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ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM)
Waziha Kabir
Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Engineering, MIST
Rupayan Palace, Senpara Parbata-368,House No:J-14,Dhaka-1216
email: rimmi_58@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
In Broadband wireless system, the signal energy is
scattered and reflected from objects in the environment,
components of the signal arriving at the receiver are
spread out over a longer period of time than is desirable.
The challenge is then to provide a high-performance
reliable data link that can operate with the restricted
receiver power levels, severe channel fading due to
multipath reflections and interfering energy from other
devices nearby. With OFDM, it is possible to use a
differential coding/differential detection either in the time
or frequency domain depending on the condition of
transmission channels with the adoption of DQPSK as a
method of subcarrier modulationThis paper proposes an
approximate derivation method of the bit error rate (BER)
in DQPSK/OFDM system over frequenc non-selective
Nakagmai-Rice and Rayleigh fading channels. The
validityvofrthisequationisdconfirmedromthefactthatthe
BER derived from this approximate equation coincides
with that from the computer simulation,even when the
system parameters, for example Doppler frequency,
Rician parameter and so on, are varied. This paper will
also review where OFDM is applicable and future
applications.
Keywords: BER, DQPSK, OFDM, PAPR, ADSL,
CDMA, BPSK, QAM.
1 INTRODUCTION
The principles of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) modulation have been in existence
for several decades. However, in recent years these
techniques have quickly moved out of textbooks and
research laboratories and into practice in modem
communication systems. The techniques are employed to
high-rate wireless data transmission systems, such as
terrestrial mobile communication, digital terrestrial TV
broadcasting, wireless LAN and so on, because of its high
spectrum efficiency and its resistance to multipath
(frequency-selective) fading [1]. Beside the above
advantages, however, the bit error occurs in the presence
of carrier frequency offset or Doppler frequency shift
expressed as:
r(
because of the inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM s
[2]-[4].~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1r(t) =,c 21,r ( C + tD cs)t
r21-r41.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7
Actually the approximate equation to calculate the
BER in OFDM has already derived by [5] before this
study. However it is in an integral form and assumes only
Rayleigh fading channels. This paper proposes an
approximate equation to easily calculate the bit error rate
(BER) in DQPSK/OFDM systems over frequency non-
selective Nakagami-Rice and Rayleigh fading channels.
The equation includes the influence of Doppler frequency
by introducing carrier to noise and interference power
ration (CNIR) which regards the interference caused by
Doppler frequency shift as the Gaussian noise.
Furthermore, it is possible to use a differential
coding/differential detection either in the time or
frequency domain depending on the condition of
transmission channels with the adoption of DQPSK as a
method of subcarrier modulation [6]. Therefore the
approximate equations for both domains are derived in
this paper. The validity with this equation is confirmed by
the fact that the BER derived from this approximate
equation coincides with that from the computer
simulation, even when the system parameters, for example
Doppler frequency, Rician parameter and so on, are
varied.
2 DERIVATION OF BER
In this chapter, we will derive the desired approximate
equation by the following way. First of all, we analyze the
interference caused by Doppler frequency, and then
introduce an approximate equation of the BER in the
single-carrier systems of DQPSK for the interference as
single-arritemsian for
[7].
equivalent additive Gaussian noise [7].
2.1 Effect caused by Doppler frequency
shift
When the carrier cos (27ft) passes through the
c
multipath channels, the received signal is affected by
Doppler frequency shift ID cos (0 ), where ID is the
maximum Doppler frequency and 0 is the arriving angle
of the carrier with respect to the moving direction of the
mobile terminal. Therefore the received signal r (t) can be
( + o
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cos(27fCt)cos(27fDt cosO) (=
duration with OFDM as Ts TF +TG), we will explain
-sin (2ft)sin (2ft cosO)....................... (1) the co-channel and inter-channel interferences in detail.
If 2/fDt cosO <<, Eq.(l) can be approximated as
r (t) -co s(2,nfCt) -2,nfDt cosO sin(2cf~t)......(2)
Therefore, the second term of Eq.(2) means the 'D C
interference caused by Doppler frequency shift and affects
the quadrature component by 27fDt cosO . Now we
define the duration of the symbol as T, then the total
interference power I is given by f
1 T )2 (27fDT CoOS)2 1
I -f(2fDt cosO )2dt =3) JC
T o3
Since a phase fluctuation caused by fading has a uniform Figure 1. Spectrum of the interference
distribution between 0 and 2s , the average interference 2.1.1 Co-channel interference
power I is derived by averaging I by 0 as follows
1 (27fDTcosO)2
OdO (27fDT)2 ......... (4)
- With a differential detection, the symbol is
I fi= D demodulated according to the phase difference between
2,g J 3 6 two consecutive received symbols. Figure-2 illustrates the
The interference power I mentioned above can be directions of the differential detection in DQPSK/OFDM
separated into the direct current (DC) and altering current systems. As shown in Fig.2, the symbol #2 is demodulated
(AC) components. The dc component IDC DC and the
according to the symbol #1 with a differential detection in
the time domain, which we call "case I". On the other
average interference power IDC can be calculated as hand, the symbol #3 is demodulated according to the
symbol #1 in the frequency domain, which we call "case
IDC = -|7tt
9T ° cosO dt =(7ftDT cosO )2...(5) diefo (of(el}~~~~~~~~~~~~~I"
II]
0 (5) 1 1un d-irecba Of ti1
fie
and

