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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude towards respected Principal, Er. Sujan Maka and
Head of department Er. Amit Shankar Ranjit, Khwopa Engineering College, for their
every effort in arranging favorable ambience to handle such a very important project. We
will always commemorate them and expect their supports in future.

We have a great sense of gratitude towards our supervisor Er. Rameswor Shrestha, Head
of Department, Khowpa College of Engineering, for his extraordinary guidance during
this project. This project would not have been completed so successfully without his kind
supports, untiring efforts, and encouragements in each and every task.

We extend our heartfelt appreciation to our respected teachers from Civil Engineering
Department for their kind support and friendly behavior during the project duration.

Finally, we want to thank all our teachers, friends, and college staffs for supporting us
directly and indirectly in bringing this report to its completion. We would like to
acknowledge each of our group members for cheerful understanding and encouragement.

Project Members:

Prakash Shahu Shrestha (700251)

Sagar Shah (700265)

Sanjay Shrestha (700271)

Suman Gautam (700285)

Yogendra Shiwakoti (700296)

i Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ABSTRACT

This report has been prepared as a part of project work to fulfill the requirement of course
syllabus prescribed to Civil engineering final year course. It is an attempt to prepare this
report, all the works needed for the structural design of the project work. The purpose of
preparing the project is to not only fulfill the requirement course syllabus but also make
available to the student community. This report deals with various aspect under heading
“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT APARTMENT
BUILDING STRUCTURE.”

In planning this report, we have given close attention to the detail calculation part and in
presenting significant architectural drawing and detail drawing of the reinforcement bars.
Even greater prominence has been given in making the subject matter direct and easy
understandable style. The report consist of different sections covering all the subject matter
regarding the topic of concern. In this report, special care has been made given to analysis
of lateral forces, which we feel warmth-while to explain in preface.

Use of computers for various software has lessened the burden of repeated calculation on
analysis, it is clear that for understanding the process physically and realizing the structural
behavior, manual step-by-step procedure is necessary. However, due to the time constrain
and familiar with the modern technology, the structural analysis part is performed using
computer software “SAP2000”. The design was performed manually. The time saved in
structural analysis part has been given to the detailing works, because no structure will
performed satisfactorily if detailing is done wrongly. Although every care has been taken
to make free from errors, yet we shall be indebted, if errors shall be brought to our notice.
Constructive criticism will be heartily welcomed.

ii Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION ............................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... ix
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Building Description ............................................................................................. 2
1.4 Idealization and Assumption in Analysis and Design ........................................... 3
1.5 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Limitation of the study .......................................................................................... 4
2 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Literature Review .................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Load identification ................................................................................................ 5
2.3.1 Dead load ........................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 Live load ............................................................................................................ 6
2.3.3 Earthquake load ................................................................................................. 6
2.3.4 Loading pattern .................................................................................................. 6
2.3.5 Codes of Practice ............................................................................................... 7
3 DESIGN METHOD ........................................................................................ 9
3.1 Limit state method ................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Load cases ........................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Earthquake resistant design philosophy .............................................................. 12
4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN ............................................................................ 15
4.1 Design data .......................................................................................................... 15
4.1.1 Construction Material ...................................................................................... 15
iii Batch 2070, Group J
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

4.2 Preliminary design of elements ........................................................................... 15


4.2.1 Preliminary design of slab ............................................................................... 15
4.2.2 Preliminary design of beam ............................................................................. 17
4.2.3 Preliminary design of column.......................................................................... 18
5 STRUCTURAL MODELING USING STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE ....... 21
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21
5.1.1 SAP2000 .......................................................................................................... 21
6 LOAD CALCULATION .............................................................................. 26
6.1 Base shear calculation ......................................................................................... 26
6.1.1 Static Method ................................................................................................... 26
7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................. 33
7.1 Design of slab ...................................................................................................... 33
7.2 Design of beam.................................................................................................... 42
7.2.1 Design of Primary Beam ................................................................................. 42
7.2.2 Design of Secondary Beam ............................................................................. 57
7.3 Design of Column ............................................................................................... 72
7.4 Design of staircase ............................................................................................ 142
7.5 Design of Basement wall................................................................................... 151
7.6 Design of Foundation ........................................................................................ 156
7.6.1 Selection of Foundation Type: ...................................................................... 156
7.6.2 Eccentricity Calculation: ............................................................................... 157
7.6.3 Design of Mat Foundation: ............................................................................ 163

iv Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION

List of Symbols:

Ф Diameter of Bar

τc Shear Stress

γm Partial Safety Factor

Ab Area of Each Bar

Ag Gross Area of Concrete

Ah Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

Asc Area of Steel in Compression

Ast Area of Steel in Tension

Asv Area of Stirrups

bf Width of Flange

bw Width of Web

B Width

d Effective Depth

d′ Effective Cover

D Overall Depth

Df Depth of Flange

e Structure Eccentricity

E Young’s Modulus of Rigidity

Es Modulus of Elasticity of Steel

fck Characteristics Strength of Concrete

v Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

fy Characteristics Strength of Steel

fs Steel Stress of Service Load

h Height of building

I Importance Factor (For Base Shear Calculation)

I Moment of Inertia

Ip Polar Moment of Stiffness

k Lateral Stiffness

L Length of Member

Ld Development Length

M Bending Moment

Pc Percentage of Compression Reinforcement

Pt Percentage of Tension Reinforcement

Q Design Lateral Force

R Response Reduction Factor

Sa/g Average Response Acceleration Coefficient

Sv Spacing of Each Bar

T Torsional Moment due to Lateral Force

Ta Fundamental Natural Period of Vibrations

V′ Additional Shear

Vb Design Seismic Base Shear

W Seismic Weight of Floor

Xu Actual Depth of Neutral Axis

vi Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Xul Ultimate Depth of Neutral Axis

Z Zone Factor

φ Internal Angle of Friction of Soil

Abbreviation:

SBC Soil Bearing Capacity

RF Reduction Factor

UDL Uniformly distributed load

DL Dead Load

EQ Earthquake Load

EQX Earthquake Load in X direction

EQY Earthquake Load in Y direction

IS Indian Standard

LL Live Load

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

NA Neutral Axis

vii Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Concept of Load Distribution

Figure 2 3D Modelling in SAP

Figure 3 Axial Force Diagram Load Combination= 1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 4 Shear Force Diagram Load Combination = 1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 5 Bending Moment Diagram Load Combination = 1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 6 Response Spectra for Rock and Soil Sites for 5 Percent Damping

Figure 7 Table for Zone Factor

Figure 8 Average response acceleration coefficient

viii Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Limiting Value of Neutral Axis


Table 2 Irregularity check
Table 3 Base shear calculation (Static Method)
Table 4 Lump Mass Calculation
Table 5 Lateral Force Calculation (Static Method)

ix Batch 2070, Group J


Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Today, the world is urbanizing with the construction of buildings and structures. Nowadays,
with the awareness level of the building owners increasing than in the past, the trend of
constructing a scientifically analyzed building is growing popular. Especially in the case of
the medium to large commercial buildings, it is a good thing because such a practices helps
construction of more safe buildings which can eventually lead to avoidance of loss of lives
and property in case of a structural failure.

Due to rapid growth of population in cities, there is scarcity of land for residential area in
cities. One of the best solutions to solve this problem is to build multi-storey buildings as
many people will be able to live in limited area under one roof. Besides considering the
scarcity of land, earthquake is one of the dominant constraints while designing the multi-
storey frame building in the earthquake prone zone like Kathmandu. Earthquake is
considered to be greatest and unpredictable among all natural disasters considering the huge
loss of life and properties and worst condition it can create. Slowly and surely the designer's
emphasis on seismic analysis is more pronounced now a day, so that structural failure due
to earthquake is prevented up to certain limit.

Structural analysis deals with the analyzing internal forces in the members of the structures.
Structural design deals with sizing various members of the structures to resist the internal
forces to which they are subjected during their effective life span. Unless the proper
structural detailing method is adopted the structural design will be no more effective. The
Indian Standard Code of Practice may be adopted thoroughly for proper analysis, design
and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability and strength.

One being a designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones like the
curtailment rods and electric poles to more complex ones like multi-storied frame
buildings ,shell roofs, bridges etc. These structures are subjected to various loads like point
loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, random loads, internal or
earthquake load and dynamic forces. These loads are transferred by a structural element to
nearby structural element and ultimately to soil through the foundation of the structure. In
a building, slab transfers the load to the beam, beam to column, column to foundation and

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

finally to the earth through foundation. Therefore, a designer should be considering all these
load patterns and the direction of load distribution while designing the structure.

1.2 Objectives

The Main objective of the project is:

 For partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor’s degree in Civil
Engineering subject entitled “Civil Engineering Project” in eighth semester
 To carry out the complete analysis and earthquake resistance design of the main
structural element of a multi-storey apartment building structure

The Specific objectives of the project are:

 Modeling of the building for structural analysis.


 Sectional design and structural detailing of the members.

1.3 Building Description

Building Type : Multi-Storey Apartment

Structural System : SMRF (Specific Moment Resisting Frame)

Plinth Area : 6007 sq.ft (558.068 sq.m)

No. of Storey : Basement + Ground + 8 Storey

Floor Height : 3.048m (10ft)

Type of Soil : Medium

Seismic Zone :V

Steel Grade : Fe500

Concrete Grade : M20

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

1.4 Idealization and Assumption in Analysis and Design

Various assumptions have been made in analysis and design of the structures, for
consideration of simplicity and economy, namely:

 Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

 Shrinkage and temperature stresses are neglected.

 Adhesion between concrete and steel is adequate to develop full strength.

 Seismic and wind load do not occur simultaneously.

 Centerlines of beams, columns and shear walls are concurrent everywhere.

 Bearing capacity of soil is assumed to be 170 KN/m2 for medium soil type.

1.5 Scope

 Desk study and job formulation.

 Application of various tools and software for designing of seismic resistance


structure.

 Design and Detailing of following structural elements is performed.

 Slab

 Beam

 Column

 Staircase

 Basement wall

 Mat foundation

 Preparation and detailing of reinforcement bars.

 Preparation of structural drawing.

 Preparation of reports incorporating analysis, design review and discussion.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

 Recommendation are also included for achieving ductile behavior of frame under
earthquake so as to gain ductile failure.

1.6 Limitation of the study

 Design and layout of the building services like pipeline, electrical appliances,
sanitary and sewage system are not covered.

 The environmental, social and economic condition of the locality is not taken into
consideration.

 The project work is only related with the practical application of the studied courses
in the field. Detail cost estimate of the project is not included in this report.

Task required/used for completion of project:-

 Identification of the building and the requirement of the space.

 Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical and
horizontal loads.

 Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake.

 Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.

 Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis.

 Load cases and load combination cases from IS1893:2002 (Cl 6.3).

 The structural analysis of the building by ‘SAP 2000’ for different cases of loads.

 Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components.

 Design of RC frame members, mat foundation, staircase and other by limit state
method of design.

 Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as a part of working


construction document.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Literature Review

The project is the practical application of the theoretical knowledge acquired during the
four year of Bachelor in Civil Engineering. Therefore, the reviewing of the course and the
reference literatures aiding the processes throughout the project is carried out. Since this
project is structure based project i.e. structural analysis and design of multi-storied
commercial building, the reviewing of theory of structures, design of reinforced concrete
structures, IS code of practices etc. is done before and during the project work.

2.2 Data Collection

The data for the designs are taken on the basis of the specification offered by various IS
codes.
Concrete grade: M20
Dead load: as per IS875:1987(Part I)
Live load: as per IS875:1987(Part II)
Seismic load: as per IS1893:2002(Part I)

2.3 Load identification

2.3.1 Dead load

Dead load is produced by the self-weight of slabs, beams, columns, walls, parapet walls,
staircases, and so on. Magnitudes of dead load/ unit load/ density are chosen as per
IS875:1987(part I)

Floor finish : 24KN/m³


R.C.C. specific wt. : 25KN/m³
Brick masonry specific wt. : 19KN/m3

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

2.3.2 Live load

The magnitude of live load depends upon the occupancy of the building. These are to be
chosen from code IS875:1987(part II) for various occupancies. For this building live load
was considered to be 3 & 5KN/m².

2.3.3 Earthquake load

Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass. Its effect should be considered along both axes of building taken only
one at a time. During an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building where as
acceleration is imparted by the ground disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the
mass of building should be as low as possible. The inertial force is resisted by the building
and the resisting force at the center of rigidity at each floor of the building. There are two
methods to determine the earthquake force in the building.

a) Seismic coefficient method or static method

b) Response spectrum method

The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and
those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.

2.3.4 Loading pattern

The loading is applied to the slab elements directly. The total load (DL and LL) on staircase
is equally distributed on both supporting beam and the load is converted to UDL. The load
on slab is taken as per the requirement stated in IS875:1987(Part I & II).

