Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
8 AUGUST 1967
Abstract-A series of tests, carried out by applying impulse waves surge strength of insulating air gaps in order to establish general
simulating switching surges to air gaps with electrodes of different rules which will allow the designer to estimate approximately the
shapes, is described. From the test results, it has been possible to behavior of the air gap to be designed. In fact several parameters,
draw some important conclusions about the influence of the electrode besides insulation, are involved in the determination of the
shape and also to single out simple rules for the predetermination optimum design of electrical lines and substations. As a conse-
of the behavior of air insulation; these rules can be particularly use-
quence, many different solutions must be considered to arrive at
ful for designing purposes.
an optimum design. Thus it would be impractical to determine the
insulation characteristics of each solution by means of experi-
INTRODUCTION mental verifications. General rules, relatively simple and easily
applied, are therefore needed so that experimental verifications are
THE DATA available so far for switching surge dimensioning limited to the final stage only.
of airgaps, either with or without insulator strings or stacks The results of this work also enable proper interpretation of the
through them, are not adequate to allow the designer to work differences often found among the test results obtained by differ-
out reliable solutions. In fact the switching surge strength of air ent experimenters on gaps with apparently the same configura-
gaps for a given sparkover distance depends strongly on the tions. This can be ascribed simply to poor definition of the geo-
geometrical characteristics of the gap electrodes. It is im- metrical characteristics of the examined configurations. A case
possible, therefore, for the designer to apply the results of tests in point is that of air gaps with insulating elements through them
carried out on certain gaps to proportion others of even slightly where attempts are often made to compare, for instance, the be-
differenit characteristics, unless a general knowledge of the influ- havior of insulator strings when the electrode shape is defined
ence of the geometrical characteristics is available. in broad lines only, or is not defined at all.
The purpose of this work is to investigate systematically the
ffects of the gap characteristics on the line-to-ground switching DESCRIPTION OF TESTS PERFORMED
Since the main purpose of this research was the investigation of
Paper 31 TP 66-421, recommended and approved by the Trans- the dependence of air gap switching surge performance upon gap
mission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Group for geometry, most of the tests were made with only one shape
presentation at the IEEE Summer Power Meeting, New Orleans, of voltage wave, the 120/4000-/us impulse wave (see Appendix I),
La., July 10-15, 1966. Manuscript submitted April 14, 1966; made as the lowest positive polarity withstand voltages for rod-rod and
available for printing February 3, 1967.
The author is with the Centro di Ricerche Elettriche, Ente rod-plane configurations are associated with this wave shape.
Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica, Milan, Italy. Other tests were performed with different impulse waves to
PARIS: AIR GAP INFLUENCE ON SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH 937
ILE I
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS PERFORMED
Without With
Gap Insulator String Insulator String
Positive Negative Positive Negative
Impulsed Ground Polarity Polarity Polarity Polarity
Electrode Electrode dry wet dry wet dry wet dry wet
Rod plane 2 5 2 5 9 9 9 9
Rod rod (h = 6 m,under) 2 5 2 5 10 10 10 10
Rod rod (h = 3 m,under) 3 3
Conductor plane 6 6
Conductor rod (h = 6 m, under) 6 6
Conductor rod (h = 3 m, under) 6 6
Conductor structure (under) 8-II
Conductor structure (over and laterally) 11-III III III III III III III III
Conductor window II-III III III
Rod structure (under) IX
Conductor rope IV
Conductor rod (over) IV IV IV IV IV IV
Conductor crossarm end IV IV
2400 2401
V5o.,
2400W -negativeI
VSoi 1 petarity /-'
IliVI 1kV) rod~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-plane
Ih=0i lI! 60.
1kV) /7
rod-rod1h46m) ~rdlvm
1601 -{m 1S 3
1200
1 ,/SS
/ ' ~
rod-planelh-O L
22
/10 )
* - -I- -* 120
positive polarity
000t I2]a
000so/ negative polarity
postive polarity - -
400 - 400A 41
I6
00
0 2 4 6 dim) 0 0 2 4 6 dim) 8 0 2 4 dI(m)
Fig. 2. Results of tests performed under dry conditions on Fig. 3. Results of test performed under dry conditions on
rod-rod (h = 6 meters) and rod-plane gaps, 120/4000-,s rod-rod (h = 3 meters) gaps, 120/4000-,us impulse wave.
impulse wave.