IDC K { TJcosOSO dO
D
- ....T)
. (6) .....|

Consequently, subtracting IDC from I leaves the average

interference power of the AC component IAc as follows t
IAC = I-IDC
(22TfDT)2 (fJDT)2 (fD T)2 Figure 2. Direction of differential detection
6 2 6 .

Figure-I illustrates the frequency spectrum of the t7tK

interference of the DC and AC components mentioned 4 I
above. By considering the center carrier, the DC f
component 'DC is the interference to this carrier and the
AC component IAC is that to adjacent carriers. It is ii 4 4
found from the figure that the DC and AC components
can be regarded as co-channel and inter-channel
interferences, respectively. We define the IFFT/FFT Fgr .Paes{icue yDplrrqec hf
duration as TF, the guard interval as TG and the symbol

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Fig.3 illustrates the phase shift caused by 1 ± J0 (27fDTS) in Eq.(11). Here, Eq.(11) is the
Doppler frequency shift. In case I as shown in Fig.3, the approximate equation to be applied to the BER in case I.
energy per bit Eb of the signal in I-channel degrades and In case II, two symbols are in different carriers but are in
the interference to the signal in Q-channel occurs, because the same time, then Eb doesn't degrade. Hence, the
the phase shifts by Doppler frequency shift from #1 to #2
in symbol duration Ts. The latter is the co-channel
interference IDC, and then from Eq.(6), the average is derived by setting Jo (0) 1 in Eq.(I 1) as
interference power IDC is given by Eb
IDC-
2
fT)
(casel) .............. (8)
Peexp
k
k
. ......(12)
1