Dead loads are computed from the dimensions of the structural member such as walls,
beams, slabs, etc. and their material densities confirming to IS 875 (Part I). Similarly, live
loads are to be chosen from IS 875 (part II) for various occupancies where required. In our
case, the unit weight (γ) for various required material along with live loads on various parts
of building are listed.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Lx

Lx/2 Lx/2

qt =W * Lx/2

qt =W * Lx/2

Lx/2

Lx/2 Ly-Lx Lx/2

Ly
Ly-Lx
Ly

qt =W * Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx/2

Lx/2 Lx/2
qt =W * Lx/2
Lx

Figure 1 Concept of Load Distribution

The uniformly distributed dead and live load acting on the slab are transferred to the beams
holding the slab. The slab load is distributed on the floor beams as shown in figure above.
The smaller beam holds the triangular load and the longer beams hold the trapezoidal load
as shown in figure. The beam element also resists the self-weight and the wall load
including all the finish loads on wall such as external and internal plaster.

2.3.5 Codes of Practice

Following codes of practices developed by Bureau of Indian Standard were followed in


the analysis and design of building:

1. IS 456:2000 (code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete)


2. IS 1893(Part I):2002 (code for Earthquake resistant design of structure)
3. IS 875(Part I):1987 (To access dead loads)
4. IS 875(Part II):1987 (To access live loads)
5. SP 16 (Design aid for reinforced concrete)
6. IS 13920:1993

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7. SP 34
8. NBC 205

Methods and tools for analysis

1. Creating grid/ model


2. Defining
a) Material
b) Section (beam, column, slab)
c) Load cases
d) Load pattern
e) Load combination
3. Assigning
a) Section
b) Load
4. Analyze the structure
Earthquake loads are calculated using seismic coefficient method.
5. Design of structural elements
6. Limit state design using above mentioned codes.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

3 DESIGN METHOD

We have adopted limit state design method for design in our project.

3.1 Limit state method

It uses the concept of the probability and based on the application of method of statistic to
the variation that occurs in the practice in the loads acting in the structures or in the strength
of material.

The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc. and each of these conditions is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use of
which it has been intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state. It means the structure should
be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it
would satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.

Assumptions for limit state for flexural member


(IS 456:2000, cl 38.1)
1. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.

2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.

3. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain
in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape which
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result of test. For design
purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67
times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor γm = 1.5 shall be applied in
addition to this.

4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

5. The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve
for the type of steel used. For the design purposes, the partial safety factor γm = 1.15 shall
be applied.
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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall

𝑓𝑦
Not be less than: + 0.002
𝐸𝑠

Where, fy= characteristic strength of steel


Es = modulus of elasticity of steel

Assumptions for Limit state of collapse for compression members


(IS 456:2000, cl 39.1)
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:

1. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.

2. The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete


subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the section
shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.

3. The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based on the
assumptions are as follows:

Xu,
Fy max

250 0.53

415 0.48

500 0.46

Table 1 Limiting Value of Neutral Axis

Limit state of serviceability

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its
component. This limit may correspond to:

1. Deflection
2. Cracking
3. Vibration
The choice of the degree of reliability should be taken into account the possible
consequences of exceeding the limit state of collapse which may be classified according to
1. Risk to life negligible and economic consequences small or negligible.
2. Risk to life exists and / or economic consequences considerable and
3. Risk to life great and / or economic consequences also great.

Structural system

The system has been analyzed as 3D space frame. Element stresses in beams and columns
are calculated by SAP 2000 V19 with provision of special joint frame system. Mat
foundation has been constructed looking towards its effectiveness in the construction of
building. Due to complexity of the structure, variation of load is high thus the mat
foundation is best foundation for the structural system in comparison of other on context
of safety, economy and stability.

Analysis of building

For the static analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program SAP 2000
V19 that has special option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. We have
adopted seismic coefficient method in sap analysis.

3.2 Load cases

Load cases are independent loading for which the structure is explicitly analyzed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose lateral load
resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually sufficient to analyze
in these two principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at a time.
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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Thus, the load cases adopted are as follows.


1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
Following load combination are adopted for design
a) 1.5(DL+LL)
b) 1.5(DL+LL±EQX)
c) 1.5(DL+LL±EQY)
d) 1.2(DL+LL±EQX)
e) 1.2(DL+LL±EQY)
f) 0.9(DL±EQX)
g) 0.9(DL±EQY)

3.3 Earthquake resistant design philosophy

The primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse during
earthquakes thus minimizing the risk of death or injury to people in or around those
buildings.

Engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake-resistant; such
buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but
would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is
assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major
objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

Design Philosophy

1. Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the buildings that carry vertical
and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however, buildings parts that do not carry
load may sustain repairable damage.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

2. Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable
damage, while the other parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.

3. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse.

The earthquake resistant design process involves various factors to be considered. Some of
them are sort listed below:

Configuration

1. Symmetry:

The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the
axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous.

2. Regularity:

Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many
projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow rectangular
blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times its width. If
longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in between should
be provided.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Connection

Proper selection of the material in proper ratio is needed for the construction of earthquake
resistant design. Material properties should match the requirement of earthquake resistant
concept. This involves various material properties.

Ductility is the major parameter need to be considered in the building performance during
earthquake. Earthquake resistant buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be
built with ductility in them. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during
an earthquake, and to withstand the earthquake effects with some damage, but without
collapse.

Thus, a necessary requirement for good earthquake-resistant design is to have sufficient


ductile materials at points of tensile stresses.

Again, base isolation of the structure from the ground motions which actually impose the
forces on the structure can also be done. For reduction of the coefficient of friction between
the structure and its foundation, one suggested technique is to place two layers of good
quality plastic or flexible connection between the structure and its foundation.

Construction quality

Though the connection and configuration of the structure is properly planned, but if the
execution of the work is not accomplished using the planned format or specification then it
may be difficult to achieve earthquake resistant structure. Proper supervision of the work
by expert is required.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

4.1 Design data

4.1.1 Construction Material

Concrete Grade = M20

Steel Grade = Fe500

Live load (All floors) = 3 KN/m2 IS 875(part-II):1987

Live load (Basement) = 5 KN/m2 IS 875(part-II):1987

Brick masonry = 19 KN/m3 IS 875(part-I):1987

RCC Specific Weight = 25 KN/m3

Bearing Capacity of Soil = 170KN/m3 NBC 205 Table 3.1

4.2 Preliminary design of elements

Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members
before analysis of structure. Grid diagram is the basic factor for analysis and is presented
below.

4.2.1 Preliminary design of slab

Shorter span (𝐿𝑥 ) =6.09m

Longer span (𝐿𝑦 ) =6.09m

Ratio of long to short (Ly/Lx) =1

So, two way slab is to be designed.

From limit state of serviceability (deflection) criteria

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

The slab depth is given by,

𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Depth of slab =𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒∗𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Area of slab=6.09*6.09 =37.18𝑚2

Basic value=𝛼𝛽𝛿𝜆

α=26

β=1

δ=1

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑


𝐹𝑠= 0.58 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

=0.58*415*1

=240.7N/mm2

Assume,

Percentage tension reinforcement=0.3% [IS 456:2000:Cl.26.5.1.1]

Then, from figure 4, [IS 456:2000:Cl.23.2.1]

Modification factor (γ) = 1.5

λ=1(for rectangular section)

Therefore, Basic value =26*1*1*1=26

Then equation (1) become

6.096
Depth of slab = 26∗1.5 = 0.156153m

=156.153mm

Assume effective cover=20mm

Overall depth=176.153mm≈180mm

16
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Since, the depth of slab is greater than 150mm, secondary beam is required.

6.09/2
Depth of slab =26∗1.5 ∗ 1000 = 78.07mm

Effective cover = 30mm

Depth of slab = 108.07mm ≈ 120mm

Taking the depth of slab = 120mm

4.2.2 Preliminary design of beam

Main Beam:

Longest span of the beam = 6.09 m

Limit state of serviceability (deflection) criteria

The span depth is given by,

𝑙
≤ αβγδλ
𝑑

Basic value = αβδλ = 26*1*1*1 =26

Modification factor (γ) =?

Assume percentage tension reinforcement for beam =0.5%

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑


𝐹𝑠 = 0.58 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

= 0.58*415*1

= 240.7 N/𝑚𝑚2

(γ)= 1.22 (from graph figure -4 IS 456:2000)

Then from above equation,

6.09
≤ 26*1.22
𝑑

17
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

d > 0.1919 m

d ≥ 191.9 mm

For shrinkage & creep, overall depth = 2*191.9 =383.8 mm ≈ 400 𝑚𝑚

Effective cover =50 mm

Adopt overall depth =450 mm

Width of beam (B) =D*3/5 = 265 mm

Adopt width of beam (B) = 300 mm

Size of beam = 450*300 mm

Similarly for secondary beam,

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d ≥ 𝛼𝛽𝛿𝜆

6.09
d ≥ 26∗1∗1.22∗1

d ≥ 0.19199m ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚

Effective cover = 50 mm

Overall depth (D) = 250 mm

Width (B) =250*2/3 = 166.66 mm

=170mm

Dimension of secondary beam = 250*170 mm

4.2.3 Preliminary design of column

Slab = 25*0.11 = 2.75KN/𝑚2

18
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Marble = 26.5*0.02 = 0.53 KN/𝑚2

Screed = 24*0.025 = 0.6 KN/𝑚2

Live load = 3 KN/𝑚2

Total load = 6.88 KN/𝑚2

Center column 3-H

Horizontal tributary area = 6.09*6.09 = 37.08 m2

1. Load transfer from slab = 6.88* 37.08 = 255.110 KN


2. Load from primary beam = unit wt. * length * width* depth
= 25*(6.09+6.09)*0.44*0.28
= 37.514 KN
3. Load from secondary beam= unit wt. * length * width* depth
=25*12.18*0.25*0.17
=13.003 KN
4. Wall load = 19*(3.048 - 0.28 - 0.11) * 0.203 *12.18
= 124.904 KN
5. Self-weight of the column = 3.05*25*B*D =76.22BD
6. Total load transfer to column wu=467.611+76.22BD

Total design load (pu) =1.5 * total load*no. of storey

=1.5*(467.611+76.22BD)*10

=7014.165+1143.3BD

Size of center column

Pu = 0.45*fck*Ac + 0.75*fy*Asc

Assuming axially loaded column and steel = 0.8% , fck =20 N/mm2

(7014.165+1143.3BD*10-6) *103 = 0.45*20*(BD-0.008BD) + 0.75*500*0.008BD

19
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

BD = 630548.83 mm2

Adopting square column

B = D = 790.071 mm

Size of column provided

Dx = 800 mm

Dy = 800 mm

20
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

5 STRUCTURAL MODELING USING STRUCTURAL


SOFTWARE

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 SAP2000

SAP2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of the SAP series of
computer programs. When initially released in 1996, SAP2000 was the first version of SAP
to be completely integrated within Microsoft Windows. It features a powerful graphical
user interface that is unmatched in terms of ease-of-use and productivity. Creation and
modification of the model, execution of the analysis, and checking and optimization of the
design, and production of the output are all accomplished using this single interface. A
single structural model can be used for a wide variety of different types of analysis and
design.

Output and Display Definitions

The definition of the SAP2000 model and the results of analysis and design can be viewed
and saved in many different ways, including:

 Two- and three-dimensional views of the model.


 Tables of values in plain text, spreadsheet, or database format.
 Formatted documents containing tables of values in rich text and HTML format.
 Function plots of analysis results.
 Reports created by using a single command.
 Reports customized using an advanced report writing feature.
 Exports to other drafting and design programs.

Options are available to save named definitions of display views, sets of output tables,
document formats, and function plots as part of a model.

Combined with the use of groups, this can significantly speed up the process of getting
results while developing the model.

21
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Figure 2 3D Modelling in SAP

22
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Figure 3 Axial Force Diagram Load Combination= 1.5(DL+LL)

23
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Figure 4 Shear Force Diagram Load Combination = 1.5(DL+LL)

24
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Figure 5 Bending Moment Diagram Load Combination = 1.5(DL+LL)

25
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

6 LOAD CALCULATION

6.1 Base shear calculation

6.1.1 Static Method

According to IS1893 (part I):2002 table 2.


