2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT)
Analysis of Very Long Distance AC Power
Transmission Line
K. P. Prasad Rao
Research Scholar,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
prasadraokondenti@gmail.com
Abstract—At present, there is, an imbalanced power distribution
to load from resources and also Electric shortages are regular in
some countries. This article illustrates the Long-Distance
Transmission Line technologies to overcome the above
problems. It is mainly visualized in two ways - UHV AC and
UHV DC Transmission Line. Under UHV AC Transmission
Line, there are many technologies to analyze the system.
Whereas, UHV DC Transmission Line is used to transmit the
DC power. The different types of frequency multipliers are used
in half-wavelength tuned AC Transmission Line. MATLAB is
the soft ware use to analyze the test system.
Keywords—50/3Hz Transmission System, Variable Frequency,
High Frequency, Half-Wavelength Power Transmission Scheme,
Electromagnetic Transient Study.
I. INTRODUCTION
More and more crucial with the burning up of property,
now a days our constituency have been in front of the risk of
reserve depletion and coal shortage has major impact on the
residential living [1]. In the past, firstly, Southern California
Edison Company introduced the transmission line for long
distance with high-voltage in the year 1914 which is energized
by 150kV voltage. Then, in 1924, modified transmission line
came into service with a voltage capability of 220kV.
Then, Different methods are available to analyze the Long-
Distance Transmission Line: Fractional Frequency
Transmission System, Half-Wavelength Transmission System,
Transient Study of Transmission Line tuned for Half-
Wavelength. Half-Wavelength Transmission Line is nothing
but, the line span between the receiving and the sending ends
is about partly of a power frequency wavelength. Large power
transmission capacity, extremely stable end voltage, no
compensating equipments and switching stations are required
for power transmission in this Long-Distance Transmission
Line [2-3] and also the total line impedance becomes virtually
zero [4]. The Ultra-Long-Distance Transmission line refers to
the transmission mode of transportation distance between
2000~3000km [5].
In this article, different types of analysis on Very Long-
Distance AC Power Transmission line are discussed.
Frequency multiplier is used to convert Fractional Frequency
(50/3Hz) to Nominal Frequency (50Hz) in case of fractional
frequency transmission system and is a one of the alternates to
convert the frequency from one level to another level with
Cycloconverter [6]. In the case of fractional frequency
transmission system, a Step-up Cycloconverter and Resonant
Converters are used for better conversion of frequency. In
diode frequency multiplier method, the multiplication of
frequency is performed by a nonlinear resistance or
conductance with consequent poor conversion efficiency [7,
978-1-5386-2361-9/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
P. Srinivasa Varma MIEEE
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
pinnivarma@gmail.com
8]. Now days, the FACTS controllers are used to control the
profile of the voltage and current in Half-Wavelength AC
Power Transmission Line [9]. In this paper, the author, discuss
the different types of analysis of very long transmission line
with results.
II. VERY LONG DISTANCE AC POWER TRANSMISSION
LINE
The Electric Grid Corporation takes a decision as a
strategic objective i.e., to build a national grid. It accelerates
the Ultra High Voltage (UHV) Power Grid construction and
put it into operation in order of 1000kV exchange system.
In this article, half – wavelength AC power transmission
lines and fractional frequency (50/3 Hz) transmission system
tools are illustrated under AC UHV transmission line. The
Variable Frequency Half-Wavelength Transmission System,
High Frequency Half-Wavelength Transmission System and
Transient Study of a Transmission Line tuned for Half-
Wavelength are the technologies implicated in the Half-
Wavelength AC Power Transmission Line.
Previously, in the conventional electrical transmission
system, the power transmitting capacity and transmission line
distance mainly depends on voltage rating levels. So, 750kV is
the highest level of operating voltage. But, some difficulties of
material and environmental issues may arise by upgrading of
level of voltage. The other method is HVDC Transmission
System to increase the transmission capacity. Converters are
very expensive in case of HVDC Transmission System at
receiving-end and easy to expose the transients. With this
drawback, the usage of HVDC is restricted to the point-to-
point transmission [10-12]. In 1994, the Fractional Frequency
Transmission System (FFTS) was introduced with 50/3Hz
lower frequency to increase the transmission capacity with
reduced electrical length.
After introducing the transformer, flexibility has been
taken place to convert one level to another level of voltage.
But, transforming the frequency was not easy as much as
voltage. With the development of power electronic devices it
becomes very easy to transform/convert frequency from one
level to other level. The lesser frequency of electricity is easy
to pass on superior power to longer span, whereas, the superior
frequency electricity can be used extra capably to force the
electrical tools.
Half-Wavelength AC Power Transmission Lines: The
Half-Wavelength Transmission Line is a lossless line and it
has the subsequent advantages:
(1) Magnitude of voltage and the power factor are same at
receiving end and sending end,
 (2) In middle of line, voltage will increase with the relative
amount power transmitted and its surge impedance load,
(3) In middle of line, current is stable with any amount of
transmitted power.
(4) The phase angle between the receiving and sending
ends for any transmitted power is 1800, thus, the half-
wavelength line system behaves like a short line as associated
to dynamic stability studies [8].
The following analysis is based on 60Hz frequency which
is used as system frequency and this 60c/s is a wavelength for
uncompensated overhead line for 3000 miles distance
transmission. Changing the line parameters – like length of the
conductor, grouping, spacing of the phases and voltage has
almost no stress on the wavelength, provided the frequency is
held strong. In this analysis, assuming that the transmission
line length is less than 1800 electric for 60c/s practically. To
allow a 900-mile overhead line with a voltage potential of
500kV to be extended to a half-wavelength line electrically,
this system is in the shape of two strategies. First one is, at the
ends of the road, all the tuning equipment will be placed. In