We will discuss the degradation of Eb later in section b N

2.2. On the other hand, in case II, as shown in Fig.3, the 2 o + 0° +1
phase doesn't shift because symbols #1 and #3 are in the k+I k +1
different carriers but are in the same time. Hence, because )
the co-channel interference doesn't occur, IDC iS
expressed as ' TE term
~~~The
/
/b/N /(k +O]in Eqs.(11) and (12) is the
I DC 0 (case II) ..........
=
(9) power ratio of the signal in Rayleigh wave to the thermal
2.1.2 Inter-channel interference
2.1.2 Inter-channelinterferencenoise. The relation between Eb// and CNR in QPSK
The inter-channel interference IAC occurs in both K N0)
case I and case II because it is the interference which leaks is considered and can be expressed as
from adjacent subcarriers. Hence, defining the FFT
duration as TF and using Eq.(7), the average interference Eb
power IAC is given by k+ Eb( .R.
.CNR
CNR R (13)

(DTF)
2

IA Here, the subscript "Ray" expresses the power

6 ratio on the signal in Rayleigh wave. We define CNRRay
2.2 Approximate equation of BER added the interference power is CNRRay, each
The approximate equation to give the BER in the single- CNRRay In case I and II is given by
carrier systems over frequency nonselective Nakagami- 1
Rice fading channels is given by [7] C +
1 ~~~~~~~~~~~CNRRal
+ IDC + IAC

{1+Jo(2zfDTS)}
E
/N
No +
I EA
1 (case I).(14)
k+I +
Eb 2LN +IJ + IDC IA
1- Jo 2-T No0.(1....... ).
-
k+I CNR
Eb/
Eb ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ray1
_
k No CNRR ±IAC
+

xE (case1 ).(I5)
N0+1 (FNo
k+l 2 /o +1I +IAC
where ID is the maximum Doppler frequency, Jo (x) is k+l
a Bessel function of the first kind of zeroth order and k is
Rician parameter. The degradation of Eb is expressed as Consequently, the desired approximate equations to give
the BER are derived by replacing CNRRaY in Eq.(13)

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with CNR Ray and then inserting (Eb/No)/(k + 1) to 3 RESULT

Eqs.(11) and (12) as This paper used the parameter given in table-I to plot
the BER using MATLAB programming.

Pe CNIR Table 1. System parameters of the OFDM systems

{l+Jo(27fDTs)} a2 y I
Number of FFT point 64
CNIR Number of sub carrier 48
1-Jo (27fDT7) Ray +1
2 Guard interval Ts /4
K NIR Ra
k Ray Modulation of sub carrier DQPSK
x exp C (case l).... (16)
CXNIRRay Flame timing ideal
K2 ) Maximum Doppler 0.001,
with frequency 0.005
normalized by symbol 0.01, 0.02
CNIR ............ (17) duration JTS
kk+1 I IDC +IAC Rician parameter k 0,3,6[dB]
and
p_ ~~~1
Pe--CNIRRay ~ x The whole text and pictures must be inside the column
border. But if the picture needs area wider than the
2 +I
<2 column border, place it across the columns. We expect
your paper is presented just the way you want it to be.

CNIR
_.II).
kx_(case (18) 4 NUMERICAL EVALUATION AND
SIMULATION
Ray
+1
2 The approximate equations are confirmed by comparing
the results obtained by the equations with ones by the
with computer simulation. Table-I shows the system
1 parameters of the OFDM systems where Ts is the symbol
CNIR (19) duration with OFDM.
..........................

0 Eb /No + I NOFig.
4 shows the performance of Eb / N versus the
k + IJ BER obtained by the approximate equations and by the
computer simulation as parameter of fDTS over Rayleigh
where IDC and IAC are expressed in Eqs.(8) and fading channels. Here, as stated above, case I and case II
(10).Eqs.(16) and (18) are the approximate equations to are the DQPSK/OFDM systems which a differential
give the BER including the influence of Doppler coding/deferential detection is used in the time and
frequency shift. It is confirmed that the equation over frequency domains, respectively. In the same way, Figs. 5
quasi-static channels and 6 show the BER performances adding on parameter of
Ra the power ratio of direct wave to Rayleigh wave (Rician
I1 kCNIR
p CNI x expRay ) 1 20) parameter) k over Rician fading channels. Generally, the
faster the fDTS is the more the BER performance
CNIRRay + 2 CNIRRay + 2(
degrades. Over Rayleigh fading channels, it is found from
can be derived by setting fDTS = 0 in Eqs.(16) and (18). Fig. 4 that the derived approximate equations precisely
express the characteristics above and that the BER
In the same way, if k =0 in Eqs.(16) and (18). the performance in case II (frequency domain) is better than
approximate equations over Rayleigh fading channels are that in case I (time domain). This implies that the
derived.- influence of Doppler frequency shift during the symbol

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duration Ts is a critical factor which could severely I I I

degrade the BER performance over the frequency
nonselective fading channels. In addition, over Rician
fading channels, as Rician parameter k increase, the BER -
performance will become better. The derived approximatee
equations can precisely express those characteristics. In 1 pp -
concluding, we should note that the approximate .
equations can precisely express the characteristics of the 1.
BER in DQPSK/OFDM systems over fading channels. Si | A"'_.

, rri r rX ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ v M
~ ~ ~ ~I~ ~B
g; J[

Mr 1 0~ \ = ~ * =~ ~ f - - -' ' 'n l'a .....1 (a) k 0[dB]

I1i f
I .r 0 1023 40) 3040 0 0
14369 - 1 - - W \

14* I 0 ..W^..
It)
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t
(a) case I k Oft/B]

10m 4) 140 20 30 40 50 60

(b) k 3[dB]

t Om IL~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
\;
rmlili w q q * q r qj ~ ~ ,q f
I0
Sw3

0 10 20 3 0 410 50 60
NJAlBI iSi >x_
(b) case II e**-*.
Figure 4: BER over Rayleigh Fading channels 10)

0 10 200 1 40 50 60

(c) k=6[dB]
Figure 5: BER over Rician fading channels
(case I)