Ah for structure shall be determined by the following expression:
𝑆𝑎 𝐼 𝑍
Ah = ∗𝑅∗2
𝑔

Where,
𝑆𝑎
= Average response acceleration coefficient that depends on
𝑔

fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta)


I = Importance factor
R = Response reduction factor, Z = Zone factor

Figure 6 Response Spectra for Rock and Soil Sites for 5 Percent Damping

Figure 7 Table for Zone Factor

26
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Figure 8 Average response acceleration coefficient

Table 3 Base shear calculation (Static Method)


SN PARAMETERS
Time Period ,Tax = 0.09h/√Dx 0.524
1
Tay = 0.09h/√Dy 0.641
2 Zone Factor,Z 0.36

3 Importance Factor,I 1.5


4 Response Reduction Factor,R 5
Average Response Acceleration Coefficient: (Sa/g)x 2.5
5
(Sa/g)y 2.12
Design Horizontal seismic coefficient, Ahx 0.135
6
Ahy 0.114
Base Shear:,Vbx (KN) 10742.098
7
Vby (KN) 9071.105

27
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

According to Cl. 7.7.1 of IS1893:2002,

Vb is distributed along the height of building as per the following:

𝑊 ∗ℎ 2
Qi = Vb*∑(𝑊𝑖 ∗ℎ𝑖 2
𝑗 𝑗 )

Where,

Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,


Wi = Seismic weight of floor i,
hi = Height of floor i measured from base, and
n . Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the
masses are located

28
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Table 4 Lump Mass Calculation

PRIMAR SECONDA WAL LIVE TOTAL


SLAB COLUM LIFT SCREEDIN PLASTE MARBL STAIRCA
SN Y BEAM RY BEAM L LOAD LOAD
(KN) N (KN) (KN) G (KN) R (KN) E (KN) SE (KN)
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
1616.0 2360.4
F-B 1874.42 45.09 5896.01
6 4
2832.5 290.0 1129.4 2360.4
F-G 1114.19 315.17 1124.64 161.40 45.09 9372.93
3 7 0 4
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-1 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-2 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-3 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-4 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-5 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-6 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0

29
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

1646.1 290.0 2387.7


F-7 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1646.1 290.0 2387.7
F-8 638.44 180.99 1124.64 335.01 540.31 295.93 45.09 418.77 7903.13
8 7 0
1803.3 290.0
F-T 638.44 180.99 187.44 399.81 360.68 109.66 318.60 0.00 451.00 4740.02
4 7
Roo
236.50 85.37 236.50
f
83470.4
9

30
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Table 5 Lateral Force Calculation X-dirn (Static Method)

Floor h(m) Cum. hi(m) Wi(KN) Ah Vb (KN) Wi*hi^2 Qi=Vb*(Wihi^2/∑Wihi^2) Cum. Qi


Roof 3.048 31.700 653.487 0.135 10742.098 656661.839 303.216 303.216
Ter 3.048 28.652 6602.310 0.135 10742.098 5419896.287 2502.656 2805.872
8th 3.048 25.604 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 5180815.894 2392.260 5198.132
7th 3.048 22.556 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 4020725.812 1856.584 7054.716
6th 3.048 19.508 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 3007480.672 1388.715 8443.431
5th 3.048 16.460 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 2141080.474 988.651 9432.082
4th 3.048 13.412 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 1421525.218 656.394 10088.476
3rd 3.048 10.364 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 848814.904 391.943 10480.419
2nd 3.048 7.316 7903.129 0.135 10742.098 422949.531 195.298 10675.718
1St 3.048 4.268 7084.527 0.135 10742.098 129020.999 59.576 10735.294
GF 1.220 1.220 9908.873 0.135 10742.098 14736.575 6.805 10742.098
Total 79571.099 23263708.206

31
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Table 5 Lateral Force Calculation Y-dirn (Static Method)

Floor h(m) Cum. hi(m) Wi(KN) Ah Vb (KN) Wi*hi^2 Qi=Vb*(Wihi^2/∑Wihi^2) Cum. Qi


Roof 3.048 31.700 653.487 0.114 9071.105 656661.839 256.049 256.049
Ter 3.048 28.652 6602.310 0.114 9071.105 5419896.287 2113.354 2369.403
8th 3.048 25.604 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 5180815.894 2020.130 4389.533
7th 3.048 22.556 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 4020725.812 1567.782 5957.316
6th 3.048 19.508 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 3007480.672 1172.692 7130.008
5th 3.048 16.460 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 2141080.474 834.861 7964.869
4th 3.048 13.412 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 1421525.218 554.288 8519.158
3rd 3.048 10.364 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 848814.904 330.974 8850.132
2nd 3.048 7.316 7903.129 0.114 9071.105 422949.531 164.919 9015.051
1St 3.048 4.268 7084.527 0.114 9071.105 129020.999 50.309 9065.359
GF 1.220 1.220 9908.873 0.114 9071.105 14736.575 5.746 9071.105
Total 79571.099 23263708.206

32
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

7.1 Design of slab

Design consideration:

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation

1 Known data:

Slab Id : 22'GG'

Slab condition = rectangular slab four side continuous

slab dimension :𝐿𝑦 = 3.048 m longer span

𝐿𝑥 = 3.048 m shorter span

𝐿𝑦 3.048
= 3.048 = 1
𝐿𝑥

𝐿𝑦
< 2. So, this is two way slab.
𝐿𝑥

C C

For side C continuous


so (l/d)basic = 26

IS 456:2000 2 Determination of slab thickness(D):


Cl 23.2.1
(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥 = 3.048 m

α = 26

β=1

33
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

γ = 1.4

δ=1

λ=1

(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑= 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

3.048
𝑑 = 26∗1∗1.4∗1∗1

𝑑 = 83.736𝑚𝑚 ≈ 90 𝑚𝑚

Effective cover = 30 mm

Overall slab depth (D) = 120 mm

3 Determination of Wu / Mu:

Self weight = 𝛾𝑐 ∗ 𝐷 = 25 ∗ 0.12 = 3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live load = 3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Floor finish = 1.13𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Wall load = 3.342 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Total load = 10.472 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 *10.472

= 15.708 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

IS 456:2000 4 Moment calculation:


Table 26
𝛼𝑥 + = 0.024

𝛼𝑥 − = 0.032

𝛼𝑦 + = 0.024

𝛼𝑦 − = 0.032

34
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

𝑀𝑢𝑥 + = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥 2

= 0.024*15.708*3.0482

= 3.502 KNm

𝑀𝑢𝑥 − = 𝛼𝑥 − 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥 2

= 0.032*15.708*3.048

= 4.669 KNm

𝑀𝑢𝑦 + = 𝛼𝑦 + 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥 2

= 0.024*15.708*3.0482

= 3.502 KNm
𝑀𝑢𝑦 − = 𝛼𝑦 − 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥 2

= 0.032*15.708*3.0482

= 3.502 KNm

IS 456:2000 5 Determination of 𝑨𝒔𝒕 :


Annex G-
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − 𝑓 ]
1.1.b 𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏∗𝑑

When 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + = 3.502 KNm

+
500∗𝐴
3.502*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90
𝑠𝑡𝑥
]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2

When 𝑀𝑢𝑦 + = 3.502 KNm

500∗𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 +
3.502*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 + ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2

35
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − 𝑓 ]
𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏∗𝑑

When 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + = 3.502 KNm

+
500∗𝐴
3.502*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90
𝑠𝑡𝑥
]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2

When 𝑀𝑢𝑦 + = 3.502 KNm

500∗𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 +
3.502*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 + ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2

When 𝑀𝑢𝑥 − = 4.669 KNm


500∗𝐴
4.669*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 − ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90
𝑠𝑡𝑥
]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 − = 123.495𝑚𝑚2

When 𝑀𝑢𝑦 − = 4.669 KNm

500∗𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 −
4.669*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 − ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 20∗1000∗90]

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 − = 123.495𝑚𝑚2

IS 456:2000 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝐷


Cl 26.5.2.1 0.12
= ∗ 1000 ∗ 120
100

= 144mm2

Since, 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2 <144𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 + = 91.791𝑚𝑚2 <144𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 − = 123.495𝑚𝑚2 <144𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦 − = 123.495𝑚𝑚2 <144𝑚𝑚2

36
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

From the above result we must provide the minimum


reinforcement for the slab

IS 456:2000 6 Calculating of the spacing:


Cl 26.5.3.2
Providing 10 mm diameter

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑥 + = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗78.54
= 144

= 545.416 > 300 mm

So, providing 200 mm

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑥 − = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗78.54
= 144

= 545.416 > 300mm

So, providing 200 mm

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑦 + = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗78.54
= 144

=545.416 > 300 mm

So, providing 200 mm

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑦 − = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗78.54
= 144

= 545.416 > 300 mm

37
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

So, providing 200 mm

Adopt main bar(X direction)

10mm diameter 200 mm c/c spacing

Adopt main bar in (Y direction)

10mm diameter 200 mm c/c spacing

SP16 7 Flexure check:


Table C
𝑀
𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √0.133𝑓 𝑏 𝑐𝑘

4.669∗10^6
=√0.133∗20∗1000

= 41.895 mm < 90 mm So, safe.

IS 456:2000 8 Check for the shear:


Annex B-5
For shear check , ultimate shear force ≤ shear capacity

ie. 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑣

𝐿𝑥 −𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 ∗ ( )
2

3.048−0.09
= 15.708*[ ]
2

= 22.232 KN

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑘𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 k=1.3

For 𝜏𝑐

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
Spacing = 𝐴
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

1000𝑎
𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

38
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

1000∗78.54
= 200

= 392.7 mm2

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Percentage of steel = 𝑏𝑑

100∗392.7
= 2∗1000∗90

= 0.218%

𝜏𝑐 = 0.3344

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑘𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑

= 1.3*0.3344*1000*90

= 39.124 KN

.𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑣 So safe in shear.

IS 456:2000 9 Check for deflection:


Cl 23.2.1
(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

1000𝑎
𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

1000∗78.54
= 200

= 392.7 mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 144 𝑚𝑚2

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Percentage of steel = 𝑏𝑑

100∗392.7
= 1000∗90

= 0.436%

39
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

0.58∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑


𝐹𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

0.58∗500∗144
= 392.7

= 106.34

(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

3.048
= 26∗1∗2∗1∗1

= 58.61 mm < 90 mm So, safe in deflection.

IS 456:2000 10 Check for anchorage:


Cl 26.2.3.3 1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉

𝐿𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑀1 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑉 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿𝑜 = 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗∅
𝐿𝑑 = 4∗𝜏𝑏𝑑

0.87∗500∗10
= 4∗1.6∗1.2

= 566.406 mm

𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

392.7 500∗392.7
= 0.87*500* ∗ 90 ∗ [1 − 2∗20∗1000∗90]
2

= 7.267 KNm

40
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

𝐿𝑥 −𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 ∗ ( )
2

3.048−0.09
= 15.708*[ ]
2

= 22.232 KN

1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉

1.3∗7.267∗10^6
566.406 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
22.232∗10^3

𝐿𝑜 ≥ 141.424 𝑚𝑚

41
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.2 Design of beam

7.2.1 Design of Primary Beam

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Result

1 Known Data:
Overall Depth, D = 600 mm
Width, B = 450 mm
Assuming, 20 mm dia. Rebar
Clear cover = 30 mm
Effective cover, d’ = 40 mm
Effective depth, d = 560 mm
IS 13920:1993 2 Check for members stress:
Cl 6.1.1
Factored Axial Force = 0 KN
Axial Stress < 0.1fck
Hence, Designed as flexural member
IS 13920:1993 3 Check for Member:
Cl 6.1.3 Width, b = 450 mm > 200 mm
Depth, D = 600 mm
b/D = 0.75 > 0.3
Hence, OK
c/c length of beam = 6.096 m
IS 13920:1993
Clear span length, L = 5.396 m
Cl 6.1.4
L/D ratio = 8.993 > 4, OK
IS 13920:1993 4 Check for limiting longitudinal
Cl 6.2.1.b reinforcement:
Min. reinforcement,
Astmin(%) = (0.24√fck/fy)*100%
= (0.24*√20/500)*100%
Astmin =
= 0.2147 %
540.9496 mm2
So, Astmin = 0.2147%*b*d

42
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 13920:1993 = 540.9496 mm2


Cl 6.2.2 Max Reinforcement,
Astmax =
Astmax = 0.025*b*d
6300.000 mm2
= 0.025*450*560
= 6300 mm2
SP16 Table D 5 Design of Flexure:
Beam ID 389
Mulim =
Mulim = 0.133*20*b*d^2
375.3792 KNm
= 375.3792 KNm

At left end
For hogging moment (-ve moment)
Mu = 665.6532 KNm (From SAP 19)
SP16 Table 54
Mu > Mulim
Hence, Doubly reinforced beam.
d'/d = 0.0714 ==0.1
Mu/(b*d2) = 4.717
Pt = 1.28 %
Pt = 1.28%
(Top)

Ast = 1.280% * b *d Ast =


= 3225.6 mm2
3225.6 mm2
Astc = 50% * Ast
= 1612.8 mm2 Astc =

1612.8 mm2

For Top,
Provide 25 dia rebar
Top = 3436.117
No. of rods = Top/(π*Φ2/4)
mm2
= (3225.6*4/(π*25*25))
= 6.571 ==7
Provide 7-25 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,
43
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Provide 25 dia. rebar


No. of rod = Bottom/(π*25*25)
Bottom =
= 3.286 == 4
1963.495 mm2
Provide 4-25 mm dia. rebar

For sagging moment (+ve moment)


Mu = 436.8707 KNm (Frpm SAP 19)
Mu > Mulim
Hence, Doubly reinforced beam
d'/d = 0.0714 ==0.1
Mu/(b*d2) = 3.096 Pt = 0.867 %
SP16 Table 54
Pt = 0.867 % (Top)

Ast =
Ast = 0.867%*b*d
= 2184.739 mm2 2184.739 mm2
Pc = 0.43%
Astc = 50% * Ast
= 1092.369 mm2
For Bottom,
Provide 25 dia. rebar
No. of rod = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)
= (2184.74*4)/(π*25*25) Bottom =
= 4.451 » 5 2454.369 mm2
Provide 5-25 mm dia. rebar
For Top,
Provide 25 dia. rebar
No. of bar = Top/(π*Φ2/4)
= 1092.37*4/(π*25*25) Top = 1472.622

= 2.225 » 3 mm2

Provide 3-25 mm dia. rebar


At Midspan
For sagging moment (+ve moment)

44
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

SP16 Table 2 Mu = 139.608 KNm (From SAP 19)

Mu < Mulim

Hence,Singly reinforced beam

d’/d = 0.0714 == 0.1

Mu/(b*d2) = 0.989 Pt = 0.242%


(Bottom)
Pt = 0.242 %
Ast = 610.193
Ast = 0.242%*b*d
mm2
= 610.193 mm2 > Astmin
Asc = 540.95
Bottom = 610.193 mm2 mm2

Provide 25 dia. rebar

No. of rod = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)

= 610.193*4/(π*25*25) Bottom =
981.748 mm2
= 1.243 » 2

Provide 2-25 mm dia. rebar

At Right end

For hogging moment (-ve moment)

Mu = 687.789 KNm (From Sap 19)

SP16 Table 54 Mu > Mulim

Hence, Doubly reinforced beam

d’/d = 0.0714 == 0.1

Mu/(b*d2) = 4.87

45
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Pt = 1.3202 % Pt = 1.3202 %
(Top)
Ast = 1.3202%*b*d
Ast = 3326.904
= 3326.904 mm2 > Astmin
mm2
Pc = 0.66%
Asc = 1663.452
Asc = 50% of Ast mm2

= 1663.452 mm2

Top = 3326.904 mm2

Bottom = 1663.452 mm2 > 50% of Top,


OK

For Top.