the second, the road’s surge impedance loading will increase
after delivered the shunt capacitors alongside the road and
concurrently to shorten the 60c/s wavelength. The following
three types will represents the analysis of half – wavelength
transmission system.
A. Variable Frequency Half-Wavelength (λ/2) Transmission
Scheme
In this scheme, compared with reactive parts of the
transmission line, the line can be approximately lossless with
negligible resistance in the transmission line. According to the
solution of sinusoidal steady state of the lossless line equation,
the voltage and current vectors at distance from the
receiving end can be written as:
(1)
where ‘Zc’ is surge impedance and ‘α’ is phase constant
given by α = 2π/λ (λ is wavelength). Hence, the end voltages
and currents of a λ/2 line can be derived as:
Figure 1: High Frequency Half-Wavelength Transmission Scheme.
C. Transient Analysis of a Transmission Line tuned for Half-
Wavelength
To understand this study, A test system consists of three
lines is considered in the present study: the tuned one with
(2)
Eqn. (2) is the key advantage of Half-Wavelength
Transmission Technology. As aforementioned, the main
drawback of natural Half-Wavelength Transmission Line is its
fixed improper length, to overcome this problem; one solution
is to change the frequency of power. As the electrical
wavelength is determined by the frequency of transmitted
power as λ = v/f, where, ‘v’ is the wave propagation speed and
close to , and ‘f’ is the frequency of power. If the
frequency of power is raised, the corresponding length of
Half-Wavelength Transmission Line will be reduced. Based
on the equation of the generator frequency,
[1&3].
B. High Frequency Half-Wavelength Power Transmission
Scheme
in this analysis, it is assumed that the line is a lossless line.
For a lossless line, the voltage and current at distance from
the sending end can be calculated as follows:
(3)
If Eqn. (3) becomes
(4)
The Eqn. (4) implies that, there is no impedance between
the sending and receiving nodes of the line, as if the line did
not subsist. The line can change the phase angle between
voltage and current only. Further, it is proposed to use
generators with more frequency to produce a sufficient
frequency that leads to a half-wave length matching the
distance between the sending and the receiving nodes as
shown in Fig. 1. In this technique, the generator and line are
combined as one unit that just functions for the required
transmission distance. It is observed, that the proposed
technique is not suitable for network operation. Its purpose is
to bring a large remote generator closer to the load centre
using Half-Wavelength Transmission Line [4].
1500km, the Half-Wavelength with 2600km and a
conventional 400km line. Fig. 2 shows the 1500km system
under analysis.
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 Figure 2: Schematic Diagram to study the transmission line with electromagnetic transient study
A non-conventional line is used in the present study with
high power capacity. Although the objective is to study a
1500km line, this should be a bulk transmission with low loss
level.
The line specifications are:
It has six conductors per phase and two ground wires.
The bundle conductor is designed with respect to
constraints such as corona effect.
The soil resistivity is constant and equal to 2000Ω-m.
The line is represented under balanced condition and also
with its actual transposition section. For the balanced line, the
ideal transposition is considered for the whole frequency range.
The actual transposed line is represented using non-transposed
line section with the transposition tower. This analysis is
important to properly observe the higher frequencies transient
response and its influence in the overvoltage attenuation.
A transposition cycle consists normally of three phase
rotations, which seek to balance the phase parameters for
fundamental frequency. To achieve this, the length of each
transposition cycle should be much less than a quarter of half
wavelength for network frequency, which means a much
smaller length than 1200km. For the 1500km line, this results
in splitting the line into four transposition cycles of 375km
Figure 3. (a) Schematic Diagram of Fractional Frequency Transmission Line,
(b) Schematic Diagram of Frequency Multiplier/Frequency Changer.
The heating limitation is not a major obstruction for the
long-distance AC Transmission. Its load capacity primarily
depends on the solidity boundary and voltage fall maximum
value by:
(5)
where ‘X’ is the reactance of the transmission line, ‘V’ is
the usual voltage from the above relation, the transmission
capability is directly proportional to the square of the usual
each one. The cycle is divided into 4 sections of 62.5km,
125km, 125km and 62.5km [15-17].
Observations: The concept behind in Half-Wave length
transmission line model is applying the half wave length (i.e.,
λ/2) then the very long transmission line converts into a short
transmission line. So, it is very comfortable to evaluate the
transmission line. But, in other way, the voltage is same at
receiving end as well as sending end because of the tuning
circuits. According to this, the power should be the same
throughout the line. It is difficult to analyze the system when it
is experienced to a fault. There is a way to identify the fault in
the very long transmission line, i.e., with respect to its
impedance.
III. 50/3HZ TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
In this method the frequency of power can be reduced to
1/3rd by reducing no. of pole pairs. At receiving end the
frequency multiplier adjusted the frequency from 50/3Hz to
50Hz then supplies the power to the public as shown in Fig. 3.
The 50/3Hz frequency can be utilized to the lines with
transmission distance up to three times more compared to
traditional 50Hz power transmission. At the end of the
transmission line, critical frequency multiplier is used as a dual
main control system and it works as a AC-AC converter
circuit.
voltage and inversely proportional to the reactance of the
transmission line from equation (5).
The fall in voltage can be evaluated by:
(6)
The dip in voltage and line reactance are directly
proportional to each other and dip in voltage is inversely
proportional to the square of voltage. In order to boost the
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transmission capability, the nominal voltage level can be Fractional Frequency Transmission System is less as compared
increased or the reactance of the transmission line can be to the normal transmission system. This can be verified by the
reduced. The reactance is directly proportional to power following relation [18],
frequency and is given by:
(7) (8)

