Lecture 4

Design data
 Definition
𝑆𝑇 : tensile strength (ultimate strength) ∆𝑡: corrosion allowable
𝑆𝐶 : compressive strength 𝑡𝑠𝑐 : thickness of shell, corroded
𝑆𝐵 : bending strength 𝑡𝑠𝑛 : thickness of shell, new
𝑆𝑌 : yield strength 𝑡ℎ𝑐 : thickness of head, corroded
𝑆𝐹 : fatigue limit 𝑡ℎ𝑛 : thickness of head, new
𝜏 𝑇 : torque limit 𝑅𝑖𝑛 : inside radius, new, in
𝜏𝑆 : shear strength 𝑅𝑖𝑐 : inside radius, corroded, in
𝑆 𝑎 : allowable stress at ambient 𝑅𝑜 : outside radius, in
temperature, psi 𝐷𝑖𝑛 : inside diameter, new, in
𝑆: allowable stress at design 𝐷𝑖𝑐 : inside diameter, corroded, in
temperature, psi 𝐷𝑜 : outside diameter, in
𝐸: elastic modullus
𝐴𝑘 : toughness (J/m2)
𝜌: density
Requirements of chemical equipment
• Sufficient strength, no breakage
• Sufficient rigidity, limit deformation
• Sufficient stability, no failure, drape
• Toughness, assuring confident usage time
• Tightness, no leakage
• Saving materials and easy to manufacture
• Convenient to be assembled, transported, operated and
maintained
• Standard & economy
 Design data

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Dimension
• Corrosion
• Additional loads: wind, snow, seismic,
earthquake loads, machinery, piping,
insulation, vessel support, operating
and testing conditions…
 Definition
Operating Temperature (𝑇): The temperature that will be
maintained in the metal of the part of the vessel being
considered for the specified operation of the vessel.
 Definition
Design Temperature (𝑇𝐷 )
For most vessels, it is the temperature that corresponds to
the design pressure. However, there is a maximum design
temperature and a minimum design temperature for any
given vessel. The minimum design temperature would be
the MDMT (see Procedure 2–17). The MDMT shall be the
lowest temperature expected in service or the lowest
allowable temperature as calculated for the individual
parts. Design temperature for vessels under external
pressure shall not exceed the maximum temperatures
given on the external pressure charts.
 Definition
Design Temperature (𝑇𝐷 )

𝑇𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 + 20℃ (with insulation)
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 + 50℃ (contact to flame, hot gas)
and 𝑇𝐷 ≥ 250℃
• −20℃ < 𝑇𝐷 ≤ 200℃: normal condition
• 𝑇𝐷 ≤ −20℃: cryogenic condition, brittlement
consideration
• 𝑇𝐷 ≥ 0.3𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡 : creep deformation is significant
 Definition
Operating pressure (𝑝): The pressure at the top of the
vessel at which it normally operates. It shall be lower than
the MAWP, design pressure, or the set pressure of any
pressure relieving device
 Definition
Maximum Allowable Pressure (MAP): The term MAP is
often used to refer the maximum permissible (gauge)
pressure based on the weakest part in the new
(uncorroded) and cold condition, and all other loadings are
not taken into consideration.
 Definition
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) or mean
pressure: The maximum permissible (gauge) pressure at the
top of the vessel in its normal operating at a specific
temperature, usually the design temperature. MAWP should
be authorized stamped on the nameplate. The MAWP for the
vessel will be governed by the MAWP of the weakest part.
The MAWP may be determined for more than one
designated operating temperature. The applicable allowable
stress value at each temperature would be used, when more
than one set of conditions is specified for a given vessel, the
vessel designer and user should decide which set of
conditions will govern for the setting of the relief valve.
 Definition
Test pressure ( 𝑝𝑇 ): is the pressure used to test the
mechanical requirements as burst testing and leak testing.
𝑝𝑇𝑆 : shop hydro pressure (cold and new)
𝑝𝑇𝐹 : field hydro pressure (hot and corroded)
0.006 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑝𝑇 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Hydrostatic
test pressure