24010 24100 ti400 - 2400J
V5o/ - Vso,._ Vso %--
VsoI.
kV) 1k) 1 rod-plane Ih=0)
\-positive potarity rod-rod Jh-6m) rod ,h6 ,m
/
1602~~~~ dIlo lSOO~~~~ F\7 '~--negatoiv polarity 1600 -0
1ZOO
boy
-oi_-L_
I
8000 goo 0
s 5d'=6m
000
soo~~~od_aehO 120]
800-1--negative polarity
--
positive polarity
400- 400 wet
400 / :-w
Positive polarity
-negative polarity
d=2mn -00.drywet X
j_d LOO
-dr
OI
W//
IJ
negative
V50% Vs%n polarity I A kV50)1
kV) 1kV) Il/i, IA kV )
16
H->' I.
//
I-
polarity low
.1 L
ive ____ - positive potartty
I i
(El -I positiv ,DM 1200
I :~~~~-polarity II
1#1
I-I
-
81 800K 800
00
d
41
400L-I'I'-I4
. .- 40
F
.
.-r
V50%h_ -
- [kV)
.Mm
160011 -
1600
1200 1/---i_ .d2m
12001- -- --
0011 ~ ~ --
positive poLarity
_, --_ |>dlm
400
-positive polarity 400
n--- egative
polarity -
I I
0 2 4 6 him) 8 0 2 4 6 himl 8 dim) 8 2 4 6
0
Fig. 7. Influence of height h of grounded rod on behavior Fig. 8. Results of tests performed under dry conditions
of conductor-rod gaps, 120/4000-,us impulse wave, dry. on conductor-structure gaps, 120/4000-,us impulse wave.
PARIS: AIR GAP INFLUENCE ON SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH 939
24002 _
24I- - - -
Aull et
VYSO
IkVI
mod-ptane with
Insulator string
dry
wet
Vooy
(kV!
drv // vet
V5a,1kV) - potive 1po-arityl- _ (kV)
-rod plane without unsstnr 1,/
1600
120 -
IB
dry ard wet)
I-
1200 120 -rod-rod wAth tm. strng
1200
pcW ntyyI
11/ negative
_
positive polarity
80080r //|-nod-ptane with strig
-rod-ptane withnttnst~srug
Om
-rod-rod wtthoutns stritg 800
11/-nod
F _ VwithIns. string
- rod-rod witt Ins string
- -
.
2 4 6 diml 0- 2 .4 0 dIml a 8 2 4 dm18 6 8 2 4 odim) 9
Fig. 9. Results of tests performed under dry and wet con- Fig. 10. Results of tests performed under dry and wet con-
ditions on rod-plane gaps with insulator strings, 120/4000-as ditions on rod-rod (h = 6 meters) gaps with insulator
impulse wave. strings, 120/4000-jis impulse wave.
Fig. 11. Sparkover on conductor window gap (d = 4 meters), Fig. 12. Flashover on rod-rod gap (d = 3.5 meters) with
120/4000-ps, positive polarity, dry, outdoor. insulator string, 120/4000-,us, positive polarity, dry, indoor.
Fig. 13. Flashover on rod-plane gap (d = 2.35 meters) with insulator string,
120/4000-As, positive polarity, wet, indoor.