where, ‘L’ is the transmission line total inductance. Hence, Observations: Coming to the 50/3Hz transmission system,
fall in the electrical frequency can proportionally increase the frequency can be changed with the help of pole pairs in the
transmission capacity. Thus Fractional Frequency alternator. Then, the power will transmit for more distance.
Transmission System uses reduced frequency to decrease But, practically it is not possible, so that as an alternative, at
reactance of the transmission system. For instance, when the sending end and receiving end the Cyclo converter can be used
50Hz frequency is reduced by three times, then theoretically, to change 50/3Hz to 50Hz instead of AC – AC converter as it
transmission distance increases three times. The power loss in is expensive.
IV. MATLAB SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Discrete,
Ts = 5e -005 s. ____________________________
l l
powe rgui l l Vabc
Vabc A
A A A a l l
A Vabc a
a l A A
l B
A A
B B a 1000 Km 1000 Km 1000 Km Fixed AC with 50/3 Hz to B B b B B
b B b B l l
l C C C C
Transmission Transmission Transmission Fixed DC to C
C
C
b Line Line Line Fixed AC with 50 Hz l c
c
C c C c Converter l l Three Phase Load
3 - Phase,

A
B
C
l l (or)
440 Ph - Ph rms voltage,
3 - Phase Transformer, \_________________________ _________________________/ AC - DC - AC Converter l l Users
50/3 Hz Supply
440 / 1000 volts, \/ (or) l l
50/3 Hz 3000 Km Transmission Line System with 1000 volts, 50/3 Hz Frequency Multiplier l l

