1. LIFTINGACCESSORIES... .,.,.......

4
1.1. Wire Ropes ..... '...4
1.2. Chains .......9
1.3. SyntheticWeb SLings .......14
1.4. Hooks ......16
1.5.ShackLes.... ......20
1.6.EyeBol.ts. ......:. .........25
1.7. Lifting and SpreaderBeams "......29
prtprrrd ly 2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG.... ......31
Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien eo, lne 2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch. ......31
Totat 0uatity Management 2.2.ChokerHitch. ......31
2.3.BasketHitch. ......31
2.4.Legs Bridl.e Hitches.... ...........31
gr.phlc drrlgn 2.5. Endtess Hitch . . ".. .32
Hasan Ozer Uzunboy BfuetYapman 2.6.EyeandEyeHitch. ........32
2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket Hitch ........32
2.8. Examplesof Stinging .........33

3.APPENDICIES. ......45
Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation . . . . .45
Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and
2007
ModeMarkings.. ..........51
Appendix-3 Densityof Materials .......52
Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . . . .53
Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging Dictionary .......54
 B x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires.
The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The
etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires.

The Lifting accessories are as foltowr, 1 .2. 8eas,er-s*l9rlryss-[erltggtUge R gleg

-1
. Wire Ropes . Setection of wrong size retative to construction or qua[ity
. Chains . Handting rope in contact with the load when use.
. Synthetic Web SLings . Faiture to timeLy lubricate the rope, causing wear to occur in rope
. Hooks wires during Lifting and lowering the [oad.
. Shackles . Twisting of rope.
. Eye bolts . Effect of temperature, moisture and acids.
. Lifting and Spreader Beams . Stretchrng ropes on one another or in reverse direction.
. Kinking.
1.1. Wire Ropes . Overtoading.

Wltt, llllrtf i .1le

tt-gllA/ile 33p99
1,1,-3, $"g!qg-!ig
tt,,t,ri rtr llrr
slsffi ttrrlrt,,lt y rrr,,rrr lr
jt t lt' , i t' , wr'tt ;l tl
ln seLecting and using a steelwire rope, the fotlowing properties shouLd
be considered:

lrrrilirrr;,rnrl

s$ffi lo,rrl lillttrr; I lrt,

rn;t,,tttt,, wl ty
Rope Core

the wire ropes are preferred ratlrcr llrirrr lrrrrrr

ropes are as fotlows:
(The tength along the rope in which one strand
. They are stronger, though atthc r';rnrl wr,tr;lrl
's$ffi and diameter,
. Their strength is constant everr irrwr,l ,rrrtl rlry
makes a comptete revolution around the ropel

Wire Rope
conditions,

'$Fffi . Their [ength does not changc in v;rtiott',

ctimatic conditions,
*iiiW . They have longer lrfe and durability. . Way of manufacturrng of wire,
materialand rope core used,
. Number of wires per strand,
rFrSffi 1.1.1. Structures of Wire Fgp-gs
A rope is composed of 6 or 8 strand:, wotttrrl
. Way of winding strands of
rope,
Standards timit visibte
around a [inen core. Each webbing is bririrltrrl . Maximum load of rope and its broken wire to 1 0% of totat

$it}ffi with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',. carrying the load with a
certain safety coefficient,
wires in a tength of eight
rope diameters
o Ftexibi[ity and fatigue resistance,
r Resistance to krnkings, 1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection
. Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings.
1.1.4. lnspection of Wire Ropes
Frequent lnspection: ALl. sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting
the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be
concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate
hazard:
Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding,
bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or
unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or
slings shoutd be replaced.
Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte
broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection,
1.1.6 Rope End Attachment
. Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U
form.
. Awedge rs pl.aced in rope bend as shown in the
figure on side.
. The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the
wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope.
. U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a
distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5
rope diameters to the roPe end.
. Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of
the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the
rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the
rope end.

Periodic lnspection: A periodic inspection shatl. be performed by a Correct Method

designated person at least annuatly and shatl be recorded.

1.1.5. Removat Criteria for Wire Rope Sling

No precise rutes can be given for determination of the exact time for
reptacement of a wire rope sting since many variabte factors are
invotved.

Conditions such as the foLLowings shoutd be sufficient reason for

1.1.6.2. Cabl.e Cl.iP Connection
rep[acement.
. Flve broken wires in one strand in one lay or ten randomty distributed . Rope is bent in U form
broken wires in one [ay. and ctamped at a Ptace
. Regulations [imit visible broken wire 10 % of totatwires in a tength of ctoser to the roPe end.
eight rope diameters, . The eye piece of the
. Severe Locatized abrasion or scraping. rope is ctamped.
. Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resutting in . Other ctamps are
distortion of the roPe structure. mounted such that
. Evldence of heat damage. there witl be a distance
. End attachment are cracked, deformed, or worn to the extent that the of 6 rope diameters
strength of the sling is substantiaLLy affected. between both end
. Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments. ctamps.
 U bolts of at[ ctips shouLd be on dead
1.1.7. Maintenance and Lubrication of Steet Wire Ropes
end of rope. Live ends rest in ctip
The first point to be noticed in maintaining steeL wire ropes is that the
saddte.
r opes are correctly unwound from sheaves.