940 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS AUGUST 1967
TABLE II
RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED ON CONDUCTOR-STRUCTURE GAPS WITH DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF STRUCTURE
AND ON CONDUCTOR-WINDOW GAPS
(120/4000-,us wave, positive polarity, dry)
Gap Gap
Spac-
ing V50%,
V50%/d Gap
Spacing V5o%,
Vw%o/d Gap
Spacing V50%,
V5o%/d Spac- Vwo%/d
Test ing V5%,
Arrangement d, m kV kV/m % d, m kV kV/m % d, m kV kV/m % d, m kV kV/m %
T
d 4.0 1540 385 100 3.95 1510 382 100 4.0 1590 398 100 100
d 3.95 1600 405 106 3.56 1520 427 107 4.05 1630 403 106
Test date, May 1965, outdoor Atugust 1965, indoor February 1966, indoor April 1966, indoor
indoor or
outdoor
TABLE III
COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED ON CONDUCTOR-STRUCTURE AND CONDUCTOR-WINDOW GAPS WITH
INSULATOR STRING AND CORRESPONDING RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED ON SAME GAPS WITHOUT STRINGS
(120/4000-ps wave)
Gap
spacing
d,m 0 0 0
Number With With Without
of I-String, V-String, String,
Test Type of Insulators, Vso%, Vso%, 50%, 0/0 0/0
Arrangement Test n kV kV kV p.u. p.u.
TABLE 1V TABLE VI
OTIIER RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED ON FIFTY-PERCENT SPARKOVER VOLTAGES, FOR POSITIVE
DIFFERENT TYPE AIR GAPS POLARITY 120/4000-ps WAVE, OF ROD-PLANE GAPS AS
(1204/OO0-Ms wave) FUNCTION OF SPACING d
Jl d = 3.15 >1750 1590 Table V shows this gap factor K for the tested air gaps, as-
d dd=2.5 1650 suming the rod-plane gap characterized by the lowest values of
the discharge voltage as the primary reference. Table VI shows
conductor- values of the 50-percent discharge voltages for the rod-plane
rod with gap, as well as an easily memorized formula for determining
string these values.
It should be emphasized that the variation range of factor K,
rT d = 3.15 1690 1660 1500 1400
with changes in the gap geometry, is rather wide (from 1 to 1.9).
d n = 21 It is understandable, therefore, that considerable errors can be
made when dimensioning air insulation if gap geometry is not
taken into due consideration.
conductor- The fact that the insulator string, by reducing the discharge
crossarm voltages, affects only slightly the behavior of the airgaps should be
end with
string noted. The highest reduction can be observed for the gaps charac-
terized by the highest discharge voltages (Figs. 9 and 10 and
Tables III to V); even in this case, the reduction is never higher
d d = 3.15 1510 1540 than 10 percent, a value obtained for conductor-rod gaps. It is
n
n = 21
therefore clear that the effect of electrode geometry on the dis-
charge voltages of an insulator string is very great and determin-
ing. This is the reason for speaking of behavior of an air gap with an
insulator string through it instead of behau-ior of an insulator string.
The latter would entail serious mistakes.
Under wet conditions the behavior of air gaps, with and without
TABLE V insulator strings, with positive polarity waves is practically the
GAP FACTOR K FOR EVALUATION OF 50-PERCENT same as under dry conditions.
DISCHARGE VOLTAGES FOR POSITIVE POLARITY
120/4000-,As IMPULSE WAVE Negative Polarity
(Reference gap: rod-plane) The negative polarity discharge voltages of different air gaps
do not show the same behavior as a function of distance d. In
Factor K some cases, e.g., conductor-rod, discharge voltages change
With linearly with d, in others, rod-plane, e.g., a behavior similar
Electrodes Without I- and to the one characterizing positive polarity is manifested.
Impulsed Grounded String V-string Air gaps without any insulator strings through them generally
Rod plane 1.00 1.00 show much higher discharge voltages with negative than with
Rod structure 1.05 positive polarity. It is interesting to note, however, that the
(under) highest discharge voltages with negative polarity are character-
Conductor plane 1.15
Conductor window 1.20 1.15 istic of those gaps having the lowest discharge voltages for
Conductor structure 1.30 positive polarity, and vice-versa. Therefore, for the conductor-
(under) rod configuration for which the 50-percent positive polarity dis-
Rod rod (h = 3 m, 1.30
under) charge voltage is very high, the negative polarity wave may be
Conductor structure (over 1.35 1.30 the most severe one. With particular reference to this configura-
and laterally) tion, it may be noted, Fig. 6, that the negative polarity discharge
Rod rod (h= 6 m, 1.40 1.30 voltages are lower than the positive ones for lower values of the
under) distance d, while they become higher for higher values of that
Conductor rope 1.40
Conductor rod (h = 3 m, 1.65 distance. It is important to remark, Fig. 7, that with an increase
under) in rod projection h, the 50-percent negative polarity discharge
Conductor crossarm end 1.50 voltage increases, while the positive polarity voltage decreases.