MAWP
1X 1,5X 2X 3X 4X

Pressure
 Definition
Fabrication Design pressure
Test pressure 𝑝𝑇 (bar)
methods 𝑝𝐷 (bar)
𝑝𝐷 𝑆 20
< 0,5 𝑇
+ 𝜌g𝐻 + 0,5 and ≥ 0.6
𝑆
1.5𝑝𝐷 𝑆 20
0.5 ÷ 0.7 𝑇
+ 𝜌g𝐻 and ≥ 1
𝑆
Welding
1.5𝑝𝐷 𝑆 20
0.7 ÷ 5 𝑇
+ 𝜌g𝐻 and ≥ 3
𝑆
1.25𝑝𝐷 𝑆 20
≥5 𝑇
+ 𝜌g𝐻 and ≥ 𝑝 + 3
𝑆
independent of 1.5𝑝𝐷 𝑆 20
Casting + 𝜌g𝐻 and ≥ 𝑝 + 3
pressure 𝑆 𝑇
 MAP, MAWP and Test pressures
𝑆 𝑎 𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑛 𝑆 𝑎 𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑛
𝑀𝐴𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑀𝐴𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 =
𝑅𝑖 + 0.6𝑡𝑠𝑛 𝑅𝑜 − 0.4𝑡𝑠𝑛
Shell
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑐
𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝑐 𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 =
𝑅𝑖 + 0.6𝑡𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑜 − 0.4𝑡𝑠𝑐
2𝑆 𝑎 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑛 2𝑆 𝑎 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑛
𝑀𝐴𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑀𝐴𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 =
𝐷𝑖 + 0.2𝑡ℎ𝑛 𝐷𝑜 − 1.8𝑡ℎ𝑛
Head
2𝑆𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑐 2𝑆𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑐
𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝑐 𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖 =
𝐷𝑖 + 0.2𝑡ℎ𝑐 𝐷𝑜 − 1.8𝑡ℎ𝑐
𝑆 𝑎
Shop test 𝑝𝑇𝑆 = 1.3𝑀𝐴𝑃 𝑝𝑇𝑆 = 1.3𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃
𝑆
Field test 𝑝𝑇𝐹 = 1.3𝑝𝐷
 Definition
Design pressure (𝑝𝐷 )
The pressure used in the design of a vessel component for
the most severe condition of coincident pressure and
temperature expected in normal operation. For this
condition, and test condition, the maximum difference in
pressure between the inside and outside of a vessel, or
between any two chambers of a combination unit, shall be
considered. Any thickness required for static head or other
loadings shall be additional to that required for the design
pressure (not including the 20% of extra pressure for
contingency)
 Definition
Design pressure (𝑝𝐷 )
𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝 + 𝜌g𝐻
and 𝑝𝐷 ≥ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑝𝐷 : design pressure
𝑝: operating pressure (vapor chamber)
𝜌: density of liquid
𝐻: height of liquid
• 𝑝𝐷 < 16 𝑏𝑎𝑟: low pressure
• 16 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≤ 𝑝𝐷 < 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟: medium pressure
• 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≤ 𝑝𝐷 < 1000 𝑏𝑎𝑟: high pressure
• 𝑝𝐷 ≥ 1000 𝑏𝑎𝑟: ultra high pressure
 Design pressure

𝑝 > 𝑝𝑎 𝑝 < 𝑝𝑎

𝑝𝑎

Internal pressure External pressure

𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝐷 = 2𝑝𝑎
 Design pressure
𝑝1

𝑝2 𝑝1 > 𝑝2 > 𝑝𝑎

• Internal shell, head, bottom are internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑎

• External shell is internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑎
 Design pressure
𝑝1

𝑝2 𝑝2 > 𝑝1 > 𝑝𝑎

• Head is internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑎

• Internal shell, bottom are external pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑎
• External shell is internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑎
 Design pressure
𝑝1

𝑝2 𝑝1 > 𝑝𝑎 > 𝑝2

• Head is internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑎

• Internal shell, bottom are internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝1
• External shell is external pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 2𝑝𝑎
 Design pressure
𝑝1

𝑝2 𝑝2 > 𝑝𝑎 > 𝑝1

• Head is external pressued: 𝑝𝐷 = 2𝑝𝑎

• Internal shell, bottom are external pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑎
• External shell is internal pressured: 𝑝𝐷 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑎
 Design pressure
𝑝1