As mentioned above, U boLts of the

Since breaks and kinks reduce the life-cycte of a wire rope, such breaks
ctamps shoutd be at the rope end.
irnd kinks shoutd be prevented. lf there is no possibiLity of fixing a sheave
Ctamps must never be offset mounted.
with steelwire rope wound on it in a manner to altow it to rotate freety,
lFis e) Do not stagger clips
one end of the wrre rope shoutd be fixed at a proper ptace and the
:;heave shoutd be rotated as much as required.
ln the fotlowing tab[e, the number of
clips, distance between ctips and ctip
Wrre rope sheaves should not be unwound by puLling from wire rope.
size to be used according to rope
U bolts on live end Otherwise, breaks occur in the rope.
diameter are provided.

Rope Diameter of Number Distance between Clip When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave ordrum, the
mm inch ctips ctips lmml size lmmt
rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound
closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y
8-16 5116-518 4 80 9,5_14 follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl
1? 314 5 110------T have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope.
7/B 5 130 18 several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The strands ,
25 L
J 150
1
16 formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one
28 11/8 5 180 18 another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move
31 1 1/4 6 2A0 22 continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln
34 1318 7 230 22 order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their
38 1 1t2 B 250 22 rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done
with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel
1.1.6.3. lnterconnecting Two Ropes rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.
Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol
rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr 1.2. Chains
each length
Due to their structure, chains
and connt-.r;l
aTe more stronger and easier-
the eyes
to-use lifting components.
together.
Chains have a wider range of
IFis 10)
fietds of use since they are used
Correct
as a sting, resistant to impacts,
suitabte to use for sharp-edge
loads and they are safe.
Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the
characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used.
When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears,
stretchings and bendings may occur.
1.2.1. Points to be Noticed in Handling thains
Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for
which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain
setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this
fiel.d.
1.2.2. The Grades of Chain
The grade number of a chain is stamped on approximately every
twentieth [ink or every meter. lf there is any doubt as to the grade
making or if there is no load tag attached to the chain, it must be
regarded as the [owest grade ; that is , Grade 30.
1.2.3. lnspection of Chains
At[ chains used for lifting purposes shoutd be inspected before and after
use. lt shou[d atso be inspected very ctosety for the defects every month.
The fotlowing defects shoutd be looked for in each inspection:
. Stretching or bending in any [ink of more than 10 percent,
. Damaged [inks from sharp edges,
. Deep rust,
. Nicks, cut or gouges that reduce the Link diameter by 10 percent,
. Cracks in any [ink I by soaking the chain in oit, cleaning the oiI off, then
dusting it with powder, cracks witlappear as a discotoration; a powder
mixed with magnetic particles and dust onto the chain witl atso reveal
cracksJ,
. A number of smatl dents like peen hammer marks lthis is an indication
of fatigue or work hardeningl,
. Wear in Link seat in more than 10 percent of [ink diameter,
. Wetd defects and any other [ink deformation,
. Knotted chains.
10
Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects.
Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for
reptacement.
J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg
Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working
loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such
temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be
condemned.
1' ?r.9 s qge
=""-clet-o-U
. Never exceed a chain's safe working load.
. Do not use a damaged chain.
. Avoid shock-toading chain ; that is, loading chain suddenty.
r Do not cross , twist, kink or knot chain.
. Do not drop chain from a height.
. Use packing on loads with sharp edges.
. Use onty the correct size and grade of chain.
. Do not wetd or oxycut.
. Hammerlocks and pin lock fitting may be used to atter or repair
chains.
. Ensure that chain fittings have a safe working load equatto or more
than the chain attached.
. Do not use mild steel chain of less than 8mm diameter or attoy steel
chain of less than 6mm diameter.
. Do not place the [inks of a chain on the load hook, but use a ring or an
attachment I for exampte, a chain shortenedJ.
. Onty use chains with a safe working load tag.
1.2.6. Storage and Maintenance
lnspect every chain regutarty, and remove damaged sections or reptace
the whote chain.
Do not repair or hammer chain, and do not heat-treat it.
11
Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be
stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung
off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd
be LightLy oiLed.

The depth of
@ ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain al[ chips, cuts
etc. must not
exceed that
a[[owed.