Conductor rod (h = 6 m, 1.90
Thus the distance d at which both polarities show equal values of
under)
Conductor rod (over) 1.90 1.75 the discharge voltage will also increase with h. It may be interest-
ing to note that when the condition of equal positive and negative
942 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS AUGUST 1967
general considerably reduces the strength of the gaps; the reduc- 1.6
tion is greater for the gaps characterized by higher discharge volt-
ages. 1.4- d a
d=4m d-3m
The negative polarity wet discharge voltages of air gaps are 1.2-
slightly lower than the dry ones. The reduction is found to be 1.0
about the same with or without interposed strings.
0.e -
Design Criteria as Obtained from the Tests Described 0.6
Analysis of the test results shows that it is extremely im- 0.4
portant for the designer to pay close attention to the shape of the 0.2
electrodes delimiting the air gaps. The results of the tests per-
formed on the conductor-rod gaps, with quite different behavior An
from that of conventional gaps (rod-rod and rod-plane gaps), Fig. 14. Ratios V50%(-wet)/V5o%(+dry) for different arrange-
indicate that this importance is much greater than had been ments of insulator strings, 120/4000-,us impulse wave.
believed. The importance of the electrode shape should also
not be minimized for gaps having insulator strings or stacks
through them. This is evidenced by Fig. 14, which shows that the
ratios between the 50-percent dry positive and wet negative
flashover voltages of a given insulator string are very different
for different electrode configurations.
Concerning positive polarity impulses, which, in most cases,
are the most severe, it is rather simple for the designer to make a
satisfactory estimate of the behavior of the insulation for the fol-
lowing reasons
fifty-percent discharge voltages can be expressed as a function of
insulating distance d by the same law, independently of type of (a) (b) (c)
air insulation
influence of rain is practically negligible
introduction of insulator string through electrodes slightly mod- d
ifies behavior of air gap. d
d
In order to size the distances for a certain type of insulation,
the designer can make use of the data in Table V once he has
chosen the configuration that best approximates the geometry
of the insulation being designed. Examples of how the configura-
tions illustrated in Table V can be chosen for approximating real
insulations are given in Fig. 15. (d) (e)
It is obvious that at the beginning the designer may regard Fig. 15. Examples of actual gaps in electrical systems and gap factor
Table V simply as a guide when dealing with configurations which selection. (a) Rod-structure with insulator string, K = 1.05. (b)
are not exactly the same as those reported, and he may consider it Conductor-window with V insulator string, K = 1.15. (c) Conduc-
necessary to obtain experimental confirmation2 of the estimates tor-structure with stack, K = 1.30. (d) Conductor-rod, K = 1.90.
made from the data of the table itself. Later, as he acquires (e) Conductor-conductor, K = 1.40.
broader experience of the problem through tests performed, he
will be in a position to make better use of the data given in the
table without further tests, except in a few particular cases. configurations also (see Table IV), but only in wet conditions and
The tests that made the arrangement of Table V feasible do with interposed strings. For these configurations it is not
not represent every experimental investigation possible. The possible to predetermine rules that can be considered reliable
importance of the table lies in the method it inidicates, which enough simply from the tests performed; more experimental
completely satisfies the designer's requirements as shown in the work is needed in this field. In these cases, however, the discharge
introduction, rather than on the values reported, which might be voltages at negative polarity are generally only slightly below the
modified by more complete experimental investigations. discharge voltages at positive polarity, especially for the largest
It must be observed that the conditions governing the behavior gap spacings.