𝑝2 𝑝𝑎 > 𝑝1 , 𝑝2

• Internal shell, head, bottom and external

shell are external pressured: 𝑝 = 2𝑝𝑎
 Design data
• Allowable stress 𝑆 is a function of temperature, 𝑆 = 𝑓 𝑇
• Safety factor 𝑛 𝑇 , 𝑛𝑌 , 𝑛𝐹 : depends on manufacturing methods and
types of material.
• Correction factor 𝜂: specific operating conditions in the device.
𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐷
𝑆 𝑆𝑇 𝑆𝑌 𝑆𝐹
= = =
𝜂 𝑛𝑇 𝑛𝑌 𝑛𝐹
𝑇
• 𝑆𝑇 𝐷 : tensile strength or ultimate strength of material at design
temperature
𝑇
• 𝑆𝑌 𝐷 : yield strength of material at design temperature
𝑇
• 𝑆𝐹 𝐷 : fatigue limit of material at design temperature
 Design data
Carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy
Safety Aluminium /
Roll, forge
factors Cast Copper and alloy
𝑝𝐷 − 𝑝𝑎 < 5𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝐷 − 𝑝𝑎 ≥ 5𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝒏𝑻 2,6 3,6 3,5
𝒏𝒀 1,65 1,5 2,1 –
𝒏𝑭 1,5 2,1 1,5
• For brittle material (cast iron): 𝑛 𝑇 = 4 ÷ 5
• For nonmetallic: 𝑛 𝑇 ≥ 5
Operating conditions Correction factor, 𝜼
Dangerous conditions: explosive media, high pressure,
0,90
hazardous, exhaust gas, fire heating…
With insulation 0,95
Others 1,00
 Design data
𝑆 × 10−3 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑺 𝑻𝑫 ℉
–20÷100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
304 18,8 15,7 14,1 12,9 12,1 11,4 11,2 11,1 10,8 10,6 10,4 10,2
316
18,8 17,7 15,6 14,3 13,3 12,6 12,3 12,1 11,9 11,7 11,6 11,5
317
950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500
304 10,0 9,8 9,5 8,9 7,7 6,1 4,7 3,7 2,9 2,3 1,8 1,4
316
11,4 11,3 11,2 11,0 9,8 7,4 5,5 4,1 3,1 2,3 1,7 1,3
317
𝑺 𝑻𝑫 ℉
–20÷100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
304L 16,3 14,3 12,8 11,7 10,9 10,3 10,1 10,0 9,8 9,7 – –
316L 16,7 14,1 12,7 11,7 10,9 10,4 10,2 10,0 9,8 9,6 9,4 –
 Design data
Joint efficiency, 𝑒: to be used for thickness calculation
and depends on types of welding joint, welding
methods, material…

Welding Diameter Join efficiency (𝒆)

form (m) Steel/Alloy Copper/Alloy Aluminium/Alloy Niken/Alloy Titanium/Alloy
< 0,5 0,80 0,75 0,70 0,75 0,85
One side
> 0,5 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,65
< 0,7 1,00 0,90 0,85 0,80 0,95
Both sides
> 0,7 0,95 0,85 0,80 0,75 0,90
 Definition
Additional thickness: depends on the methods of
manufacturing, operating conditions, practical standards
(corrosive chemical, abrasion mechanically, misleading of
manufacturing, montage, standard round size).
• 𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒 : for chemical corrosion, depends on lifetime,
𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 𝜏
• 𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑐 : for mechanical abrasion, significant in case of
𝑣𝐿 ≥ 10 𝑚Τ𝑠 and 𝑣𝐺 ≥ 50 𝑚Τ𝑠
• 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑠 : for manufacturing deviation, assembling,
depends on manufacturing methods and parts
• 𝑡𝑑𝑖𝑚 : for round up dimension
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒 + 𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑐 + 𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑡𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑡
 Thickness and internal pressure

Thickness, 𝒕, in
𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑖 𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑜
Cylindrical shell
𝑆𝑒 − 0.6𝑝𝐷 𝑆𝑒 + 0.4𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑖 𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑜
Spherical shell
2𝑆𝑒 − 0.2𝑝𝐷 2𝑆𝑒 + 0.8𝑝𝐷

• Formulas are valid for 𝑝𝐷 < 3000 psi

• Cylindrical shells where 𝑡 < 0.5𝑅 or 𝑝𝐷 < 0.385𝑆𝑒
• Spherical shells and hemispherical heads where 𝑡 < 0.365𝑅𝑛 or
𝑝𝐷 < 0.665𝑆𝑒
 Thickness and internal pressure
Thickness, 𝒕, in
𝑝𝐷 𝐷𝑖 𝑝𝐷 𝐷𝑜
Ellipsoidal head
2𝑆𝑒 − 0.2𝑝𝐷 2𝑆𝑒 + 1.8𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷 𝐷𝑖 𝑝𝐷 𝐷𝑜
Conical head
2 cos 𝛼 𝑆𝑒 − 0.6𝑝𝐷 2 cos 𝛼 𝑆𝑒 + 0.4𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑖 𝑝𝐷 𝑅𝑜
Spherical head
2𝑆𝑒 − 0.2𝑝𝐷 2𝑆𝑒 + 0.8𝑝𝐷