Extreme Wear at
Bearing Surfaces
Measure the remaining
material and discard if
R.- it is less than altowed
Maarura
tha trma
srctlon
aftrr ur @ lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces

&
to
d?trrmlna
Nmount ot
str!tch

@ Look for chain stretch During lnspections

( oon'txnot

Twisted Link +
ffi(o'n'lrws,
@ Never Twist or Knot a chain
@ lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc
 1.3. Synthetic Web Stings

synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purpose:

' Their retative softness and width means that they have much less
tendency to mar or scratch finety machined, highty potished or painted
surfaces and have tess tendency to deformation, crush fragiLe objects
compared to fibre rope, wire rope or chain sLings.
' Because of their ftexibil.ity ,they tend to mol,d themsetves to the shape
of load.
o They are not affected by moisture and certain chemicats.
. They @ svnthetic web stings @ Pipe handting ltlustrates the tendency of
do not rust and thus do not stain ornamental precast concrete or do not Damage or Crush Like webbing slings to mold themselves to [oad, This allows
Wire Ropes or Chain handling irregu[arly shaped loads securely.
stone.
r They are non-sparking and can be used safety in explosive
atmosphere.
r They minimize twisting and spinning during Lifting,
. Their light weight permits ease of rigging, their softness prectudes
hand cuts ,and the danger of harm from a bump by a free swinging is
minimat.
o They are etastic and stretch under load more than either wire rope or
chain and are thus abte to absorb heavy shocks and cushion the toad,

synthetic web stings are avaitable in a number of configurations find

application in the industry:
Endtess or Grommet Sting - both ends of one piece of webbing are
Lapped and sewn to form a continuous piece. They can be used as @ Endless or grommet stings. @ st"ndard Eye and Eye stings.

verticat hitches, bridte hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket

stings .Because load contact points can be shifted with every [ift, wear is
eventy distributed and sting life is extended.
Standard Eye and Eye - webbing assembted and sewn to form a flat
body sLing with an eye openings in the same ptane as the sr.ing body. The
eyes may either be futtweb width or may be tapered by being fol.ded and
sewn to a width narrower than the webbing width.
Twisted Eye - an eye and eye type with twisted terminations at both ends,
The eye openings are at 90oto the plane of the sting body. This
configuration is atso avaitabte with either ful.twidth or tapered eyes.

@r*isted Eye stings.

1.3.1. lnspectio_n of Synthetic Web Stings t.A.t. Correct U

Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the
sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming
fottowing defects. out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced'

1. lf sLings rated capacity when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte
tag is missing or not between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the
readabte, ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which
2. Acid or caustlc burns,
3. Mel.ting or charring of
any part of sLings
surface,
E_ reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)

4. Snags, punctures,
tears or cuts,
5. Broken or worn
H
stitches,
ABRASION
EET
6. GeneraI wear, stretch,
or tensite damage
CFI
exceeding the
TENSILE DAMAGE
H
manufacturer's
standards, TI Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength
7. Expose " Core
Warning" threads. EXPOSED
.,CORE
WARNING" THREADS
tr and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity
as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)
EET
1.4. Hooks Er
Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are Hl
made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of
appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting GN
devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed
EN
with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).
ru
rFn
EFI Side Load Back Load Point Load

F{
't6 17
The sting or lifting device must H
always be seated property in the
bowl of the hook. lFig.271
rrl Check for wear and deformation

1.4.2. lnspection of Hooks

Hl Check for cracks & twisting
Check for signs of oPening uP

Hl
Before use, hooks must be inspected
by a competent person and removed
from service when any of ihe
fl
Correct I I
cr
cr
Check for wear and cracks

fottowi ng conditions exists:

. Cracks, nicks or gouges. I @sl@ HooK lnspecrton Areas

. Twist exceeding 10 degrees from ptane of unbent hook. [Fig. 28] EI

. Latch engagement, damage or matfunction.
. Throat opening exceeding 15 %. IFig. 28) EI Batanced 1t,. 1tz
0ff Center
3t.
ofl Center
Point
Loading

ET
Load 0fl Center
. Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. 281
. Damage from heat.
r Unauthorized repairs ET
Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or HT
bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.
Ell
GT LOAD
cb LOAD LOAD
LOAD LOAD
Can Carry

-t
Can Carry 100 Can Carry Can Carry Can Carry

% of rated toad APProx.86% of Approx.80% of Approx. 70% of Approx' 40% of

rated load rated toad rated toad rated toad

-b
J.
|!ll!@@ Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity

l0olo maxlmum
twist
d-
10% maximum
allowable wear
d.
d-
d.
A
+
@ st"ndard choker Hook @aaiustabte sling choker Hook
1.5. Shacktes H
rn
The correct way to use a shackte with a hook is with the shackte pin
1.5.1. Correct Use of Shacktes positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)

t^*-,.ffid in a mannerthat attows the shackle

body to take load in a true Line atong its centertine. Not in such a way that FI
bending loads are induced, other than those forwhich the shackie has
been designed. [Fig. 34)
FT
EI
H
ET
ET
Never reptace
shackle pin with
a bolt cr
Correct
GT
tl
ry
The toad witt
bend the bolt
When the used hook is smatt, some packing is required to stabilize the
Hl
lncorrect reptacement of
shackle pin
A
g
shackte [Fig. 37)

Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement
coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)
lncorrect
d-
dr
d-

20
dt
J-
;r
dt
+
&$ Correct lncorrect
 Shackte pin must be in
the hook and the stings
should be instatted into

'A the shackte body.