Provide 25 dia. rebar

No. of rods = Top/(π*Φ2/4)

= 3326.904*4/(π*25*25)
Top = 3436.117
= 6.778 » 7 mm2

Provide 7-25 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,

Provide 25 dia. rebar

No.of rods = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)

= 1663.452*4/(π*25*25) Bottom =
1963.495 mm2
= 3.389 » 4

Provide 4-25 mm dia. rebar

For sagging moment (+ve moment)

46
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Mu = 434.477 KNm (From SAP 19)

SP16 Table 54 Mu > Mulim

Hence, Doubly reinforced beam

d’/d = 0.0714 == 0.1

Mu/(b*d2) = 3.079

Pt = 0.863 % Pt = 0.863%
(Bottom)
Ast = 0.863 % *b*d
Ast = 2173.6
= 2173.6008 mm2
mm2
Top = 1086.800 mm2
Asc = 1086.8
Bottom = 2173.601 mm2 mm2

For Top,

Provide 25 mm dia rebar

No. of bars = Top/(π*Φ2/4)

= 1086.8*4/(π*25*25) Top = 1472.622


mm2
= 2.214 » 3

Provide 3-25 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,

Provide 25 mm dia. rebar


Bottom =
No. of rods = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)
2454.369 mm2
= 2173.601*4/(π*25*25)

= 4.428 » 5

Provide 5-25 mm dia. rebar

47
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

6 Check for Shear:

a. Tensile reinforcement provided at left


end

Pt = (5*π*25*25)/(4*450*560)*100
Pt = 1.364 %
= 1.364 %
IS 456:2000
Table 20 Maximum shear stress of concrete,

IS 456:2000 τc max = 2.8 N/mm2


τc = 0.614
Table 19 Permissible shear strength of concrete,
N/mm2
τc = 0.614 N/mm2 < τc max, OK
Design shear stress of concrete,
Vc = τc*b*d
= 0.61376*450*560 Vc = 154.668
= 154.668 KN KN

b.
Tensile reinforcement provided at
midspan
Pt = (4*π*25*25)/(4*450*560)*100 Pt = 0.39 %
IS 456:2000 = 0.39 %
Table 20 Maximum shear stress of concrete,
τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
IS 456:2000
Permissible shear strength of concrete,
Table 19 τc = 0.572
τc = 0.572 N/mm2 < τc max, OK
N/mm2
Design shear stress of concrete,
Vc = τc*b*d
= 0.572*450*560 Vc = 154.668
= 144.144 KN KN

c. Tensile reinforcement provided at right


end
Pt = (4*π*25*25)/(4*400*557.5)*100

48
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 456:2000 = 1.36 % Pt = 1.36 %


Table 20 Permissible shear strength of concrete,
τc = 0.782
τc = 0.782 N/mm2 < τc max, OK
IS 456:2000 N/mm2
Design shear stress of concrete,
Table 19
Vc = τc*b*d
= 0.782*450*560 Vc = 175.76 KN
= 197.064 KN

IS 13920:1993 Shear Force due to Plastic Hinge at End


Cl 6.3.3.b of beam
The additional shear due to formation of
plastic hinge at both ends of the beam.
Vsway to right
Vu,a = VaD+L - 1.4 ((Mu As + Mu Bh)/LAB)
Vu,b = VbD+L + 1.4 ((Mu As + MuBh)/LAB)

Vsway to left
Vu,a = VaD + L+1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)
Vu,b = VbD+L - 1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)

where,
Mu As = Sagging moment of resistance at
left end
MuBh = hogging moment of resistance at
right end
MuAh = hogging moment of resistance at
left end
MuBs = Sagging moment of resistance at
right end

Determination of the Moment of resistance


Mu=0.87fy*d*Ast(1-(Ast*fy)/(bd*fck))
Now,
49
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

MuAs=0.87*500*560*2184.739(1-
(2184.739*500)/(450*560*20))
= 531.971 KNm > Mulim,

MuBh=0.87*500*560*3326.904(1-
(3326.904*500)/(450*560*20))
= 809.898 KNm > Mulim

MuAh=0.87*500*560*3235.56(1-
(3225.56*500)/(450*560*20))
= 785.24 KNm > Mulim

MuBs=0.87*500*560*2173.6(1-
(2173.6*500)/(450*560*20))
= 529.26 KNm > Mulim
From SAP,
Va = 36.174 KN
Vb = 62.137 KN

VaD+L = 1.2(DL+LL)/2
= 21.704 KN
VbD+L = 1.2(DL+LL)/2
= 37.282 KN

Vsway to right
Vu,a = VaD+L - 1.4 ((Mu As + Mu Bh)/LAB)
= 21.704-1.4*((531.97+ 809.898)/6.096)
= -286.468 KN

Vu,b = VbD+L + 1.4 ((Mu As + MuBh)/LAB)


= 37.282+1.4*((531.97+ 809.898)/6.096)
= 345.45 KN

50
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Vsway to left
Vu,a = VaD + L+1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)
=21.704 + 1.4*((785.24 + 529.26 )/6.096)
= 323.62 KN

Vu,b = VbD+L - 1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)


= 37.282 - 1.4*((785.24 + 529.26 )/6.096)
= -264.60 KN

Hence, design shear forces are:


At left end, Vu = 117.576 KN
At midspan = 175.76 KN
At right end, Vu = 370.244 KN
7 Design of shear reinforcement:

Providing 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrups 8 mm dia.


stirrups
Sv = (0.87fy*Asv)/(0.4b)

= (0.87*500*100.531)/(0.4*450) Asv =
(2*π*8^2/4)
= 242.95 mm
= 100.531 mm2
IS 456:2000 Max. spacing = 0.75d or 300 mm
Cl 26.5.1.6
= 0.75*560 Stirrups 8 mm Φ
@ 150 mm c/c
= 420 mm

Providing 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 150 mm c/c

a. At left end

Vu = 117.576 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end

51
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 456:2000 Vus = Vu-τc*b*d Vus = 37.092


Cl 40.4 KN
= 117.576*1000 -0.614*450*560

= 37.092 KN

Spacing required at left end,


IS 456:2000
Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)
Cl 40.4.a
= 589.501 mm

Provide Sv = 150 mm c/c


Sv = 150 mm
c/c
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 150
mm c/c
IS 13920:1993
Spacing of stirrup over a length of 2d at
Cl 6.3.5
either end of beam shall be lesser of:

d/4 = 560/4 = 140 mm

8*dia. of smallest longitudinal bar = 8*25

= 200 mm At support Sv =
125 mm upto
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 125 1120 length
mm c/c upto length of 2*560 = 1120 mm
from inner face of column

At midspan

Vu = 175.76 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end

Vus = Vu-τc*b*d
Vus = 31.616
KN

52
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 175.76*1000-0.572*450*560

= 31.616 KN

Spacing required at left end,

IS 456:2000 Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)
Cl 40.4.a
= 774.587 mm
Sv = 150 mm
c/c
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 150
mm c/c

IS 13920:1993 Spacing should not be greater than d/2 =


Cl 6.3.5 560/2 = 280 mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 150


mm c/c

Ld < Ld’

Hence, the design is safe

At right end

Vu = 370.244 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end,
Vus = 173.18
Vus = Vu-τc*b*d KN

= 173.180 KN

Spacing required at right end,


IS 456:2000
Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)
Cl 40.4.a
= 141.410 mm
Sv = 125 mm
c/c

53
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 125


mm c/c

Spacing of stirrup over a length of 2d at


IS 13920:1993
either end of beam shall be lesser of:
Cl 6.3.5
d/4 = 560/4 = 140 mm

8*dia. of smallest longitudinal bar = 8*25


At support Sv =
= 200 mm 125 mm upto
1120 mm length
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 125
mm c/c upto length of 2*560 = 1120 mm
from inner face of column

8 Check for development length:

Ld = (fs*Φ)/(4τbd*1.6)

τbd = 1.2 (For M20)


Ld = (0.87*500*20)/(4*1.2*1.6)
= 1132.813 mm
IS 456:2000 Ld’ < (1.3M1/V1)+Lo
Cl 26.2.3.3.c M1 = (0.87fy*Ast*d)(1-
((Ast*fy/(b*d*fck))
= 551.705 KNm
V = 370.244 KN
Lo = 12Φ or d
12Φ = 300 mm < d = 560 mm
Lo = 560 mm
Now,
Ld’ < 2497.144 mm Ld = 1132.81
mm
Ld < Ld’ OK

Hence, design is safe.

54
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Anchorage of beam bars in external


joints

Anchorage length = Ld + 10Φ – allowance


IS 13920:1993
for 90o bend
Cl 6.2.5
= 1132.813 + 10/25 – 8*2

= 1182.813 mm

9 Lap Splice:

The longitudinal bars shall be specified

a) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be


spliced at one section.

b) If the hoops are provided over the entire


splice length at a spacing not exceeding
150 mm.

Lap splice shall not be spliced within:

i. Joints
ii. Distance (2*d’eff) from the face
of joint = 1120 mm
iii. Quarter length of member
where flexural yielding may
occur.

10 Check for deflection:

We have,

At Middle,

Ast req = 610.193 mm2

Ast prov = 981.748 mm2

55
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Astreq/Astprov = 610.193/981.748 = 0.622

Fs = 0.58*fy*Astreq/Astprov

= 180.246

Pt = Astprov/(b*D)

= 981.748/(450*600)*100

= 0.364 %

α=2

β=1

γ=1

M.F. = 2

IS 456:2000 Allowable (span/depth) = 26*M.F.


Cl 23.2.1.a
= 26*2 = 52

Provided (span/depth) = (5396/560)

= 9.636 < 26

Here the maximum span/depth ratio is


smaller than its allowable value.

Hence, the design is safe in deflection.

56
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.2.2 Design of Secondary Beam

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference Step Calculation Results

1 Known Data:
Overall Depth, D = 300 mm
Width, B = 225 mm
Assuming, 12 mm dia. rebar
Clear cover = 25 mm
Effective cover, d’ = 31 mm
Effective depth, d = 269 mm
IS13920:1993 2 Check for members stress:
Cl 6.1.1
Factored Axial Force = 0 KN
Axial Stress < 0.1fck
Hence, Designed as flexural member
IS 13920:1993 3 Check for Member:
Cl 6.1.3 Width, b = 225 mm > 200 mm
Depth, D = 300 mm
b/D = 0.75 > 0.3
Hence, OK
c/c length of beam = 3.048 m
IS 13920:1993
Clear span length, L = 2.698 m
Cl 6.1.4
L/D ratio = 8.993 > 4, OK
IS 13920:1993 4 Check for limiting longitudinal
Cl 6.2.1.b reinforcement:
Min. reinforcement,
Astmin(%) = (0.24√fck/fy)*100%
= (0.24*√20/500)*100%
Astmin =
= 0.2147 %
129.925 mm2
So, Astmin = 0.2147%*b*d
= 129.925 mm2
Max Reinforcement,
57
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 13920:1993 Astmax = 0.025*b*d Astmax =


Cl 6.2.2 = 0.025*225*269 1513.125 mm2
= 1513.125 mm2
5 Design of Flexure:
Beam ID 112
SP16 Table D Mulim =
Mulim = 0.133*20*b*d^2
43.308 KNm
= 43.308 KNm

At left end
For hogging moment (-ve moment)
Mu = 3.296 KNm (From SAP 19)
Mu < Mulim
SP16 Table 2 Hence, Singly reinforced beam.
Mu/(b*d2) = 0.202
Pt = 0.217%
Pt = 0.217 %
(Top)
Ast = 0.217% * b *d
= 129.947 mm2 Ast =
Astc = 50% * Ast
129.947 mm2
= 64.97 mm2