• For conical head, 𝛼 is a half of head angle, 𝐷 is the large dimameter

 Thickness and internal pressure

Minimum thickness of cylindrical shell

𝐷𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚 < 400 400 ÷ 1000 1000 ÷ 2000 2000 ÷ 4000
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑚𝑚 2 3 4 5
Minimum thickness of spherical shell
𝐷𝑖 , 𝑚𝑚 < 2000 2000 ÷ 4000 4000 ÷ 8000 8000 ÷ 12000
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑚𝑚 6 8 10 12 ÷ 14
Thickness and internal pressure

Standard thickness (mm)

0,45 2,00 12,00
0,55 2,50 16,00
0,70 3,00 20,00
0,90 4,00 25,00
1,00 5,00 32,00
1,20 6,00 40,00
1,50 8,00 50,00
1,60 10,00
 External pressure
𝐴: factor
𝐴𝑠 : cross section area of stiffener, in2
𝐵: factor allowable compressive stress, psi
𝐷𝑖 : inside diameter of cylinder, in
𝐷𝑜 : outside diameter of cylinder, in
𝐷𝐿 : outside diameter of the large end of cone, in
𝐷𝑠 : outside diameter of the small end of cone, in
𝐸: modulus of elasticit, psi
𝐼: actual moment of inertia of stiffener, in
𝐼𝑠 : required moment of inertia of stiffener, in
𝐼𝑠′ : required moment of inertia of combined shell ring cross
section, in
 External pressure
𝐿: the design length for external pressure, in
𝐿𝑒 : equivalent length of conical section, in
𝐿𝑠 : length between stiffeners, in
𝐿𝑡−𝑡 : length of straight portion of shell, tangent to tangent,
in
𝑃𝑎 : allowable external pressure, psi
𝑃𝑋 : design external pressure, psi
𝑅′′ : outside radius of spheres and hemispheres, crown
redius of torispherical heads, in
𝑡: thickness of cylinder, head or conical section, in
𝑡𝑒 : equivalent thickness of cone, in
𝛼: half apex angle of cone, degrees
 External pressure
• Step 1: Calculate dimensions 𝐿. Dimension 𝐿 should
include one–third the depth of the heads. The overall
length of cylinder would be as follows for the various
head types
 External pressure
Dimensions 𝐿
 External pressure
• Step 2: Combine design temperature and the ratio 𝐿Τ𝐷𝑖
for 𝐷𝑖 Τ𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 determination, then 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 is estimated
• Step 3: 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑡
• Step 4: 𝐴 = 𝑓 𝐿Τ𝐷𝑜 , 𝐷𝑜 Τ𝑡
 500

𝐷𝑖 450
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
400

350

300

250

200

150

100
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝐿Τ𝐷𝑖
𝐿Τ𝐷𝑜
 External pressure
• Step 5: 𝐵 = 𝑓 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

304

𝐴
 External pressure
• Step 5: 𝐵 = 𝑓 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

316

𝐴
 External pressure
• Step 6: If factor 𝐴 is unavailable, the allowable external pressure:
2𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑎 =
3 𝐷𝑜 Τ𝑡
• Step 7: For available of 𝐴, the allowable external pressure should
be computed as follows:
4𝐵
𝑃𝑎 =
3 𝐷𝑜 Τ𝑡
• Step 8: If the computed allowable external pressure is less than
the design external pressure, then stiffener must be used or
thickness increasing
 External pressure (spherical) Head
• Step 1: 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 estimation (the following diagram)
• Step 2: 𝐴 determination
0.125
𝐴=
𝑅𝑜 Τ𝑡
• Step 3: 𝐵 = 𝑓 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
• Step 4: For unavailable of 𝐴, the allowable external pressure:
0.0625𝐸
𝑃𝑎 =
𝑅𝑜 Τ𝑡 2
• Step 5: For available of 𝐴, the allowable external pressure
should be computed as follows:
𝐵
𝑃𝑎 =
𝑅𝑜 Τ𝑡
 External pressure (ellipsoidal) Head
• Step 1: 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 estimation
1.67𝑝𝐷 𝐷𝑖
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑆𝑒 + 3𝑝𝐷
• Step 2: 𝐴 determination
0.125
𝐴=
𝑅𝑜 Τ𝑡
• Step 3: 𝐵 = 𝑓 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
• Step 4: For available of 𝐴, the allowable external pressure
should be computed as follows:
𝐵
𝑃𝑎 =
0.9 𝐷𝑜 Τ𝑡