IFis.3el

Y l--l ,n.o..".,
Screw pin anchor
shackle
Round pin anchor
shackle
Safety type anchor
shackle

r
U

1.5.2. lnspection of Shacktes Screw pin chain Round pin chain Safety type chain
shackle shackle shackIe
Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:

. The body of the shackte and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the @rvpicat shacktes
same quatity grade,
. A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI,
. The pin is of the correct type,
. The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett,
. The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned, Never replace a shackle
. The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10%
pin with a bott

reduction in diameter, they must be reptaced), Check for wear

' The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion,
Check for wear and
straightness

Never Exceed 120 Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the Check that pin is
atways seated
shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.

Check that shackte

is not "opening up"

The load witt bend the bott

@ Reptacing shackte Pins @ sn"ckte lnspection Area3

22 23
 1.5. Eye Botts

Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey
have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using
them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t,
do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.

There are two types of eye botts used:

Ptain or shoutderl.ess eye botts: onty to be used for lifting at an ang[e, as

with two or more stings.

Poor Practice
Never allow shackle to
be putted at an angle
-the tegs wi[[ open up
@ Eccentric shackte Loads
Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with
Good Practice
Pack in the pin with two or more stings.
washers to
centralize the
shackle-- 1-.6.1. Correct Use of Eye Botts
lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the
load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine)
to controtthe [oad.

Do not Lift the load any higher than is absotutely necessary'

The correct method of attaching a sling to an eye bolt is to use a shackte.

Never pass the sLings through the eye and back to the hook.

Before using an eye bolt to lift a load:

o lt must be checked for defects,
o lt must be packed so that the eye bott is screwed down ftush with
packing or surface,
o lt must be turned to the direction of the putt,
. The Safe Working Load ISWLJ shoutd be checked.

lf the toad shifts the

sting witt unscrew the
shackte pin

@ Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw
 CORRECT INCORRECT
Load is in When the toad is apptied
INCORRECT -
the ptane of to the eye in this
CORRECT - lf shoulderless and ring bolts are
pulled at an angle as shown they the eye. direction it will bend.
Shoulderless
eye and ring witl either bend of break.
bolts are \
designed for
vertical toads
only
w
CORRECT -use a
shackle

Shoulderless
Shouldertess INCORRECT
ring bott
ring bott
Shoulderless shoutdertess
eye bott eye bott
@o.i"ntation of Eye Botts @ Neverlnsertthe Point
of a Hook in an Eye Bolt

@ur"of EyeBotts

Never run a sling through a pair of eye as shown.

The loads in this tifting

Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Botts - resutt in an effective load
Providing loads are reduced to account for angular loading at much more severe

The load angle

INCORRECT is reduced from
P to 0 and the Use a pair of
loads A and B shackles instead.
combine to
give C.
Pack with
-z washers
to ensure
that
shoutder @Lifting with Eye Bott
Ensure
Ensure that is firmly
Nut must that bott
tapped hote in contacl
be property isis deep with
must be in
torqued. tightened enough. surface
futl contact
into with
place. surface.

When the eye botts cannot be aligned Use a shim or washer

@ use of Shoutder Type Eye and Ring Botts

@nrisnmentof Eye Bott

 1.5.2. lnspection of Eye Botts H 1.7. Lifting and Spreader Beams
Before use, eye botts must be inspected visuatty by a competent person. f,n Lifting beams support a load during a Lift. They are designed for bending,
lf any of the fottowing conditions exists, the eye bott must be removed off
service: FT and have a top-centered lug or hole at each end on the bottom side.
Spreader Beams help to maintain the distance of a rigging device [sling,
. Bent or distorted eye or shank,
. Nicks and gouges, Inr [ink, shackte) so that side-toading on a load or Lifting lug does not occur.
Lifting and Spreader Beams hetp to eliminate the possibility of a load
. Obvious wear,
. Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads,
Grr tipping, siiding, bending or being crushed by a sting.

o Heat damage,
. Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking. H
G[
A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a

+
quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used
in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative.

dr A Lift or Spreader Beam shoutd be:

# . lnspected frequentty by a quatified engineer,

. Stamped with a maximum capacity,

+
H
. ldentified by some recordable marking/number,
. Load tested to design specifications.

dr
A
d.
ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for
-b
*
thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such
d-
dt
as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not
permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs
have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be
destroyed. *
* Lifting Beam Spreader Beam

28 +
 C{
Irl
H
2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch

ln this type of sLinging, it is very difficul't to

control the [oad. A srngle vertrcal sling may
Spreader Beams
turn when the Load is hung' As a resutt of

AB
l-l
HW ill
such turning, the rope may be broken or
scraped. Since the whole load is on a single
sLing, Lifting and carrying wi[[not be {x
v
*fu
performed safelY. [Fig.

