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Paulina Seminova
Movements are simple reflexes with brief muscle activation (eyeblink,
hiccup, finger twitch)
Acts, or action patterns, are complex, sequential movements (honking
your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar)
A motor plan, or motor program, is a set of muscle commands
established before the action occurs
The only reason we need a brain at all is to move. So the whole point
of our brain is guide movement. The rest is just fluff.
Two control mechanisms optimize accuracy and speed
Driver texting
Hierarchy of motor control systems
• Skeletal system and muscles power • Brainstem integrates motor commands
movement
• Primary motor cortex initiates
• Spinal cord controls skeletal muscles commands for action
• Nonprimary motor cortex initiates
cortical processing
• Cerebellum and basal ganglia tweak
these systems
Muscles that contract when others extend are antagonists
Muscles that act together are synergists
.
Motoneurons and Neuromuscular Junctions
Innervation ratio:
Try texting with your elbows 1/13
Action of muscles is guided by sensory feedback
1. Muscle is stretched
2. Excitation of muscle
spindle afferents
3. Excitation of
motoneurons
4. Agonist muscle
stimulated to oppose
stretch
5. Antagonist muscle is
inhibited
clonus hyperreflexia
Pyramidal vs. Extrapyramidal motor systems
pyramidal extrapyramidal
Pyramidal System Pathway –
a two neuron chain
Neuron 1)
From primary motor
cortex to pyramid in
the medulla, where it
crosses over, then
down spinal cord to
end at anterior horn
cell (motoneuron)
Neuron 2)
From motoneuron to
muscle
Primary motor cortex (M1)
M1
Mirror neurons in premotor cortex: the same neurons fire when observing
another doing that task
3 5
4 1
2 4
extrapyramidal
Antibodies in purple
ptosis
Myasthenia gravis
Fasciculations
Spinal cord injuries
Spina bifida
• Tremor
• Bradykinesia
• Shuffling gait
• Postural instability
Parkinson disease
A defective gene for α-synuclein – a basal ganglia
protein – is an inherited cause of Parkinson’s
Environmental exposures also contribute
Clinical features:
• Boys more than girls
• Tics usually end by adulthood
• Tics affect face and shoulders more
than legs
• Coprolalia is very rare
Hemiparetic Gait