For Top,
Provide 12 dia rebar
No. of rods = Top/(π*Φ2/4)
= (129.947*4/(π*12*12))
= 1.149 == 2
Provide 2-12 mm dia. rebar Top = 226.195
mm2

For sagging moment (+ve moment)


Mu = 17.150 KNm (Frpm SAP 19)

SP16 Table 2 Mu < Mulim


Hence, Singly reinforced beam
58
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Mu/(b*d2) = 1.053 Pt = 0.258 %


Pt = 0.258 % (Top)

Ast =
Ast = 0.258%*b*d
= 156.155 mm2 156.155 mm2

For Bottom,
Provide 12 dia. rebar
No. of rod = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)
= (2184.74*4)/(π*12*12) Bottom =
= 1.381 » 2 226.195 mm2
Provide 2-12 mm dia. rebar

At Midspan
For sagging moment (+ve moment)

Mu = 24.484 KNm (From SAP 19)

Mu < Mulim
SP16 Table 2
Hence,Singly reinforced beam

Mu/(b*d2) = 1.504
Pt = 0.382%
Pt = 0.382 %
(Bottom)
Ast = 0.382%*b*d
Ast = 231.205
= 231.205 mm2 > Astmin mm2

Asc = 50%of Ast

= 115.60 mm2

For Top,

59
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Provide 12 mm dia. rebar

No. of rods = Top/(π*Φ2/4)

= 231.205*4/(π*12*12) Top = 339.292


mm2
= 2.044 » 3

Provide 3-12 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,

Provide 12 mm dia. rebar

No. of rods = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)


Bottom =
= 115.60*4/( π*12*12)
226.195 mm2
= 1.149 » 2

At Right end

For hogging moment (-ve moment)

Mu = 55.406 KNm (From Sap 19)

SP16 Table 54 Mu > Mulim

Hence, Doubly reinforced beam

d’/d = 0.115 == 0.1


Pt = 0.775 %
Mu/(b*d2) = 3.40 (Top)

Pt = 0.775 % Ast = 469.069


mm2
Ast = 0.775%*b*d

= 469.069 mm2 > Astmin

Pc = 0.39%

60
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Asc = 50% of Ast Asc = 234.534

2
mm2
= 234.534 mm

Top = 469.069 mm2

Bottom = 234.534 mm2 > 50% of Top, OK

For Top

Provide 12 dia. rebar

No. of rods = Top/(π*Φ2/4)

= 469.069*4/(π*12*12)
Top = 565.487
= 4.147 » 5
mm2
Provide 5-12 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,

Provide 12 dia. rebar

No.of rods = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)

= 234.534*4/(π*12*12)
Bottom =
= 2.074 » 3 339.292 mm2

Provide 3-12 mm dia. rebar

For sagging moment (+ve moment)

Mu = 25.012 KNm (From SAP 19)

SP16 Table 54 Mu < Mulim

Hence, Singly reinforced beam

Mu/(b*d2) = 1.536

Pt = 0.392 % Pt = 0.392%

61
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Ast = 0.392 % *b*d Ast = 237.306

2
mm2
= 237.306 mm

Asc = 50% of Ast


Asc = 118.653
= 118.653 mm2
mm2
For Top,

Provide 12 mm dia. rebar

No. of bars = Top/(π*Φ2/4)

= 118.653*4/(π*12*12)
Top = 226.195
= 1.049 » 2 mm2

Provide 2-12 mm dia. rebar

For Bottom,

Provide 12 mm dia. rebar

No. of rods = Bottom/(π*Φ2/4)

= 237.306*4/(π*12*12)

= 2.098 » 3 Bottom =
339.292 mm2
Provide 3-12 mm dia. rebar

6 Check for Shear:

a. Tensile reinforcement provided at left


end

Pt = (2*π*12*12)/(4*225*269)*100
Pt = 0.375 %
= 0.374 %

Maximum shear stress of concrete,

62
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 456:2000 τc max = 2.8 N/mm2 τc = 0.614


Table 20 Permissible shear strength of concrete, N/mm2
τc = 0.42 N/mm2 < τc max, OK
IS 456:2000
Design shear stress of concrete,
Table 19
Vc = τc*b*d
Vc = 25.421
= 0.42*225*269
KN
= 25.421 KN

b.
Tensile reinforcement provided at
midspan
Pt = (2*π*12*12)/(4*225*269)*100
= 0.374 % Pt = 0.374 %
IS 456:2000 Maximum shear stress of concrete,
Table 20 τc max = 2.8 N/mm2
Permissible shear strength of concrete,
IS 456:2000
τc = 0.499 N/mm2 < τc max, OK
Table 19 τc = 0.499
Design shear stress of concrete,
N/mm2
Vc = τc*b*d
= 0.499*225*269
= 30.202 KN Vc = 30.202
KN
c.
Tensile reinforcement provided at right
end
IS 456:2000 Pt = (5*π*12*12)/(4*225*269)*100
Table 20 = 0.93 %
Permissible shear strength of concrete,
IS 456:2000
τc = 0.603 N/mm2 < τc max, OK Pt = 0.93 %
Table 19
Design shear stress of concrete,
τc = 0.603
Vc = τc*b*d
N/mm2
= 0.603*225*269
= 36.507 KN

63
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 13920:1993 Shear Force due to Plastic Hinge at End Vc = 36.507


Cl 6.3.3.b of beam KN
The additional shear due to formation of
plastic hinge at both ends of the beam.
Vsway to right
Vu,a = VaD+L - 1.4 ((Mu As + Mu Bh)/LAB)
Vu,b = VbD+L + 1.4 ((Mu As + MuBh)/LAB)

Vsway to left
Vu,a = VaD + L+1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)
Vu,b = VbD+L - 1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)

where,
Mu As = Sagging moment of resistance at
left end
MuBh = hogging moment of resistance at
right end
MuAh = hogging moment of resistance at
left end
MuBs = Sagging moment of resistance at
right end

Determination of the Moment of resistance


Mu=0.87fy*d*Ast(1-(Ast*fy)/(bd*fck))
Now,
MuAs=0.87*500*269*156.155*(1-
(156.155*500)/(269*225*20))
= 17.093 KNm< Mulim,

MuBh=0=0.87*500*269*469.069*(1-
(469.069*500)/(269*225*20))
= 44.253 KNm < Mulim

64
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

MuAh==0.87*500*269*129.949*(1-
(129.949*500)/(269*225*20))
= 14.389 KNm < Mulim

MuBs==0.87*500*269*237.306*(1-
(237.306*500)/(269*225*20))
= 25.046 KNm < Mulim
From SAP,
Va = 15.273 KN
Vb = 21.147 KN

VaD+L = 1.2(DL+LL)/2
= 9.163 KN
VbD+L = 1.2(DL+LL)/2
= 12.688 KN

Vsway to right
Vu,a = VaD+L - 1.4 ((Mu As + Mu Bh)/LAB)
= 9.163 -1.4*((17.093 + 44.253)/3.048)
= - 19.014 KN

Vu,b = VbD+L + 1.4 ((Mu As + MuBh)/LAB)


= 12.688+ 1.4*((17.093 + 44.253)/3.048)
= 40.865 KN

Vsway to left
Vu,a = VaD + L+1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)
=9.163 + 1.4*((14.389 + 25.046 )/3.048)
= 27.276 KN

Vu,b = VbD+L - 1.4 ((Mu Ah + MuBs)/ LAB)


= 12.688 - 1.4*((14.389 + 25.046 )/3.048)
= -5.425 KN
65
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Hence, design shear forces are:


At left end, Vu = 3.054 KN
At midspan = 22.906 KN
At right end, Vu = 38.817 KN
7 Design of shear reinforcement:

Providing 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrups 8 mm dia.


stirrups
Sv = (0.87fy*Asv)/(0.4b)

= (0.87*500*100.531)/(0.4*225) Asv =
(2*π*8^2/4)
= 485.9 mm
= 100.531 mm2
Max. spacing = 0.75d or 300 mm

= 0.75*269 Stirrups 8 mm
Φ @ 150 mm
= 201.75 mm c/c

Providing 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 150 mm c/c

a. At left end

Vu = 3.054 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end

Vus = Vu-τc*b*d

= 3.054*1000 -0.42*225*269 Vus = 22.367


KN
= 22.367 KN

Spacing required at left end,


IS 456:2000
Cl 40.4 Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)

= 977.60 mm

66
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Provide Sv = 65 mm c/c
Sv = 65 mm c/c
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 65
mm c/c

Spacing of stirrup over a length of 2d at


IS 13920:1993
either end of beam shall be lesser of:
Cl 6.3.5
d/4 = 269/4 = 67.25 mm

8*dia. of smallest longitudinal bar = 8*12

= 96 mm At support Sv =
65 mm upto 538
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 65 mm length
mm c/c upto length of 2*269 = 538 mm
from inner face of column

At midspan

Vu = 22.906 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end

Vus = Vu-τc*b*d

= 22.906*1000-0.499*225*269 Vus = 7.296 KN

= 7.296 KN

Spacing required at left end,


IS 456:2000
Cl 40.4.a Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)

= 1612.35 mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 100 Sv = 100 mm


c/c
mm c/c

67
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS 13920:1993 Spacing should not be greater than d/2 =


Cl 6.3.5 269/2 = 134.5 mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 100


mm c/c

Ld < Ld’

Hence, the design is safe

At right end

Vu = 38.817 KN

Required capacity of shear reinforcement


at left end,

Vus = Vu-τc*b*d Vus = 2.308 KN

= 2.308 KN
IS 456:2000
Spacing required at right end,
Cl 40.4.a
Sv = (0.87fy*Asv*d)/(Vus)

= 5096.189 mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 65 Sv = 65 mm c/c


mm c/c
IS 13920:1993
Spacing of stirrup over a length of 2d at
Cl 6.3.5
either end of beam shall be lesser of:

d/4 = 269/4 = 67.25 mm

8*dia. of smallest longitudinal bar = 8*12

= 96 mm

68
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrup @ 65 At support Sv =


mm c/c upto length of 2*269 = 538 mm 65 mm upto 538
mm length
from inner face of column

8 Check for development length:

Ld = (fs*Φ)/(4τbd*1.6)

τbd = 1.2 (For M20)


Ld = (0.87*500*20)/(4*1.2*1.6)
= 1132.813 mm
IS 456:2000 Ld’ < (1.3M1/V1)+Lo
Cl 26.2.3.3.c M1 = (0.87fy*Ast*d)(1-
((Ast*fy/(b*d*fck))
= 23.995 KNm
V = 38.817 KN
Lo = 12Φ or d
12Φ = 144 mm < d = 269 mm
Lo = 269 mm
Now,
Ld’ < 1172.612 mm Ld = 1132.81
mm
Ld < Ld’ OK

Hence, design is safe

Anchorage of beam bars in external


IS 13920:1993 joints
Cl 6.2.5
Anchorage length = Ld + 10Φ – allowance
for 90o bend

= 1132.813 + 10/12 – 8*2

= 1156.813 mm

69
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

9 Lap Splice:

The longitudinal bars shall be specified

a) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be


spliced at one section.

b) If the hoops are provided over the entire


splice length at a spacing not exceeding
150 mm.

Lap splice shall not be spliced within:

iv. Joints
v. Distance (2*d’eff) from the
face of joint = 538 mm
vi. Quarter length of member
where flexural yielding may
occur.

10 Chefkc for deflection:

We have,

At Middle,

Ast req = 231.206 mm2

Ast prov = 339.29 mm2

Astreq/Astprov = 231.206/339.29 = 0.681

Fs = 0.58*fy*Astreq/Astprov

= 197.616

Pt = Astprov/(b*D)

70
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 339.29/(225*269)*100

= 0.503 %

α=2

β=1

γ=1

M.F. = 2

IS 456:2000 Allowable (span/depth) = 26*M.F.


Cl 23.2.1.a
= 26*2 = 52

Provided (span/depth) = (2710.5/269)

= 10.076 < 26

Here the maximum span/depth ratio is


smaller than its allowable value.

Hence, the design is safe in deflection.