W
54)

2.2. Choker Hitch

The choker hitch is used for b[ock loads

W&
Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle
changes with baLanced center of gravity' The
Loads in C & D wltt chrngr ll loads are choke-hitched exactty at their
is '
# ffi
beam angle chrngu
center of gravity. The weight of load
equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'
IFis 55)

2.3. Basket Hitch

ln this type of sl.inging, either a singl.e sling

atone or two stings are used together in form
of a basket. ln a basket hitch, the load is
equalLy drstributed over both Legs' ln
of sl.inging, care shoutd be taken to avoid
crushing of the sLing under Load
this type

or jamming
ffiW
etsewhere. [Fig. 56)

2.1. Legs Bridl'e H itches

ln this type of hitches, the I'egs of the sling

are

@ spreader and Equatlzer Bcrm!

ffiffi downward. The sLing ends are instalted on
the [oad, whil.e its center is instat[ed on the
hook. [Fig. 57)
 2.5. Endtess Hitch 2.8. Examptes of Stinging

This type of hitch is mostty used in

&Ae chain stings. The load is equatty

distributed over both tegs. The center
of gravity of the [oad shoutd be taken

AAA
into account in rigging, Special.ty for
cytindricattoads, care should be taken
Leg length can be adiusted
to avoid sLiding of the load through the with turnbuckles
sting. IFig. 58)

@ Leg Bridte Hitches 12 tegsl

2.5.Eye and Eye Hitch
Eye and Eye hitches have two types:
wire rope or chaln, varying according to
the name of use. Singte eye sling
shoutd never be used atone. Othen,uise,
Ij\A/fu Noter Load may
be supported
on onty 2 legs

AA&
while 3rd leg
It causes the load to turn and retease. batances it.

IFig. 5e)

bLr&
2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch @ Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl

A doubte wrap basket hitch is used for tifting

ptain cylindrical loads. Since the load is kept

UA
within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact
with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for
slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of Note: The capacity of basket hitches are
affected by their sting angles.
gravity. IFig. 601

<-all+ e
@sinste Basket Hitch

33
 Choker hitches
are not suited to

#
long loose r
Not recommended
bundtes when loads are
long
w

RrcHr
// \ ['rli;:'J' Doubted Choker
Use a Doubled Choker to
// \\ stipprns
a-4------!- turn loads

Where a large load is to be tifted, a four-leg

bridte sling can be made into a targe double
basket sling.
*tttl\
-+/-rtl-
^
.rf{-
,/\
\
,:"nn"',Hl'"0'

ro prrvrnt
stlPP.9. k..p
W RIGHT

60 degree or more
</
q\t
I /---Y
\ ,,]'angtc60dogrm
I ormorr
/n
t-w
o r.-1r
WRONG

E@ ooubte Basket Hitches

Chokers do not full support for toose
loads-materiaI can fall out

@ sinsle choker Hitches

The hitch
compresses
e Wrap the load and
itch prevents it
from stipping
out of the
slings.

@ Doubtewrap Basket Hltch @ Doubte choker Hitches

 The hitch
compresses
the toad and
prevents it
from stipping
out of the
slings.

Sting Doubte Wrap Basket Hitch

When sting legs are not of equal length
use smattest H/L ratio

Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitchl xH/Lx2

Pair of Doubte Wrap Baskct Hltchm
@ Determination of capacity of 2-Leg Bridte Hitches

@l Doubte Wrap choker Hitches

@fl Determination of
Note: Ensure that the sptice is atways clear of the hooks and load Capacity of 3- Leg Bridte Hitches
When tegs of equal
length use sma[lest
H/ L ratio

Endlcrr rtlng ln
doubtc bukrt hltch
conllgur.tlon
Note: Load may be
Endless or supported on onty 2 legs
9rommet white 3rd [eg balances it.
sting in Therefore the recommended
verticaI hitch safe weight to load is
configuration

Weight = SWL. I of singte verticat hitchl x H/L x 2

@ Determination of
2 Grommct or.ndlart Capacity of 4- Leg Bridte
When tegs are not of
slings ln doubh b.rkal Hitches L
equa[ length use
hltch conflgumtlon
smallest H/L ratio

