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Controlled
Controller part:
part, iD
vGS (or VOV )
Electrical contact
Metal
Insulator
Dopent ions
P-type semiconductor
Holes
(majority carries)
No inversion layer (v1 < Vt): With inversion layer (v1 > Vt):
No current will flow A current will flow in the channel
Current will be proportional to electron
charge in the channel or (v1 − Vt )
Magnitude of Current i2 is controlled by
voltage v1 (a Transistor!)
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (5/22)
Operational Basis of a Field-Effect Transistor (5)
We need to eliminate currents flowing in the p-type, i.e.,
current flows only in the “channel” which is a virtual n-type.
Make the terminals of n-type material (set up diodes between terminals & p-type “body”)
Heavy doping of the n-type terminals provides a source of free electrons for the channel.
Make insulator layer as thin as possible to increase the electric field.
Body-source and body-drain junctions should always be in reverse bias for FET to work!
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (6/22)
Channel length (L) is
the smallest feature on the chip surface
MOSFET “cartoons” for deriving
MOSFET (or MOS): Metal-oxide field effect transistor
MOSFET characteristics
NMOS: n-channel enhancement MOS
When VOV > 0 (vGS > Vtn ) and vDS << VOV
W
iD = µ nCox VOV vDS
L
v 1 W
iD = DS with = g DS = µ nCox VOV
rDS rDS L
Q
iD = µ n v
2 DS
L
Q = CoxWL (Vov − 0.5vDS )
iD = µ nCox
W
L
[
VOV vDS − 0.5vDS
2
] Cross sectional area
of the channel
W
L
2
[ W
] [
iD = µ nCox VOV vDS − 0.5vDS = µ nCox VOV VOV − 0.5VOV2
L
]
W 2
iD = 0.5µ nCox VOV
L
When vDS is increased further, vDS > VOV , the location of channel pinch-
off remains close to the drain and iD remains approximately constant.
F. Najmabadi, ECE102, Fall 2012 (14/22) * Plot for Vt,n = 1 V and µnCox (W/L) = 2.0 mA/V2
NMOS i-v Characteristics Plot (2)
VOV (1 + λ vDS )
W 2
iD = 0.5µ nCox
L
λ = 1 / VA
NMOS PMOS
2. Solve: Use the equations for the selected mode to solve the circuit
3. Check: at the end perform the check for the selected mode to
verify the hypothesis
4. Redo: if the hypothesis check fails, try another hypothesis and start
over