of positive polarity, which make estimation simple, are not yet Some particular considerations must be made concerning con-
satisfied with negative polarity. Estimation of the insulation be- ductor-structure insulations with insulator strings. In fact, in the
havior with this polarity is therefore more complex. Fortunately, tests performed the string length was kept equal to the distance
as has already been noted, negative polarity impulses are more between conductor and structure. In actual conditions, the string
severe, for particular gap configurations only, such as conductor- length is less than that distance because of the fittings connecting
rod. They may be more severe for similar but more common the insulators to the structure on one side and to the conductor
on the other. By recalling that relatively small projections from
2 The
experimental confirmation should have the same degree of the plane do not practically reduce the conductor plane strength,
reliability as the data given in the table; for this reason, it is suggested Fig. 7, it can be concluded that the reduction of the string length
that comparative tests be made between one of the configurations
noted in the table and the insulation being examined by the de- as a consequence of the upper fittings is negligible. In regard to
signer. the lower fittings the problem would require further investiga-
PARIS: AIR GAP INFLUENCE ON SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH 943
tion. In any case, it can be observed that for large or very large 2400
air gaps the importance of this problem is greatly reduced, if one v 0.. r od-rod 1h=6ml
considers that the reduction of the string length due to these
fittings is always a very small percentage of the total length of the
gap. Similar considerations could be made for horns and guard
rings by keeping in mind that in modern EHV lines their charac-
r X,/'74x_/
1600
120- l
teristics are generally such as to keep the total length of the gap /1f/r/XX rod- )anelh=0)
practically unchanged. 420/4000us
8001 120/400us
occur at this polarity for the rod-rod gap only if an insula- impulse wave. A comparison between 420/4000 and 120/4000-ps
tor string is introduced into the air spacing. For air gaps without impulse waves is also shown.
insulator strings, the values of discharge voltages are much higher
at negative than at positive polarity. At negative polarity the 50
percent discharge voltages are strongly reduced by introducing Veeo%
insulator string into the air spacing, and at this polarity discharge 1kV) 420/4000us/1u
voltages are slightly affected by wet conditions. 16m0 A i 4
/
It should be noted that, whereas discharge voltages at positive 12/4000 uis
polarity show a minimum for front durations of about 120 1200 ------ -W
ps, the minimum discharge voltages at negative polarity occur
for fronts of about 10 pis. Therefore, while for 120/4000-us waves 801- I
negative polarity was more severe for conductor-rod con-
figurations only, for very short front durations of about 10 As, 400
this polarity becomes the determinant factor in insulation design.
The same applies to other types of gap configurations, such as I.
rod-rod or rod-plane gaps with insulator strings through them. ° 2 4 6 dim) 8
II HIil Illill
1k/n
d POSITIVE POLARITY E POL
NEATV I Y dn2,35m
(kV/m
600
I,Z IILI... ] I[I] [ Z IL (n-241-
= d c 3.5&m 11111
LTM III
100 5 19 __ n 41
- - positive polarit
stringL-drtriwet
200=____ l ii lllll 21
_ _ _ _ , * *~without lnstAator string -dy | T y LT *without insulator string- dry
string-dry
_ _ __ _¢+ twith insulator string - dry I |d id 11 *with insulator
Awith insulator string -wet
SI vwth insulator Wting -wet
o11 5
I 10
-T, I111100
50
IIIH
front time {IISs)
T
5 100 50o
s
100o IronsMtii
I
front timeOIlIPsi
111111U lI LLL
d-
1 1 1111111
NEGATIVE POLARITY
HI
POSlVE- POLARITY
°V/ml
Ih/rm
Bo0 dI3,54
.n-241
Ll
d
ilE1
-VA-wih-out insulator str OR
600Cwtwith insulatort 1 . dn3.54m
string-dry and wet
n.24) -
1 1 .l 11l'll 50
IH 1totiei
5 10 50 100 tront time las) 1 5 10 50 1 tOO front time leUSss)
Fig. 19. Fifty-percent discharge voltages per unit gap spacing as function of front time of impulse wave.