Endless sting
in Choker Hitch
Configuration Note: Load may be carried bY
onty 2 legs while other legs
onty batance it. Therefore tho
recommended safe weight to
load is:

@ Endtess Stings or orommet sllngg

Weight = SWL [of singte verticat hitchl xHlLx2

1A 37
 H
ril @ Determination of
Capacity of Single Choker Hitch

ElI
H When this angle is
greater than 45o

dr Weight = SWL I of single vertical hitch I x 3/4

lnclined Legs
Weight = SWL lof
single vertical
hitch I x H/Lx2
Vertical Legs
Weight = SWL (of
singte vertical hitch
+
q.
lx2
Ell
@ Determination of Capacity of Singte Basket Hitch
-I
Eh
When this angle is less than 450
Weight =SWL I of singte verticat hitch I x A/B

-L
dr @ Determination of Capacity of Doubte choker Hitch

dr
+
ooo
oo
lr-,
s
H

+
o
*
.o
Ef When the choker angle
is greater than 450

Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitch I x H/Lx4

d.
Eb
Weight =SWL (of singte
verticat hitchl
x 314 x Hll x2
When the choker ang[e is
tess than 45o

@ Determination of Capacity of Double Basket Hitch and lnclined Logs Weight =SWL lof singte vertical hitchl x A/B x H/L x 2

+
*
 H
Everything
below the
boom point is

@ntr Rigging Equipment Must be

Hook in Master Llnk - Counted as Part of the Load
nO reduction

Rapid swinging
causes load to drift
out- increasing
radius and load on

@@ Keep the Load under

Control at All Times
@arr stings shoutd carry
identification Tags

Rrdlus of
contect should
bs equal to 1

@O'.instings rope lay

@ Ensure that stings are protected at Att sharp corners on Heavy ltrmr.

40 l+1
 The tension

Carrying Fut[ Load

@@ Never wrap a Rope Around a Hook

on a Rigid object the Load @lf! Know what the Load in Each
@ Sting Leg witt be Betore the Lift is Made
Coutd Be Carried 0n Onty 2 Legs or Sting
White Other Legs Onty Serve to Batance

Severe bending

t_:_l Ll [:
Let the eye ride higher and keep this
angte approximatety 45 degrees or
more
@@ Do not Permit Bending Near Any sptice or Attached Fitting

Get severe toading in stings

because of low sling angles

lf L is greater than S then stlng rngh lr 0K

@cn"ck on sting Angte

L1,
 Appendix-l Examples for Safe Working Load Calculation
A way to find the capacity of the required sling:

SWL = UH x Weight/No of Sl"ings

No of Slings = 1 [For 1-teg sLings] H

@wn"never2or No of Stings = 2[For 2-Leg sl.ings)
more ropes are to be Ptaced @![ ut" Tag Lines to Controt Ail Loads I
Over a Hook- Use a Shackle No of Stings = 2lFor 3-l,eg sl,ings)
No of Stings =2lFor 4-Leg sLings)

Note: For 3-[eg and 4-teg stings, 2 legs

shoutd be considered to carry the load
whereas the others to balance it.

0ne-teg Stings: Two-leg Stings:

SWL = VH x WeighVNo of SLings SWL = VH x Weight/No of SLings

@ a"rore Being Unhooked Att @f, Load and Secure Att Materiltr SWL=1/1x100011 SWL=1/1x100012
Loads Must Be Safely Landed and Properly so as to Prevent Any Movement or
Locked Possibitity of Distodgement
SWL = 1000 ks SWL = 500 kg
Sting capacity must be at least Each sting capacity must be at
1000 kg. (Fis. 9a) least 500 kg. [Fig. 951

Min. SWL = 1000 k9

@ sa"y Away From Me when They are Being pulled out From Under Loadg.
 For-teg Stings

L=1m&H=0.866m
H H = 0.866 m
Weight = 1500 kg
I I

SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings

= 110.866 x 1500/2
= 1.15 x 750
= 962 kg

Each sting capacity must be at

The required sting safe working load at angte [2 Leg sl.ings)
l"east 862 kg. [Fig. 98)

SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings Sting Angte Factors

SWL = 1/0.866x1000/2
"Angte Factors" that appLy to Two-Legged Stings, are the factors used to
SWL = 577 kg
catculate the tension according to the ang[e between slings-
Each sting capacity must be at least 577 kg. [Fig. 96)
Sling angLe factors
Three-Leg Sl.ings Sting angte Factor
30o and beltow load x 0.5
SWL = VH x Weight/No. of stings 31o to 60o load x 0.6
61o to 90o load x 0.7
L=1m&H=0.866m 91o to 120o [oad x 1
Weight = 1500 kg
Therefore, if you sling a load using two stings at an angte of 60" muttipty
SWL = 110.866x1500/2 the weight of the Load by 0.6 to find out how much tension is in each
= 1.15 x 750 sling. The answer witL give you required safe working load of each sting.
=862k9
Finding Sting AngLe lthe angl'e between stings,
Each sting capacity must be at least which is in this case AJ
862k9. [Fis eTl
Sting Length = L /;\
Note: Atways consider number of Tle distance between the Lifting Lugs = L1

stings are 2 for both three and four lfL=L1 A = 60 Degrees t-l
leg stings. The other legs onty lf L = 3/4 of L1 A = 90 Degrees LI

balances the load. lf L = Hal.f of L1 A= 120 Degrees

LA L7
 Appendix-3 Density of MateriaLs
Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations

M4prigl . r Density kg/m' Density tb/ft'

Emergency Stop
Aluminium
Ctench and Unctench
Brass Fingers to Signat
B'ronze 8650 540
'Take The Strain' 0r

Qqppq{ ,' ,
rBB2o 550
'lnch The Load'

lrqn, , , 7690 480

l*ead 1350
1 708
Mabne5iurn ' , 1770 1i0
0i[ ,' , , gx0 50
Paper: 1301 7A S[ew ln Direction lndicated
Steel 7850 490
Water fSaft] 102{ 64
Water l,Average) 8CI0 b0

T
Note:
1- ln some cases the above figures average on[y and the actualwcir;lrt
may vary according to particu[ar composition / water content, otr
2 A[tfigures have been rounded for conveinence of use.
3- when dea[ing with hollow body, check for any contents and wht:tlr.r Tetescoping Jib
such contents are Liabte to move.
ffi
4- For ca[culation purposes: jk.'#;,ffi
on head Retract Jib
Weight
1 kg = 2.2lbs lpound)

Density
To convert tbs/ft3 to kglm3, muLtipty by 16.02.
Jib Up /fo^':ilHli"dfu

'Y
Travel To Me Travel From Me 0perations Cease

t52
Inctuded angle less than or equaL to 120o
Appendix-2 Typicat Web and Round Stings With SWL and Mode
To catcutate each sling size for the above toad of 2000 kg and sting angte
Markings
of 120" the fottowing procedure appties:

Tension=Loadxl THE S.W.L ARE IN TONNES

Tension = 2000 x 1 = 2000 kg A safe working Load [swL) and working Load Limit IwLLJ r.abet is sewn
into the sting, the capacity can atso be designated by colour coding the
entire fabric of the sling.

|[llltE
Slngte

EI Lcg
Stlng

Assemb[y Mode Straight Basket

Choke Basket 90o
Parattel

Endtess Web Sting &

2000 kg
Round Sling
or
2 tonnees

Mode Factor 1 0.8 2 1.1

W,L,L, Cotor SWL - Mode of Assembly - S.W.L.

0.5 0.5 0.t, 1.0 0.7

1.0 Violel 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.4
1.5 White 1.5 1.2 3.0 2.1
2.0 Green 2.0 1.6 11.0 2.8
3.0 Yellow 3.0 2.4 5.0 4.2
4.0 0range 14.O 3.2 8.0 5.6
5.0 Red 5.0 4.0 10.0 7.O
6.0 Brown 6.0 lt-8 12.0 8.4
8.0 Blue 8.0 5.4 16.0 11.2
10.0 10.0 8.0 20_o 14.0
12.0 12.0 9.6 24.0 16.8

50
51
Appendix-S Lifting / Rigging Dictionary Doubte wrap basket hitch CiftLisepet baQtama
A2B lAntiTwo Btockingl lki ycinLLi emniyet svicteri Drum Tambur
Abrasion Asrnma Excava!ion Kazt
Angte Aqr Extension Uzatma
Back up atarm Eye bott Vidatr askr mapasr
Gerivites atarmr
Banksman isaretci Factor of safety Emniyet katsaysr
Basket Hitch Sepet tipi sapantama Futty extended outrigger Tamamen acr[mrs vinq ayaQr
Bend Gantry crane Ayakl.r kdprLitri vinc
EQitme
Bott Civata Gross load Gros yrik

Boom Bom Ground Zemin

Boom angLe Bom acrsr Ground condition Zemin durumu
Boom angte indicator Bom aqr gcistergesi Hand signats E[isaretleri
Brake Fren Hardhat Baret
Broken wire Krrrk tel Heat damage lsrdeformasyohu
Cab Kabin Hook Kanca

