4.75 mm is categorized as coarse
aggregate. Gravel and crushed rock are
normally used as coarse aggregate. The
maximum size of coarse aggregate to be used
in reinforced concrete work depends on the
thickness of the structural member and the
space available around the reinforcing bars.
Water
Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete — in mixing
of fresh concrete and in curing of hardened concrete. In order to ensure proper
strength development and durability of concrete, it is necessary that the water
used for mixing and curing is free from impurities such as oils, acids, alkalis,
salts, sugar and organic materials.
Admixtures
Materials added to concrete during or
before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They
are used to improve the performance of concrete
in certain situations as well as to lower its cost.
Admixtures are additives that are
introduced in a concrete mix to modify the
properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened
states.
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Some of the more important chemical admixtures are briefly described here:
1. Accelerators
chemicals (notably, calcium chloride) to accelerate the hardening or the
development of early strength of concrete; these are generally used when
urgent repairs are undertaken, or while concreting in cold weather;
2. Retarders
chemicals (including sugar) to retard the setting of concrete, and thereby
also to reduce the generation of heat; these are generally used in hot weather
concreting and in ready-mixed concrete;
3. Water-reducers (or plasticizers)
chemicals to improve plasticity in the freshconcrete; these are mainly used
for achieving higher strength by reducing the water-cement ratio; or for
improving workability (for a given water-cement ratio) to facilitate placement of
concrete in locations that are not easily accessible;
4. Superplasticizers (or high-range water-reducers)
chemicals that have higher dosage levels and are supposedly superior to
conventional water-reducers; they areused for the same purposes as water-
reducers, viz. to produce high-strength concrete or to produce ‘flowing’
concrete;
5. Air-entraining agents
organic compounds (such as animal/vegetable fats andoils, wood resins)
which introduce discrete and microscopic air bubble cavities that occupy up to
5 percent of the volume of concrete; these are mainly used for protecting
concrete from damage due to alternate freezing and thawing;
6. Bonding admixtures
polymer emulsions (latexes) to improve the adherence of fresh concrete
to (old) hardened concrete; they are ideally suited for repair work.
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