Rod-rod and rod-plane gaps, with and without insulator strings.
3) Fifty-percent discharge voltages at positive polarity with However, consideration of the second condition is limited to par-
120/4000-,us waves are not practically affected by wet conditions, ticular cases; furthermore, this condition is generally related to
even when insulator strings are placed between the electrodes. 50-percent discharge voltage values which are only slightly
4) When insulator strings are placed between the electrodes, lower than the ones corresponding to the first condition. As a
the gap behavior at positive polarity with 120/4000-us wave consequence, insulation design generally can be based upon posi-
shows a very slight reduction in the values of 50-percent dis- tive polarity only, the knowledge of the behavior of rod-plane gap
charge voltages; this reduction increases with air gap withstand. insulations and of the gap factors given in Table V being enough
For rod-plane gaps there is no reduction; for rod-rod gaps it is for the purpose.
about 5 percent; and for conductor-rod about 10 percent. 9) From a more reduced series of tests carried out with 420/
5) For negative polarity 120/4000-Mus waves, the ratios between 4000-us waves, it would seem that conclusions 1-4 would still
be valid for the behavior of air gaps under this type of stress.
the 50-percent discharge voltages of different types of gaps do Moreover, the 50-percent discharge voltages at positive polarity
not remain constant as the gap length is varied. As a rule the for varying distances show the same behavior as those with 120/
discharge voltages for negative polarity remarkably exceed the 4000-jus waves. Multiplying factors by which it is possible to ob-
corresponding values at positive polarity. They are lower for air tain the 50-percent discharge voltage values for the 420/4000-us
gaps having higher discharge voltages at positive polarity; wave can thus be defined when the corresponding values for 120/
thereby they can result lower than the discharge voltages at posi- 4000-is waves are known. These factors differ for the different
tive polarity for conductor-rod or similar air gaps. For conductor- types of insulation, and their values are given in Table VII.
rod air gaps, discharge voltages at negative polarity are lower 10) A series of tests was conducted for only one value of dis-
than the values at positive polarity only when the length of the tance on rod-rod and rod-plane gaps, with and without insulator
rod from earth surface exceeds the gap spacing. strings, by adopting waves of different front time. Such tests
6) Fifty-percent discharge voltages at negative polarity with showed that the effect of both wet conditions and insulator
120/4000-jus waves are slightly reduced by wet conditions, both strings does not depend on the front of the applied wave. The
with and without insulator strings placed between the electrodes. lowest 50-percent discharge voltages at positive polarity either
7) When insulator strings are placed through the air gap, with or without insulator strings are encountered for front times
discharge voltages for negative polarity 120/4000-los wave are ranging about 120 uAs, whereas the lowest values at negative
significantly reduced. The reduction increases for air gaps having polarity are encountered for shorter fronts, ranging about 10lOs.
higher discharge voltages. The 50-percent discharge voltages at positive polarity are lower
8) The test conditions which determine insulation design for than at negative polarity; they become equal only in the case of
120/4000-,gs waves are dry positive and wet negative polarity. very short fronts (- 10 ,us).
PARIS: AIR GAP INFLUENCE ON SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH9 945
SPRAY APPARATUS
TOn OBJECT
CONDUCTOR ER
TRANSFORMER
ASCASOE
L.___ _75m,
1 CtIRANE =U
NYLON_WIRE
5-BUNDLE
CONDUCTOR \
VIEW A
APPENDIX I
Fig. 23. Sparkover on conductor-structure gap (d = 4 meters),
The tests described were performed partly indoors and partly 120/4000 As, positive polarity, dry, outdoor.
outdoors.",3 Test arrangements and clearance of the gaps under
test of surrounding objects are sketched in Figs. 20 and 21. A
200-kWs, 4.8-MV, 17.3-nF impulse generator was employed. Im- was randomly varying within wide ranges and was related neither
pulse waves having front times of about 7, 27, 120, 420 ss and to the type of test nor to the gap characteristics.