71
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.3 Design of Column

Column ID: 938(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 7377.18 KN

Factored axial stress =


7377.2*10^3/(700*700)

= 15.06 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm > 200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
> 200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
> 0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

72
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Hence, OK. 0.65*unsupported

Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


IS
Effectively held in position and restrained
456:2000
Table 28 against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 7377.18 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 43.91 KN-m V19

Muy = 6.13 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 5.95 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 0.83 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

73
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Design eccentricity,

ex design = max of all ex = 35.00 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 258.20 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 258.20 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 258.20


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 258.20


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 419.92 KNm


SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1
Chart 48
Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.75
SP16
Chart 48 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.06

Pt/fck = 0.13

So, Pt = 2.50 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.125

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.06

So, Mux1 = 419.90 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.125

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.06

74
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

So, Muy1 = 419.90 KNm

IS Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
456:2000 8893.50 KN
Cl 39.6
Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.83

Since Pu/Puz > 0.8, αn = 2


< 1,So Pt is safe
(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.76

So, area of steel req, As = 12250.00 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ28mm,

As provided = 16286.02 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 3.32 %

Checks, OK

As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2 OK


IS
456:2000 As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 2.821% provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


3.26 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.23 N/mm2

75
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 602.70 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640mm

76
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

77
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

78
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 937(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 6472.428 KN

Factored axial stress =


6472.428*10^3/(700*700)

= 13.209 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

79
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Effective length,Le = 1.59 m

IS Effectively held in position and restrained


456:2000
against rotation in both ends length
Table 28

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 6472.428 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 897.95 KN-m V19

Muy = 24.909KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 138.735 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 3.848 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

80
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 138.735 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 226.535 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 226.535KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 897.950


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 226.535


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 1065 KNm


SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1
Chart 48
Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.660
SP16
Chart 48 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.155

Pt/fck = 0.165

So, Pt = 3.30 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.165

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.155

So, Mux1 = 1063.30 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.165

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.06

So, Muy1 = 1063.30 KNm

81
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
456:2000 10328.22 KN
Cl 39.6
Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.627

Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.711


< 1,So Pt is safe
(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.82

So, area of steel req, As = 16170 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ28mm,

As provided = 16286.02 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 3.32 %

Checks, OK

As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2 OK


IS
456:2000 As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 3.32% provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.981 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.23 N/mm2

Shear capacity of section,

82
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 602.70 KN
456:2000
Cl 26.5.3.2 Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

83
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

b) S <= 100.00 mm

84
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

85
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1023(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 5800.305 KN

Factored axial stress =


5800.305*10^3/(700*700)

= 11.837 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

86
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 5800.305 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 850.042 KN-m V19

Muy = 43.958 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 146.551mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 7.579 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

87
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 146.551 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 203.011 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 203.011 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 850.042


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 203.011


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 1005.04


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.592
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.147
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.150

So, Pt = 3 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.150

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.147

So, Mux1 = 1008.420 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.147

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.147

88
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 1008.420 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
9790.2 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.592
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.653

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.825

So, area of steel req, As = 14700 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ28mm,

As provided = 16286.02 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 3.32 % OK


IS
456:2000 OK
Checks,
Cl 26.5.3.1
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 3.32% provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.776 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.23 N/mm2

89
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 602.70 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

90
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

91
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

92
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1022(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 5075.318 KN

Factored axial stress =


5075.318*10^3/(700*700)

= 10.358 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

93
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 5075.318 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 875.536 KN-m V19

Muy = 30.517 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 172.509 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 6.093 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

94
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 172.509 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 177.636 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 177.636 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 875.536


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 177.636


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 1027.318


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.518
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.150
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.140

So, Pt = 2.8 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.140

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.150

So, Mux1 = 1029 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.140

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.150

95
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 1029 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
9431.52 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.538
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.563

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.841

So, area of steel req, As = 13720 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ25 mm,

As provided = 14287.96 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 2.916 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 2.916 % provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.554 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.23 N/mm2

96
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 602.70 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

97
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

98
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

99
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1071(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 4340.631 KN

Factored axial stress =


4340.631*10^3/(700*700)

= 8.858 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

100
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 4340.631 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 905.506 KN-m V19

Muy = 18.806 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 208.612 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 4.333 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

101
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 208.612 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 151.922 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 151.922 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 905.506


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 151.922


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 1055.866


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.443
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.154
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.120

So, Pt = 2.4 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.120

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.154

So, Mux1 = 1056.440 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.120

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.154

102
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 1056.440 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
8714.16 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.498
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.496

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.849

So, area of steel req, As = 11760 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ25 mm,

As provided = 14287.96 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 2.916 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 2.916% provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.239 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.23 N/mm2

103
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 602.70 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

104
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

105
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

106
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1070(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 3612.768 KN

Factored axial stress =


3612.768*10^3/(700*700)

= 7.373 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

107
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 3612.768 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 857.874 KN-m V19

Muy = 13.597 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 237.456 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 3.764 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

108
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 237.456 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 35.00 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 126.447 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 126.447 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 857.874


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 126.447


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 997.214


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.369
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.145
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.110

So, Pt = 2.2 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.110

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.145

So, Mux1 = 994.7 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.110

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.145

109
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 994.7 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
8355.48 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.432
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.386

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.872

So, area of steel req, As = 10780 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ20 mm,

As provided = 11460.53mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 2.339 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 2.339% provided
τc = 0.82 N/mm2
Table 19
For members subjected to axial
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.106 δ = 1.50

So, modified τc = 1.220 N/mm2

110
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 597.55 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

111
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

112
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

113
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1119(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 3425.175 KN

Factored axial stress =


3425.175*10^3/(700*700)

= 6.990 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

114
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 3425.175 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 888.154 KN-m V19

Muy = 156.574 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 259.302 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 45.713 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

115
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 259.302 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 45.713 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 119.881 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 119.881 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 888.154


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 156.574


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 1037.127


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.350
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.151
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.110

So, Pt = 2.2 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.110

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.151

So, Mux1 = 1035.86 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.110

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.151

116
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 1035.86 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
8355.48 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.410
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.350

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.890

So, area of steel req, As = 10780 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ20 mm,

As provided = 11460.53mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 2.339 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 2.339% provided
τc = 0.813
Table 19
For members subjected to axial N/mm2
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


2.106
δ = 1.50
So, modified τc = 1.220 N/mm 2

117
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 597.923 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

118
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

119
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

120
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1118(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 3243.15 KN

Factored axial stress =


3243.15*10^3/(700*700)

= 6.619 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

121
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 3243.15 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 824.283 KN-m V19

Muy = 146.269 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 254.161 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 45.101 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

122
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 254.161 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 45.101 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 113.510 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 113.510 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 824.283


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 146.269


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 962.734


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.338
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.14
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.09

So, Pt = 1.8 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.09

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.140

So, Mux1 = 962.732 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.09

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.14

123
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 962.732 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
7638.120 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.425
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.375

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.883

So, area of steel req, As = 8820 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ16 mm,

As provided = 9650.972 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 1.970 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 1.970% provided
τc = 0.785
Table 19
For members subjected to axial N/mm2
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


1.837
δ = 1.50
So, modified τc = 1.178 N/mm 2

124
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 576.975 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

125
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

126
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

127
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1167(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 2734.16 KN

Factored axial stress =


2734.16*10^3/(700*700)

= 5.580 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

128
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 2734.16 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 768.123 KN-m V19

Muy = 127.123 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 280.936 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 46.494 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

129
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 280.936 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 46.494 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 95.696 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 95.696 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 768.123


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 127.123


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 895.357


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.279
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.131
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.075

So, Pt = 1.5 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.075

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.131

So, Mux1 = 898.66 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.075

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.131

130
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 898.66 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
7100.1 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.385
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.263

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.905

So, area of steel req, As = 7350 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ16 mm,

As provided = 9650.972 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 1.970 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 1.970% provided
τc = 0.785
Table 19
For members subjected to axial N/mm2
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


1.837
δ = 1.50
So, modified τc = 1.178 N/mm 2

131
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 576.975 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

132
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

133
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

134
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Column ID: 1166(700*700mm2) Load Combo: 1.5(DL-EQy)

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Remarks

1 Known data

Dimension of column dx = 700.00 mm

Dimension of column dy = 700.00 mm

Height (L) = 3.05 m

Depth of beam = 600.00 mm

Slab thickness = 120.00 mm

Clear height,l = 2.448 m Unsupported ht.

Clear cover = 40.00 mm

Assumed data: bar dia. = 25 mm

Effective cover, d' = 52.50 mm 40+25/2

IS 2 Check for axial stress


13920:1993
0.1fck = 2.00 N/mm2
Cl 7.1.1
Factored Axial load = 2097.20 KN

Factored axial stress =


2097.20*10^3/(700*700)

= 4.280 N/mm2
axial
Hence design as column stress>0.1fck

IS 3 Check for member size


13920:1993
Along x, Dx = 700.00 mm >200 mm
Cl 7.1.2
>200 mm
Along y, Dy = 700.00 mm
>0.4
Dx/Dy = 1.00

Hence, OK.
0.65*unsupported

135
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Effective length,Le = 1.59 m


456:2000
Table 28 Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation in both ends length

Check for short and slender column

Le/Dx = 2.27
< 12
Le/Dy = 2.27
< 12
So, it is short column

4 Design of section

Pu = 2097.20 KN From SAP 2000

Mux = 526.696 KN-m V19

Muy = 88.318 KN-m

Eccentricity due to load,

ex = Mux/Pu = 259.815 mm

ey = Muy/Pu = 43.566 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

exmin = (L/500+Dx/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

eymin = (L/500+Dy/30) or 20mm = 28.23


mm

Permissible eccentricity,

ex permissible = 0.05Dx = 35.00 mm

ey permissible = 0.05Dy = 35.00 mm

Minimum eccentricity,

Exmin = 35.00 mm

Eymin = 35.00 mm

Design eccentricity,

136
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

ex design = max of all ex = 259.815 mm

ey design = max of all ey = 43.566 mm

Moment due to minimum eccentricity

Mux(min) = Pu*exmin/1000 = 70.952 KNm

Muy(min) = Pu*eymin/1000 = 70.952 KNm

Design Moment

Mux = max of Mux and Mux(min) = 526.696


KNm

Muy = max of Muy and Muy(min) = 88.318


KNm

Biaxially Loaded Column

For biaxially loaded column

Mu' = 1.15√(Mux^2+Muy^2) = 614.157


KNm

SP16 Assuming for the value of d'/Dx = 0.075≈0.1


Chart 48 Assuming for the value of d'/Dy = 0.075≈0.1

Reinforcement equally along all 4 sides

Pu/(fck*Dx*Dy) = 0.207
SP16 Mu'/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.090
Chart 48
Pt/fck = 0.058

So, Pt = 1.16 %

For d'/Dx = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.058

Mux1/(fck*Dx^2*Dy) = 0.090

So, Mux1 = 617.4 KNm

For d'/Dy = 0.10 and Pt/fck = 0.058

Muy1/(fck*Dx*Dy^2) = 0.090

137
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS So, Muy1 = 617.4 KNm


456:2000
Puz = 0.45fck*(Ag-Asc)+0.75fy*Asc =
Cl 39.6
6490.344 KN

Then for αn

Pu/Puz = 0.312
< 1,So Pt is safe
Since Pu/Puz < 0.8, αn = 1.186

(Mux/Mux1)^αn+(Muy/Muy1)^αn = 0.928

So, area of steel req, As = 5684 mm2

Providing 8 nos. bar having φ32 mm and 16


nos bar having φ16 mm,

As provided = 9650.972 mm2

So, Pt provided will be = 1.970 % OK

Checks, OK
IS
456:2000
As max = 4% of Ag = 19600 N/mm2
Cl 26.5.3.1
As min = 0.8% of Ag = 3920 N/mm2
But in extreme case,
As = 6% of Ag = 29400.00 N/mm2
5 Design of transverse reinforcement for
shear

Design shear strength of concrete,


IS
456:2000 For M20 and for Pt = 1.970% provided
τc = 0.785
Table 19
For members subjected to axial N/mm2
Cl 40.2.2
comp. Pu, the design shear strength

of concrete τc shall be multiplied by

following factor:

δ(not greater than 1.5)= 1+3Pu/(Ag*fck) =


1.837
δ = 1.50
So, modified τc = 1.178 N/mm 2

138
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Shear capacity of section,


456:2000
Vc = τcmod.*DxDy = 576.975 KN
Cl 26.5.3.2
Requirement for design of lateral ties

φt > ( 6mm and 1/4*largest φ long.)

= 10.00 mm

spacing <= (Dmin and 16*smallest φlong.


and 300mm

= 300 mm

So adopting ties of 10 mm dia with spacing of


150mm

6 Design of Special-confining reinforcement

IS Special confining reinforcement bar shall


13920:1993
be provided over a length Lo from each
Cl 7.4.1
face towards the mid-span on either side

of any cross section where flexural yielding

occurs under the effect of Earthquake force

So, Lo should not be less than

i) larger lateral dimension of member =


700.00 mm

ii) 1/6 * clear span = 408.00 mm

iii) 450 mm = 450.00 mm

Hence, adopt Lo = 700 mm on either

side from the joint.

Size of column= 700*700

Then,

Size of core,

Dkx =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Dky =700-2*40+2*10 = 640 mm

So, core area,

Ak = 640*640 mm2 = 409600 mm2

h = max of { 640/2 and 640/2} = 320 mm

Area of cross section of bar (Ash)

forming rectangular hoop, to be used as

confining reinforcement shall not be

less than

Ash = 0.18*S*h*fck/fy(Ag/Ak-1)

where,

Ash = Area of bar cross section = 78.54 =


mm2

Ag = Gross area of column = 490000.00 =


mm2

Ak = Area of concrete = 409600 mm2

S = Pitch of hoops

h = Length of rectangular confining hoop


measured to its outer face

From above eqn,

78.5398 =
0.18*S*320*20/500*((700*700)/409600-1)

S = 173.66 mm

Spacing of hoops shall not exceed the

smaller of

a) 1/4 of min member dimension ie 700/4

= 175.00 mm

140
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

b) S <= 100.00 mm

c) S > 75.00 mm

Hence,provide 10 mmФ @ 100 mm c/c

for a distance of Lo = 700mm on either side.

