7/23/2018 Basic guide to calculating falls and gradients for drainage | Basic guide to calculating falls and gradients

ic guide to calculating falls and gradients for drainage | Wyre Council

Wyre Council
Basic guide to calculating falls and gradients for drainage
Pipe Gradients
All above ground and below ground horizontal drainage pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient.

Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate ow velocities.

A gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for commencing calculations for pipe schemes.

If the gradient is not steep enough, i.e. less than 1 in 110, then the pipe could block if the solids slow down and become stranded.The fall
in a pipe may be de ned as the vertical amount by which the pipe drops over a distance. The distance can be between sections of pipe or
between manholes. The diagram below show pipe fall and distance.

A gradient may be de ned as fall divided by distance.

GRADIENT = FALL / DISTANCE

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For example is a 24 metre section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.30 metres, calculate the gradient.

Gradient = 0.30 / 24

Gradient = 0.0125

This can be converted into a gradient written as a ratio or 1: some number.

Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80

Gradient = 1 in 80

The above formula may be rearranged for Fall if the gradient is known:

FALL = GRADIENT X DISTANCE

For example, calculate the fall in a 50 metre section of foul water pipework if the gradient is to be 1 in 80.

A gradient of 1 in 80 is converted to a number instead of a ratio.

1 / 80 = 0.0125

Fall = Gradient x Distance

Fall = 0.0125 x 50
Fall = 0.625 metres or 625mm.

The previous diagram may be completed by adding a pipe gradient.

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Invert Levels
The Invert Level of a pipe is the level taken from the bottom of the inside of the pipe as shown below.

The level at the crown of the pipe is the Invert level plus the internal diameter of the pipe plus the pipe wall thickness. It may be
necessary to use this in calculations when level measurements are taken from the crown of a pipe.

Manholes

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A manhole or access chamber is required to gain access to a drainage system for un-blocking, cleaning, rodding or inspection. A typical
manhole is shown below.

Manholes may be manufactured from masonry or precast concrete. Sometimes several precast concrete rings are used to form a manhole
which speeds up the on-site construction process. Normally deep manholes below 1.0 metre in depth require step irons to assist access
for a workman.

Manholes and access chambers are also manufactured in PVC. An access chamber is not usually large enough to admit a person but is
suitable for access by cleaning rods or hose and they are used for domestic applications, a common size of plastic access chamber is
450mm diameter. For the domestic market plastic, breglass or galvanised steel lids may be used but cast iron lids are required where
traf c crosses.

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A back drop manhole is used in areas where the surface level slopes as shown below.

If the undergroung sewer pipe is to stay below ground it must follow the average gradient of the slope. This invariably means that the
pipe gradient becomes too steep, resulting in the solids being left stranded in the pipe therefore causing a blockage.

To overcome this problem the back drop manhole was developed, as shown below.

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An easier way to construct a back drop manhole is to use an internal vertical section of pipe as shown below. 
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For additional information and guidance please see the following document. 

The Building Regulations 1991 - Drainage and Waste Disposal Approved Document

Wyre Council, Civic Centre, Breck Road, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, FY6 7PU
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