time to half value of 4000 As were used.4 Wet tests were performed according to IEC recommendations,
For all the configurations, the 50-percent discharge voltages European practice. lj All the test results were not corrected to
were determined by the following method. The voltage of the standard atmospheric conditions because at present the correc-
impulse generator was adjusted in steps of 2 to 3 percent of the tion factors for switching surge tests are too uncertain.
expected discharge voltage. Ten applications of the impulses were
made at each step, covering a range of steps where at least one APPENDIX II
gave less than two discharges and at least one gave more than
eight discharges. The value giving 50 probability and the stan- The conductor-electrode used in the tests described in the
dard deviation was derived by linear interpolation of the test paper was a 4-conductor bundle, each subconductor having
points plotted on probability paper. The 95-percent confidence a 32-mm external diameter. This type of conductor was chosen
limits of 50-percent discharge voltages were found to range from since it is usually employed in EHV lines, to which the
4 1 to 4 4 percent. The standard deviation values are not tests described in this paper are related. Some comparison tests
sufficiently reliable to enable one to evaluate with enough approxi- were carried out by employing a single conductor having the
mation the values of voltage having very reduced discharge prob- same diameter as each subconductor of the bundle. Table VIII
ability (withstand voltage values). For this reason, standard shows the results of this comparison. As can be seen, the differences
deviation values have not been reported in the paper. It may be between the behaviors of two conductors are slight.
noted that the order of magnitude of such standard deviations Other tests were performed to determine the influence of the
constructive details of the structure; the results are shown in
Table IX. No appreciable difference was noted between the dis-
I No appreciable differences were noted between indoor and out- charge voltages of the configurations with lattice member struc-
door test results.
4 The front time was taken, according to IEC recommendations,
tures and those obtained by placing a simnple metallic plane on the
equal to 1.67 times the time interval between the instants when the structure. It is evident, therefore, that the influence of the con-
impulse was 30 and 90 percent of the peak value. structive details of the structure is completely negligible.
946 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS AUGUST 1967
TABLE VIII
COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED ON GAPS WITH SINGLE CONDUCTOR IMPULSED ELECTRODE AND
CORRESPONDING RESULTS WITH 4-BUNDLE CONDUCTOR
Single 4-Bundle
Gap Conductor, Conductor,
Test Spacing V50%, V50%, (/(
Arrangement Type Test d, m kV kV p.u.
Conductor- 120/4000-.us
positive wave,
polarity,
2
6
840
1640
885
1770
0.95
0.93
plane dry
T 420/4000-ps wave, 2 955 965 0.99
positive polarity,
dry 5 1730 1780 0.97
Conductor- 120/4000-,us wave, 2 940 960 0.98
structure positive polarity, 5 1730 (1750)* (0.99)
dry
420/4000-,us wave, 2 1020 1020 1.00
positive polarity, 4 1750 1760 0.99
dry
120/4000-j4s wave, 2 1400 1470 0.95
positive polarity,
dry
Conductor-
rod, 120/4000-,As wave,
negative polarity,
2 1165 1035 1.13
h=6m dry
d 420/4000jus wave, 2 1460 1560 0.94
positive polarity,
dry
420/4000-iAs wave, 2 1190 1060 1.12
negative polarity,
dry
* Interpolated value.
Note: All tests performed outdoors, April 1965.
TABLE IX REFERENCE
COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS OF TESTS PERFORMED 11 JEC Publ. 60-1962.
ON GAPS WITH STRUCTURE GROUNDED, ELECTRODE AND
LCORRESPONDING RESULTS PERFORMED WITH METAL
PLATE ON STRUCTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY
(120/4000-,ps wave, positive polarity, dry) [1] Aleksandrov, G. N., and V. L. Ivanov, "How the electrical
strength of large air spacing varies with the frequency of oscillatory
voltage," Electrical Technology (USSR), vol. II, pp. 297-309, June
With- 1964.
With out [21 Boehne, E. W., and G. Carrara, "Switching surges insulation
Metal Metal strength of EHV line and station insulation structures," CIGRE,
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