Hence the design is safe.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.4 Design of staircase

Dog-legged staircase
Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500
Reference SN Calculation Results

1 Known data:

Height between floor = 3.048m

Riser = 177mm

Trade = 279mm

Width of flight = 1.219m

Width of landing = 1.219m

1
Area of triangle = 2 ∗ 0.177 ∗ 0.279

= 0.0246m2

Volume of stair = A*W

= 0.0246*1.219

= 0.03 m3

No. of stair in each flight = 9

Total weight of single flight stair = 25*9*0.03

= 6.75KN

IS 875
Live load(LL) = 3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Part I &
II Floor finish (FF) = 1.13 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

No of trade(N)= No. of stair - 1

= 9-1 = 8

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Effective length = 1.219 + 2.235

= 3.454 m

slab dimension : 𝐿𝑦 = 3.454 m longer span

𝐿𝑥 = 0.228 m shorter span

𝐿𝑦 3.454
= 0.228 = 15.105
𝐿𝑥

𝐿𝑦
> 2. So, this is one way slab.
𝐿𝑥

IS 2 Determination of slab thickness(D):


456:2000 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥 = 3.454 m
Cl 23.2.1
α = 20

β=1

γ = 1.4

δ=1

λ=1
(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑= 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

3.454
𝑑 = 20∗1∗1.4∗1∗1

𝑑 = 123.357𝑚𝑚 ≈ 125 𝑚𝑚 d = 125 mm

Effective cover = 25 mm

Overall slab depth (D) = 150 mm D = 150 mm

3 Determination of Wu / Mu:

Load on landing:

Self-weight = 𝛾𝑐 ∗ 𝐷 = 25 ∗ 0.15 = 3.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live load = 3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Floor finish = 1.13 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Total load = 7.88 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 *7.88

= 11.82 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Load on Going:

𝑙
Self-weight of inclined slab = 𝛾𝑐 ∗ 𝐷 𝑙 𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑟

0.330
= 0.25*0.15*00.279

= 4.440 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live load = 3𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Floor finish = 1.13 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑅
Self-weight = 𝛾𝑐 ∗ 2

0.177
= 25* 2

= 2.2125 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Total load = 10.7825 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Let’s assume that breadth (B) = 1 m

𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 ∗ 10.7825

= 16.1737 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

4 Calculation of reaction at the support:

𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 11.82 ∗ 1.219 + 16.1727 ∗ 2.235

𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 50.556𝐾𝑁

Taking moment at A = 0

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

2.235
𝑅2 ∗ 3.454 = 16.1737 ∗ 2.235 ∗ [ + 1.219] +
2
1.2192
11.82 ∗ 2

𝑅2 ∗ 3.454 = 93.242

𝑅2 = 26.995 𝐾𝑁

𝑅1 = 23.560 𝐾𝑁

To find the maximum bending moment we have to


find the point where shear force is 0

By similar triangle property,

2.235 − 𝑥 𝑥
=
9.151 26.995

x = 1.669m

From the left support x = 1.669 m,

shear force = 0

So maximum bending moment is at that point.

1.669
𝑀𝑢 = 26.995 ∗ 1.669 − 16.1737 ∗ 1.669 ∗ 2

𝑀𝑢 = 22.53 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 ∗ 20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1252

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 43.125𝐾𝑁 𝑚 > 22.53 KNm, design is Ok

IS 5 Determination of 𝑨𝒔𝒕 :
456:2000
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − 𝑓 ]
Annex G 𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏∗𝑑

When 𝑀𝑢 = 22.53 KNm

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

or, 22.53*10^6 = 0.87*500*𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 + ∗ 125 ∗


+
500∗𝐴
𝑠𝑡𝑥
[1 − 20∗1000∗125]

IS 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥 = 455.916 𝑚𝑚2 ≈ 460 𝑚𝑚2


456:2000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝐷
Cl
26.5.2.1 0.12 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 180
= ∗ 1000 ∗ 150
100

mm2
= 180 mm2

Calculating of the spacing:

Providing 12 mm diameter as a main bar

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑥 + = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗113.097
= 460
𝑆𝑥 +
= 245.863 mm < 300 mm = 200 𝑚𝑚

So, providing 200 mm c/c spacing

Distribution bar:

Providing 12 mm diameter

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝐷

0.12 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 180


= ∗ 1000 ∗ 150
100

mm2
= 180 mm2

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

1000∗113.097
= 180

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 628.316 mm < 300 mm 𝑆𝑥 +


= 200 𝑚𝑚
So, providing 200 mm c/c spacing

SP16 6 Flexure check:

Table C 1.669
𝑀𝑢 = 26.995 ∗ 1.669 − 16.1737 ∗ 1.669 ∗ 2

𝑀𝑢 = 22.53 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 ∗ 20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1252

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 43.125 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 design is safe

7 Check for the shear:

For shear check , ultimate shear force ≤ shear


capacity
IS
456:2000 ie. 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑣
Table 19
𝑅2 = 𝑉𝑢 = 26.995 𝐾𝑁

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 460 𝑚𝑚2

For, 𝜏𝑐 :

1000𝑎𝑠𝑡
Spacing = 𝐴
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

1000𝑎
𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

1000∗113.097
= 200

= 565.486 mm2

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Percentage of steel = 𝑏𝑑

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

100∗565.486
= 1000∗125

= 0.452%

By interpolation

0.25 0.35

0.452 x

0.50 0.46

0.46−0.35
x - 0.35 = [0.452 − 0.25]
0.5−0.25

x = 0.4388

𝜏𝑐 = 0. .4388

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑘𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑

= 1.3*0.4388*1000*125

= 71.318 KN

𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑐 So safe in Shear

IS 8 Check for deflection:


456:2000
(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
Cl 23.2.1 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

1000𝑎
𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

1000∗113.097
= 200

= 565.486 mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 460 𝑚𝑚2

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Percentage of steel = 𝑏𝑑

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

100∗565.486
= 1000∗125

= 0.452%

0.58∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑


𝐹𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

0.58∗500∗460
= 565.486

= 235.903

From the graph

Γ = 1.3

(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )𝑥
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆

3.454
= 20∗1∗1.3∗1∗1

= 132.846 mm < 125mm. So, safe in


deflection.

9 Check for anchorage:

1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉

IS
𝐿𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
456:2000
Cl 26.2.1 𝑀1 =
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Annex G
Cl 𝑉 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
G.1.1.b
𝐿𝑜 = 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗∅
𝐿𝑑 = 4∗𝜏𝑏𝑑

0.87∗500∗12
= 4∗1.6∗1.2

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 679.687 mm

𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

565.486
= 0.87*500* ∗ 125 ∗ [1 −
2
500∗565.486
]
2∗20∗1000∗125

= 14.504 KNm

𝑉𝑢 = 26.995 KN

1.3𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉

1.3∗14.504∗10^6
679.687 ≤ + 𝐿𝑜
26.995∗10^3

𝐿𝑜 ≥ −18.783 𝑚𝑚

So, no need of development length.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.5 Design of Basement wall

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Reference SN Calculation Results

1 Design Constants:

Assume unit width of wall, b = 1000 mm

Clear height between the floor, h = 2.328 m

Unit weight of Soil, ϒ = 17 KN/m3


Angle of internal friction of soil, Ø = 20o
Surcharge produced due to vehicular movement,
Ws = 5 KN/m2
Safe bearing capacity of soil, qs = 170 KN/m2

2 Moment Calculation:
𝐾𝑎 = (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
= (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛20)/(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛20)
= 0.568

Lateral load due to Soil pressure

𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎∗𝛾∗ℎ^2/2 = 26.17 KN/m Pa = 26.17


KN/m
Surcharge Load
Ps = 6.61
𝑃𝑠 = 𝐾𝑎∗𝑊𝑠∗ℎ = 6.61 KN/m KN/m

3 Characteristic B.M. at the base of wall:

Since wt. of wall gives insignificant moment,

so this can be neglected in the design.

𝑀𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎∗ℎ/3+𝑃𝑠∗ℎ/2

= 44.85∗2.328/3+8.66∗2.328/2

Mc = 28 KNm

Design moment,

M = 1.5*Mc = 1.5*51 = 42.00 KNm M = 42 KNm

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

4 Approximate Design of Section:

Let effective depth of wall = d

𝐵𝑀 = 0.133∗𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝑑^2

𝑑 = √(𝐵𝑀/(0.133∗𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏))

= 22.63 mm

Let clear cover = 30 mm

Diameter of bar = 16 mm Ø = 16 mm

So, overall depth of wall, D = 140+30+8 = 178 mm

Thus, overall D = 178 mm d = 140 mm

𝑠𝑜 𝑑=178−30−8 = 140 mm D = 178 mm

𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = ℎ/𝑑 = 2328/140 = 16.63 mm

5 Calculation of Main Steel Reinforcement:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘/2𝑓𝑦∗(1−√(1−4.6𝑀𝑢/(𝑓𝑐𝑘∗𝑏𝑑^2 ))∗𝑏𝑑

= 20/(2∗500)∗(1−√(1−(4.6∗40∗10^6)/
(20∗1000∗195^2 ))∗𝑏𝑑

IS 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 806 mm2 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 806


456:2000 mm2
Cl 32.5.a 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝐷 = 0.0012∗1000∗140

IS 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 213.6 mm2


456:2000 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐷𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝐷/8 = 22.25 mm
Cl Ø = 16 mm
26.5.2.2 Providing 16 mm diameter,

S𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎/(𝑨𝒔𝒕/((𝝅𝒅^𝟐)/𝟒)) = 249.32 mm


S = 150 mm
Provide 16mm-φ bar @150 mm c/c

𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎/(𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈/((𝝅𝒅^𝟐)/𝟒))


= 1339.73 mm2

𝑃𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑑∗100
= (1235.379∗100)/(1000∗195) Pt = 0.957%
= 0.957%
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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

IS Maximum spacing = 3d = 3x140 = 420 mm


456:2000 Provide nominal vertical reinforcement on
Cl 32.5.b the face of wall 16 mm φ @150mm c/c at
the front face.

6 Check for Shear

The critical section for shear strength is taken at a


distance of d' from the face of the support.

Thus, critical section is at d = 195 mm from the top


of the mat foundation.
i.e, at (2.328 – 0.14) = 2.188 m below the top edge
of the wall.
Shear force at critical section is,
𝑉𝑢 = 1.5(𝐾𝑎∗𝑊𝑠∗𝑍+𝐾𝑎∗𝛾∗𝑍^2/2)
IS
456:2000 = 43.992 KN
𝜏𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢/𝑏𝑑 = (43.992∗1000)/(1000∗195)
Cl
= 0.314 N/mm2 𝜏𝑣 = 0.314
31.6.2.1
For Pt = 0.957% and fck = 20 N/mm² N/mm2
IS
Permissible shear stress, τc = 0.6098 N/mm2 τc = 0.6098
456:2000
Table 19 τc > τv N/mm2

Hence safe.
7 Calculation of Horizontal Reinforcement steel
bar:

Area of Horz. Reinforcement


IS
456:2000 𝐴 = 0.002𝐷ℎ = 0.002∗178∗2328
Cl
= 828.768 mm2
32.5.c.1
As the temperature change occurs at front face
of basement wall, 2/3 of horizontal

reinforcement is provided at front face and 1/3

of horizontal reinforcement is provided in

other face.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Front face horizontal reinforcement steel,


= 2/3∗828.768 = 552.5 mm2

Providing 10mm φ bar.

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑁 = 552.5/((𝜋𝑑^2)/4)


Ø = 10 mm
= 7.04 ≈ 8

Spacing = (h - clear cover at both sides - φ)/(N - 1)

= (2328-30-10)/(8-1) = 327 mm

Provide 10mm-φ bar @ 200mm c/c


S = 200 mm
Max. spacing = 3d = 3x140 = 420 mm

Hence, spacing provided for Horz. Steel is OK.

Rear face horizontal reinforcement steel,

= 1/3∗828.768 = 276.3 mm2

Providing 10mm φ bar.


Ø = 10 mm
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑁 = 276.3/((𝜋𝑑^2)/4)
= 3.52 ≈ 4

Spacing = (h - clear cover at both sides - φ)/(N-1)

= (2328 – 30 - 10)/(4 - 1) = 763 mm

Provide 10mm-φ bar @ 200mm c/c


S = 200 mm
Max. spacing = 3d = 3x140 = 420 mm

Hence, spacing provided for Hor. Steel is OK.

8 Curtailment of Reinforcement:

No bars can be curtailed in less than Ld distance


from the bottom of stem
IS
𝐿𝑑 = (∅𝜎)/(4∗1.6∗𝜏𝑏𝑑)
456:2000
Cl 32.5.d = (0.87∗500∗10)/(1.6∗4∗1.2)
= 566 mm

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

The curtailment of bars can be done in two layers:

1/3 and 2/3 heights of the stem above the base.

Let us curtail bars at 1/3 distance i.e. 776 mm from z = 1.552 m


base.