Center of gravity AQrrl.rk merkezi Hook btock Kanca bloku

Certificate Sertifika Horn Korna
Chain Zincir Housekeeping Temiztik/Drlzen
Chain grade Zincir atasrm degeri ldentification tag Etiket
Choker hitch Bo$ma sapanlama lnspection Denetteme
Cotour code Renk kodu Jib Jib
Corrosion Kinked BtikriLmLis
Korozyon/Pastanma
Counteruueight Knot DriQrim
Denge aQrrlrQr
Cracked Lattice boom Kafes Bom
Catl.ak
Crane Vinq Lay Hatat adrmr
Crane levelting Vinci duzteme Length Uzunluk
Crawler Crane Patettivinc Levetting Duzteme
Crushing Ezitme Lifting Katdrrma
Cut Kesi[me Lifting accessories Katdrrma aksesuvarlarr
Damage Hasar Lifting equipment Ka[drrma ekipmantarr
Defect Kusur Lifting tug Katdrrma noktasr
Deformed Defotu Lifting ptan Katdrrma planr
Density Malzeme yoQunLugu Lifting point Katdrrma noktasr
Diamater Lifting tackte Ka[drrma takrmr
cap
DispLay Gosterge Limit switch Limit akrm kesicisi
Distortion Deformasyon Link Askr halkasr
Double LMI lLoad Moment lndicator) Yuk moment gtistergesi
cift
 Load
Ytik
Load chart Spreader beem Ka[dtrma traversi
Yrik diagramr
Load radius Storage Depotama
Yrik katdrrma yanqapr
Log book StraBd Kordon
JurnaI
Lubrication Swinging Saltanma
Yagtama
Maintenance SwiveI Frrdcindu
Bakrm/onarrm
Manbasket SWL lSafe Working Load] GUventi Katdrrma Yuku
insan katdrrma sepeti
Master [ink Synthetic potyester sting Bez sapan
Ana askl hatkasr
Mobite crane Syfthetie web sting Bez sapan
Mobitvinq
Moment Tcg tine Krtavuz hatat
Dcindurme kuweti
0ir Tcndem tifts Cift vincle katdrrma
Yag
0utrigger Teteseoping boom Teleskopik bom
Vinc ayagr
Over heat Tensi[e Geritme
Hararet
Overhead power [ines Thread damage Vida disi hasan
Acrk havai hattar
Overtoad indicator Throetopcning Kanca aQrz aqtktrQr
Agrrr yuk gdstergesi
Pad Tcwer gene Kute vinc
fayakJ takozu
PedestaI crane Turnbuekte Vidatr gerdirme
Rlhtrm vinci
Permit Twiet Burkutma
izin
PersonaI Protective Equipment Tyre Lastik
IppE) KisiseI koruyucu matzeme
Pin Tyre preseure Lastik basrncr
MandaI
Portat crane Undcrground utititics Al.tyapr hizmetteri
Gezer vinc
Pressure Weietcort Yetek
Basrnc
Radius Wedge Eo€k€t Kamatr bas[rk
Yarrqap
Rigger Wdght AQrrLrk
Sapancr
Rope Whectehok Takoz
Urgan hatat
Route Wind Rrizgar
Rota
Safe load indicator Wind speed Rrizgar hrzr
GLiventi yrik kaLdrrma gostergesi
Safety [atch WFe rope Qel.ik hatat
Giiventik mandatr
Screen wiper Wire r"ope elips Ketepce
Sitecek
Shackte Wire rope sling Te[halat
Mapa
Shackte pin WLL lWorking Load Limit] Ca[rsma aQrrLrQr [imiti
Mapa mandair
Shave Working radius Catrsma yanqapr
Makara
Singte Wern Asrnmrs
Tek
Singte vertical, hitch
Tek hatattrsapantama
Sting
Sapan
Sting angLe
Sapantama aqlsl
Sptice
Ekteme

56
57
 lnctuded angte less than or equal
to 60o
At a sting angte of 60o, the stings
,,oo',.,4,,00*n
rrttnernrrr coo
wit[ have the same lenght as the
distance between their anchorage
7/ \ points.
To catcutate each stings size for the
/\ above load of 2000 kg and sLing
2000 k9
angte of 60o, the fottowing
or procedure appties:
T=Lr0.5 T=Lx0.6 2 ton

Tension=Loadx0.6

Tension = 2000 x 0.6 = 1200 kg

lnctuded angle less than or equal to 90o

To catcutate each sLing size for the above load of 2000 kg and sling angte
of 90o, the fotlowing procedure appties.

Tension=Loadx0.70
T=Lx0.70 T=Lxl
Tr Tension lfor each slingl Tension = 2000 x 0.7 = 1400 kg
L: Load

lncluded angte less than OOr

or equal to 30o

1400 kg 1400 k9
Tension=Loadx0.5
\_/
TensioN = 1000 x 0.5 = sting angte 90o

500 [kg)
Thus the tension on each
2000 kg
1000 kg Leg is 500 kg or
or 2 tonnees
I tonnes