C
A
B
l l
l l
l l
l l
l l
____________________________
LC Filter

Figure 4. MATALAB Simulation diagram for 50/3 Hz Transmission System

A Three Phase, 440 Volts phase to phase rms voltage and 50/3 transmit the sending end to receiving end through the
Hz frequency generator is taken as source and three phase, 440 transmission line which is a length of 3000 km. At receiving
/ 1000 Volts phase to phase rms voltage, 50/3 Hz frequency end, the 1000 volts, 50/3 Hz frequency can be converted as
and two winding transformer is taken as step up transformer to 1000 Volts, 50 Hz frequency with the help of AC – DC – AC
increase the voltage level upto 1000 Volts and the same can converter (or) Frequency Multiplier (or) Cyclo Converter.
Phase - B
440 V, 50/3 Hz Three Phase Source Voltage Phase - C
500

400

300

200
Voltage in volts

100

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time in sec

Figure 5. Three Phase Source Voltage with 50/3 Hz

Fig. 5, shows the three phase voltage waveform generated 50/3 Hz with the help of three phase two winding step up
by the source with magnitude of 440 Volts and 50/3 Hz transformer is shown in Fig. 6.
frequency. This can be converted into 3 – Phase, 1000 volts,

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 Three Phase Stepup Voltage
4000

3000
1000 V, 50/3 Hz
2000

1000
Voltage in volts

-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time in sec

Figure 6. Three Phase Step – Up Transformer Voltage with 50/3 Hz

After the conversion of voltage form 440 Volts to 50/3 Hz supply with the help of AC – DC – AC
1000 Volts, and same can be transmitted through the Converter. The same will be obtained by using the
transmission line under the frequency 50/3 Hz. Fig. 7, Frequency Multiplier (or) Three Phase Step Up Cyclo
shows the three phase load voltage of 1000 volts with Converter.
frequency of 50 Hz after the conversion of 1000 Volts,
Three Phase Load Voltage
1500
1000 V, 50 Hz

1000

500
Voltage in volts

-500

-1000

-1500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time in sec

Figure 7. Three Phase Load Voltage with 50 Hz

V.
In this article, different types of techniques available in the
extra long distance transmission line and which can be used to
transmit the power are discussed. The concept behind the Half-
Wave length transmission line model is applying the half wave
length (i.e., λ/2) then the very long transmission line is
converted into a short transmission line. So, it is very
comfortable to evaluate the transmission line. Coming to the
50/3Hz transmission system, the frequency can be changed
with the help of pole pairs in the alternator. Then, the power
will transmit for more distance. The fault analysis of the very
long distance transmission line is used to identify the type of
protection scheme, because with this analysis, both the ends of
the transmission line have same voltage.
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