Lateral load due to soil pressure,

Pa = Kaz*ϒ*z²/2
Pa = 11.6
= 11.6 KN/m KN/m

Lateral load due to surcharge load,

Ps = Ka*Ws*z

= 0.568*5*1.552 = 4.41 KN/m Ps = 4.41


KN/m
Characteristic Bending Moment at the base of wall
is,

𝑀𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎∗2/3∗ℎ/3+𝑃𝑠∗2/3∗ℎ/2
=11.6∗2/3∗2.328/3+4.41∗2/3∗2.328/2

= 9.44 KNm

Design moment, M = 1.5*Mc = 14.16 KNm M = 14.16


Since this moment is less than half of the moment KNm

at base of stem, spacing of vertical reinforcement


are doubled than that from the base of the wall. Ø = 16 mm
Provide 16mm-φ bars @ 150mm c/c above 766 mm
S = 200 mm
from base.

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.6 Design of Foundation

7.6.1 Selection of Foundation Type:

Column Size Number

1000 mm * 1000 mm 11

700 mm *700 mm 15

600 mm * 600 mm 4

Total number of column 30

Check for Isolated Footing:

Service load P = 4918.12 KN

Design load Pu = 1.5 * P =7377.177 KN

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 170 KN/m2

Approximate area

= 1.15*service load / bearing capacity

= 1.15 * 4918.118 / 170

= 33.2696 m2

Let us consider square footing,

Size of footing = 5.768 m

Provide 6.2 * 6.2 m square footing

Net pressure on the soil,

= factored load / area of footing

= 7377.177 / 6.22

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 191.914 KN/m² > SBC

Area occupied by the 30 footing = 30 * 6.22

= 1153.2 m2

Plinth area of the block = 699.244 m2

50% of plinth area = 334.622 m2

Since, area occupied by isolated footing is greater than 50% of plinth area

So mat foundation is necessary.

7.6.2 Eccentricity Calculation:

Location of center of resultant force

Axial
Colu Frame Load
Load X (m) Y (m) P *X P*Y
mn Label Combo
P (KN)
1-F 1335 1.5(DL+LL) 292.517 0.500 0.500 146.258 146.258
2-F 1336 1.5(DL+LL) 287.987 5.073 0.500 1460.956 143.993
3-F 1337 1.5(DL+LL) 310.815 11.170 0.500 3471.807 155.408
4-F 1338 1.5(DL+LL) 311.007 17.268 0.500 5370.463 155.503
5-F 1339 1.5(DL+LL) 287.965 23.265 0.500 6699.513 143.983
6-F 1340 1.5(DL+LL) 236.497 27.939 0.500 6607.499 118.249
1-G 767 1.5(DL+LL) 1651.373 0.500 6.597 825.687 10894.110
2-G 902 1.5(DL+LL) 4155.089 5.073 6.597 21078.76 27411.120
3-G 893 1.5(DL+LL) 4442.021 11.170 6.597 49617.378 29304.015
4-G 884 1.5(DL+LL) 4472.328 17.268 6.597 77228.160 29503.948
5-G 875 1.5(DL+LL) 3969.385 23.265 6.597 92347.750 26186.035
6-G 866 1.5(DL+LL) 2590.301 27.939 6.597 72370.429 17088.218
1-H 776 1.5(DL+LL) 1684.556 0.500 12.695 842.278 21385.438
2-H 911 1.5(DL+LL) 4434.241 5.073 12.695 22494.906 56292.694

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

3-H 938 1.5(DL+LL) 4700.817 11.170 12.695 52508.130 59676.876


4-H 947 1.5(DL+LL) 4656.623 17.268 12.695 80410.560 59115.825
5-H 974 1.5(DL+LL) 4241.785 23.265 12.695 98685.136 53849.465
6-H 857 1.5(DL+LL) 2549.639 27.939 12.695 71234.373 32367.671
1-I 785 1.5(DL+LL) 1694.023 0.500 18.792 847.011 31834.074
2-I 920 1.5(DL+LL) 4241.317 5.073 18.792 21516.203 79702.835
3-I 929 1.5(DL+LL) 3513.882 11.170 18.792 39250.062 66032.871
4-I 956 1.5(DL+LL) 3263.407 17.268 18.792 56352.518 61325.951
5-I 965 1.5(DL+LL) 4052.991 23.265 18.792 94292.828 76163.801
6-I 848 1.5(DL+LL) 2661.490 27.939 18.792 74359.369 50014.720
1-J 794 1.5(DL+LL) 2611.977 0.500 24.890 1305.989 65012.108
2-J 803 1.5(DL+LL) 2613.483 5.073 24.890 13258.198 65049.584
3-J 812 1.5(DL+LL) 2312.925 11.170 24.890 25835.376 57568.712
4-J 821 1.5(DL+LL) 2306.333 17.268 24.890 39825.764 57404.637
5-J 830 1.5(DL+LL) 2521.096 23.265 24.890 58653.298 62750.079
6-J 939 1.5(DL+LL) 2001.071 27.939 24.890 55907.932 49806.665
SUM 79068.94 1144804.6 1146604.8

Determination of eccentricity of the load

Along X – direction, Xc = 14.21 m

Along Y – direction, Yc = 12.595 m

X’ = 14.479 m

Y’ = 14.501 m

Eccentricity calculation:

Eccentricity along x-direction:

Taking moment of column forces about the grid 1-1

Xc = 14.21 m
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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

X’ = 14.479 m

Ex = Xc − X'

= 14.21 − 14.479 = − 0.269 m

Eccentricity along y-direction:

Yc = 12.595 m

Y’ = 14.501 m

E y = Yc − Y'

= 12.595 − 14.501 = −1.906 m

B = 28.439 m

D = 25.190 m

I x = B * D3 / 12

= 37880.663 m4

I y = D * B3 / 12

= 48282.515 m4

Mxx = P * ey

= 79068.944 * (−0.269)

= −21269.546 KNm

Myy = P * ex

= 79068.944 * (−1.906)

= −150705.407 KNm

Calculation of corner stresses:

Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil = 170 KN/m2

159
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

P/A = 79068.944/716.378

= P/A ± (Mx*Y)/Ix ± (My*X)/Iy

= 110.373 - 0.561y - 3.121x

At Corner of Raft (right top)

X = 14.21 m

Y = 12.595 m

σ = 58.958 KN/m²

At Corner of Raft (right bottom)

X = 14.21 m

Y = -12.595 m

σ = 73.089 KN/m²

At Corner of Raft (left bottom most)

X = -14.21 m

Y = -12.595 m

σ = 161.532 KN/m²

At Corner of Raft (left top)

X = -14.21 m

Y = 12.595 m

σ = 147.413 KN/m

160
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Co-ordinate of Corner of Mat-Foundation and corresponding Corner Stress

Column X' Y' X Y Stress


1-F 0.000 0.000 -14.210 -12.595 161.788
2-F 5.073 0.000 -9.137 -12.595 145.955
3-F 11.170 0.000 -3.040 -12.595 126.927
4-F 17.268 0.000 3.058 -12.595 107.895
5-F 23.365 0.000 9.155 -12.595 88.866
6-F 28.439 0.000 14.229 -12.595 73.030
6-G 28.439 6.597 14.229 -5.998 69.329
1-G 0.000 6.597 -14.210 -5.998 158.087
1-H 0.000 12.695 -14.210 0.100 154.666
6-H 28.439 12.695 14.229 0.100 65.908
6-I 28.439 18.792 14.229 6.197 62.488
1-I 0.000 18.792 -14.210 6.197 151.246
1-J 0.000 19.092 -14.210 6.497 151.078
2-J 5.073 19.142 -9.137 6.547 135.217
3-J 11.170 19.142 -3.040 6.547 116.188
4-J 17.268 19.142 3.058 6.547 97.156
5-J 23.365 19.142 9.155 6.547 78.127
6-J 28.439 19.142 14.229 6.547 62.291

Calculation of stress along the grid

In X-direction the raft is divided into 6 strips

Longest span Max. Moment


Strip Width (m) Soil Pressure (m) (KNm)
1-1 2.786 161.788 6.096 601.224
2-2 5.335 145.955 6.096 542.387
3-3 6.096 126.920 6.096 471.650
4-4 6.096 107.890 6.096 400.932

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

5-5 5.335 88.866 6.096 330.237


6-6 2.536 73.030 6.096 271.388

In Y-direction the raft is divided into 4 strips

Longest span Max. Moment


Strip Width (m) Soil Pressure (m) (KNm)
F-F 3.548 161.788 6.096 601.224
G-G 6.096 158.080 6.096 587.445
H-H 6.096 154.666 6.096 574.758
I-I 6.096 151.245 6.096 562.045
J-J 3.398 151.077 6.096 561.421

162
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

7.6.3 Design of Mat Foundation:

Concrete grade: M20 Steel grade: Fe500

Clear cover: 50 mm

Reference SN Calculation Results

1 Known Data:

Strip 1-1 Max upward Soil Pressure, q = 161.788 KN/m2 q = 161.788


KN/m2
Max Span Length, L = 6.097 m

IS 2 Moment Calculation:
456:2000
Table 12 Maximum Support Moment,

Ms = q L2 / 10

Ms = 161.788 x 5.4362/10

= 601.421 KNm per m width


Ms = 601.421
KNm per m
Maximum Span Moment,

Mm = q L2 / 12

= 161.788 x 6.098^2/ 12
Mm = 501.184
KNm per m
= 501.184 KNm per m width

SP16 3 Depth from Moment Consideration:


Table D
𝑀
Depth of footing, d =√2.66∗𝑏

= √601.421∗10^6
2.66∗1000

= 475.498 mm

But the footing is critical in shear, so increase


depth

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Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

d = 840 mm d = 840 mm

Providing 20 mm dia. bar


D = 900 mm
D = 840 + 20/2 + 50 = 900 mm

IS 4 Check for two way shear i.e. Punching Shear


456:2000
Cl For Inside Column 3-H(700*700)
31.6.2.1
Perimeter,bo = 4* (d+700) = 6160.000 mm
Pu = 7377.177 KN
Nominal Shear stress,

= 3.137 N/mm2

For Corner Column 6-J(700*700)

Perimeter,bo= 2*(d/2+700) = 2240.000 mm


Pu = 373.940 KN

Nominal Shear stress,

= 0.199 N/mm2

For side column 1-I (600*600):

Perimeter,

bo = 2(d/2+700)+(d+400) = 1520 N/mm

Nominal Shear stress,

= 0.643 N/mm2

164
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Pu = 820.487 KN

IS Permissible punching shear, τ′v =


456:2000
τ′v = 1.118
Cl = 1*0.25*√20 N/mm2
31.6.3.1
= 1.118 N/mm2 Hence, safe

IS 5 Calculation of Area of Steel:


456:2000
Min. Ast = 0.12% of bD Min. Ast = 1080
Cl
mm2
26.5.2.1
= 1080.000 mm2

Area of Steel at Support (Bottom Bars)

IS
456:2000
Annex G-
1.1.b

= 1736.492 mm2

Provide, Ast = 1736.492 mm2 > Astmin Provide, Ast =


1736.492 mm2
Provide 20 mm dia. Bars

Area of each bar, Ab = 314.159 mm2

= 180.916 mm

Spacing of Bars = 180.916 mm

Provide 20mm bar @ 150mm c/c

Provide

165
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

= 2094.395 mm2 Act. Ast =


2094.395 mm2
Pt = 0.249 %
IS
Area of Steel at mid span (Top Bars)
456:2000
Annex G-
1.1.b

= 1433.443 mm²

Ast Required = 1433.443 mm²

Provide 20 mm dia. bar

Area of each bar = 314.16 mm2

So,

Spacing of bar = 219.164 mm

Hence, provide 20 mm dia. bar @ 200 mm c/c

Ast Provided

Ast Provided = 1570.80 mm2

Total Pt = 0.249% + 0.187%

= 0.436 %

[Note: For permissible shear stress calculation

the top and bottom reinforcement can be summed


up but not for the deflection calculation.]

166
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

For Distribution bars,

Using minimum area of steel,

Ast = 0.12% of bD = 1080 mm2

Provide 20 mm dia. bar

Area of each bar = 314.16 mm2

So,

Spacing of bar = 290.887 mm

Hence, provide 20 mm dia. bar @ 200 mm c/c

6 Check for one way shear

0.6 * ql = 591.852 KN

0.4 * ql = 394.569 KN

x = 3.6582 m

a/2 + d = 1.04 m

Shear at Critical Section,

0.6ql =
591.852KN
Vu

a/2 + d = 1.04m
0.4ql =
394.568KN
3.6582m 2.438m

167
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

Now, Vu = 581.0887 KN

IS For Pt = 0.436 %
456:2000
τc = 0.4492
Table 19 τc = 0.4492 N/mm2
N/mm2

τc x b x d = 377.3952 KN > Vu Hence, safe

Summary of Mat Foundation

Concrete grade M20 Steel grade Fe 500

Safe bearing capacity of soil (SBC) = 170 N/mm2

Depth of foundation (D) = 900 mm

Clear cover = 50 mm

In Y-direction the raft is divided into 5 strips

Strip Bottom Reinforcement Top Reinforcement


Strip
Width, m Diameter Spacing c/c Dia. Spacing c/c
F-F 3.548 20mm 150mm 20mm 200mm
G-G 6.096 20mm 150mm 20mm 200mm
H-H 6.096 20mm 150mm 20mm 200mm
I-I 6.096 20mm 150mm 20mm 200mm

168
Analysis and Design of Earthquake Resistant Apartment Building Structure

169

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