Thermochemistry

Wednesday, 27 June 2018 9:32 AM

Thermoche
mistry

Audio recording
Heat started: 9:33 AM
Wednesday, 27
Heat June 2018
Flow of energy between 2 objects because of difference in temperature
Units
Calorie (cal): The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of ONE GRAM of water by one
degree Celsius
Joule (J) : SI Unit for heat

Heat of Reaction and Calorimetry

Heat of Reaction (qrxn)
The quantity of heat exchanged between a system and its surroundings when a chemical reaction occurs
within the system, at a constant temperature

Exothermic Reaction - produces heat ( -qrxn)

Endothermic Reaction - consumes heat ( +qrxn)

Calorimeter
A device for measuring quantities of heat

Heat Capacity and Calorimetry

Specific heat capacity
Or Specific heat
A physical property of substance that describes the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one gram of a substance by one degree
Molar heat capacity
Describes the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one
degree

E.g.
To know the specific heat of Pb. In the experiment ( with water) you may equate the specific heat
of water and P in order to determine the Specific heat of Pb
Calorimetry
Calorimetry
A laboratory method for observing and measuring the flow of heat into and out of a system
2 Steps inf Calorimetry
1. Calibration
Det. By dividing the known amount of heat released in the calorimeter by the temperature
change of the calorimeter
2. Actual Measurement
Heat released or absorbed in a reaction of known quantity of material in measured
𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
𝑞 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆∆𝑇

Adiabatic Process --> (q=0) Law of Conservation of Energy

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Thermochemistry
Thursday, 28 June 2018 9:22 AM

Conservation of Energy
• In interactions between a system and its surroundings the total energy remains constant- energy is * neither created nor destroyed

Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy

∆𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑤
∆𝐸 = 𝐸 −𝐸

First Law of Thermodynamicsq

• -Energy contained by the system is the internal energy
A system contains only internal energy
A system does not contain heat or work

∆𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤

Q W
+ ( heat gained) + (work done on)
- ( heat released) - (work done by)

State Function
State Function
 Properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved
U ( internal energy) is a state function, it has a unique value foe 2 state

Heat of Reaction : ∆𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑∆𝐻

In a system at a constant volume : work is zero therefore,
∆𝑈 = 𝑞 +0 = 𝑞 =𝑞

Enthalpy
Enthalpy
The heat flow under conditions of constant pressure
∆𝑈 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑃∆𝑉
∆𝐻 = 𝑞

Ideal gas Equation

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
∆𝐻 of Phase Changes
Heat of vaporization
Heat required to convert a liquid to gas
Heat of condensation
Heat released to convert a gas to liquid is the heat of condensation

∆𝐻 = 𝑛 x ∆𝐻

Bonds and Energy

thermochemical energy
Summarizes the overall energetics for a chemical reaction

Some classes of chemical reactions are given their own labels for heat of reactions:
 Heat of combustion
 Heat of neutralization
 Heat of formation

Hess Law
Hess's Law of constant heat summation
The enthalpy change for the overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps

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