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(ADSL) provides a method of delivering high speed data

IDW l over the phone line. The system uses OFDM techniques,
calling their variation discrete multi-tone (DMT). DMT
includes features for allowing the removal of subcarriers
and for adjusting modulation format (from 1 to 15 bits per
I1w0 symbol) on a per subcarrier basis to best suit the
transmission channel characteristics. The system also
U .. k- _ ___ permits "dynamic allocation" of these parameters.
Om .H..~ a"zlXrx2 eArlwr -^_ i b digital television is based on the DVB-
European
r i v . S
1- Ix xl lk

__,__ ....r,r..g2X*..
sT(digital video broadcast-terrestrial) standard that uses
liJ
W! x
aM
.. either 2048 (2K) or 8192 (8K) subcarriers within a
0 ()l 20 30: 401:l SD 0 ~standard 8 MHz TV channel. The system specifications
E-S
WN d4 and coding were specifically designed to allow multipoint
repeater signaling that creates co-channel signals.
Discussions are ongoing in the U.S. to look at a similar
system and Japan is close to adopting a similar standard
, q , : for their future digital TV broadcast system.
l0 oxx NThe next generation of radio broadcast may also make
use of OFDM techniques. In the U.S., the system under
IU . , 1 consideration will initially "co-exist" in the same
frequency slot as the current analog broadcast. OFDM
allows the system designers to shape the digital spectrum
by disabling the subcarriers that correspond to the current
____ -. -. t analog spectrum during the co-existence period. After the
lI0 - tIrxi a -- co-existence period the subcarriers can be enabled and the
a,l0hX
. v subsequent data rate increased.
Various high-speed wireless networking standards in
1 2030D 1E0 S.J the 5 GHz frequency region employ OFDM modulation.
E ~X GP B The U.S. IEEE 802.11a and European ETSI Hiperian/2
standards utilize similar physical layer structures with 64-
(b) k=3[dB] carriers OFDM and modulation ranging from BPSK to 64-
QAM per subcarrier. Various data rates from 6 to 54
x^- l . , , , | | || |Mbps are possible. OFDM works well in home and office
environments for handling wall reflections and movement
10-- - ^ --^6gi a S --- - within the structure.

1m 1 U - +s., ~6 CONCLUSION
The current status of the research is that OFDM appears
to be a suitable technique as a modulation technique for
- -. - -x, high performance wireless telecommunications. An
OFDM link has been confirmed to work by using
U I0 20 m 40 SD 60 computer simulations, and some practical tests were
performed on a low bandwidth base-band signal. OFDM
was found to perform very well compared with CDMA,
(c) k 6[dB] with it out-performing CDMA in many areas for a single
Figure 6: BER over Rician fading channels and multicell environment. OFDM was found to allow up
(case II) to 2 - 10 times more users than CDMA in a single cell
environment and from 0.7 - 4 times more users in a multi-
cellular environment. The difference in user capacity
between OFDM and CDMA was dependent on whether
5 MODERN APPLICATION cell sectorization and voice activity detection is used.
OFDM has been chosen for several current and future OFDM has some problems such as Peak Average Power
communications systems all over the world. It is well- Ratio (PAPR) which occurs when the phases of different
suited for systems in which the channel characteristics subcarriers add up to form large peaks. Another problem
make it difficult to maintain adequate communications is phase noise due to the local oscillator at the receiver.
link performance. Asynchronous digital subscriber line An OFDM system can be subject to two types of

483
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frequency error. They are Frequency offset (as might be Fundamentals, vol.E82-A,no.12, pp.2660-2668, Dec.
caused by the tolerance of the local oscillator frequency) 1999.
and Error in the receiver master clock frequency (which
will cause the spacing of the demodulating carriers to be [8] Louis Litwin and Michael Pugel, "The Principles
different from those transmitted). This thesis proposes an of OFDM", pp.30-48, January 2001.
approximate derivation method of the bit error rate (BER)
in DQPSK/OFDM systems over frequency nonselective
Nakagami-Rice and Rayleigh fading channels. The
validity of this equation is confirmed from the fact that the
BER derived from this approximate equation coincides
with that from the computer simulation, even when the
system parameters, for example Doppler frequency,
Rician parameter and so on, are varied. Also it discusses
about some modern applications of OFDM systems.

REFERENCE
[1] B.LeFloch, M. Alard, and C.Berrou,
"Coded orthogonal frequency division
multiplex,", Proc. IEEE, vol.83, pp.982-
966, June 1995.

[2] P.H. Moose, "A Technique for Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency Offset Correction," IEEE
Trans. Commun, vol.42,no.30, pp.2908-
2914, Oct. 1994.

[3] T.Pollet, V.Bladel, and M.Moeneclaey,

"BER Sensitivity of OFDM System to
Carrier Frequency Offset and Wiener
Phase Noise," IEEE Trans. Commun,
vol.43,no.2/3/4, Feb/March/April. 1995.

[4] H.Aoki, M.Konishi, T. Hosokawa,

F.Takahata, "Theoretical deviation of bit
error rate in OFDM system with carrier
frequency offset," Technical Report of
IEICE, SAT98-95, Feb.1999.
[5] Tsuzuku, H. Ohta, R,Nakamure, "A
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OFDM Transmission," Journal of ITE,
vol.51no.9, pp. 1493-1503, Sept. 1997.
[6] T.Asai, H.Murata, S.Yoshida, "A study
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Frequency Division Multiplexing."
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[7] F.Sasamori and F.Takahata,
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