Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology

Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter, 1960), pp. 61-86
Published by: Middle East Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4323201 .
Accessed: 17/03/2014 10:05

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Middle East Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Middle East
Journal.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 DEVELOPMENTS OF THE QUARTER
Comment and Chronology
Algeria
Again, as in the Spring of 1958, the current
affairsof Francehave been centeredin Algeria.
The former crisis put an end to the Fourth
Republicand made Charlesde Gaulle Head of
Stateof the Fifth; the latter, for the time being,
has ended with de Gaulle's assumptionof full
powers-"a reluctant dictator" for a year to
come.
One striking difference between the two
occasions was the attitude of urban Arab
Algerians toward the constituted authority: in
1958 there was some show of solidarity be-
tween Arab and French elements in favor of
de Gaulle; in January1960 the French rebels
against de Gaulle were unable to rally to their
cause more than a few dozens of the curious
among the Arabs. It appearsthat the difference
lay largely in the man. In spite of his pro-
nouncements"que d'aucunsqualifientde sybil-
lines," as al-Mahdi bin Barqa has put it, the
Arabs of Algeria and the rest of the Maghrib
trust Charles de Gaulle more than they do any
other Frenchman.
The arrest, following the recent abortive
revolt, of such men as Alain de Serigny, the
once powerful editor of L'Echo d'Alger, will
perhaps serve as an earnest of de Gaulle's in-
tentions in any pourparlersbetween the French
Government and the 'Abbas Provisional Gov-
ernment of Algeria. If these talks are to be
"technical"rather than "political," that is, if
they are to consider only the modalities of a
referendum,not many will be able to perceive
a difference that is substantive. If what the
French President meant when he recently said
he wished "the most French solution" of the
impasse-integration, at least to the French
ears-then one may say that it is a desire and
not a determination. So it sounded.
Now that M. JacquesSoustelle is no longer
part of the de Gaulle regime, it is worth while
61
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
considering the extent to which the French of
the Metropole will insist upon retention of
SaharanAlgeria as a part of France,tout court,
no matter what the results of a referendum
might be. There has been a great deal of dis-
cussion concerning a federal or cantonal state,
with lines drawnto accommodatelocal prepond-
erances of Europeansin Algeria. If the idea
were carriedout literally, then "cantons"could
be carved out of regions around the oil instal-
lations of Hassi Mas'ud, and even the atomic
installationsat Reggan, if these are to be more
or less permanent,and emerge from a refer-
endum as Frenchas the Elysee.
It was severalyearsago that the proposalfor
a state of two nationalitieswas first made for
Algeria; the idea may have derived from the
late Judah Magnes' hope for two nationalities
in Palestine. The principal difficulty of the
arrangementis that it presupposesthe kind of
basic historicalidentitywhich exists, say among
French-, Italian-, and German-speaking in-
habitantsof Switzerland.But federalismis only
one of the possible alternativesand negotiators
working in good faith can discover the means
to protect the legitimate interests of nine
million Arabs and one million Europeans.
Cyprus
Professor Roy Fairfield,writing in the Sum-
mer 1959 issue of the journal, enumeratedthe
problems that remained after the February19
agreementon Cypriot independence. He fore-
saw difficulties " . . . if the agreementsper-
taining to the air and naval bases run afoul
of technical difficulties."(p. 245). Now this
has happened, and independence, due on
February19, 1960, has been twice postponed,
the last time indefinitely. The "technical
difficulty" concerns the size of the reserved
territoriesand, at this writing, the two parties
62 DEVELOPMENTS OF THE QUARTER: COMMENT AND CHRONOLOGY

are so far apart on the issue that compromise had, during the past two years, also been a
seems difficult indeed. The public statements member of the Institute'sBoard of Governors
of Archbishol-President-elect Makarios and and gave freely of his time and energy in that
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd do not leave much room capacity. Though he had recentlybeen severely
for maneuver. The desire of the British to be ill, his efforts did not flag.
rid of one of its most unsatisfactorycolonial Particularlyto the publication activities of
situations and the wish of the Cypriots for the Instituteis this loss keenly felt. It was only
independenceas soon as possible are, however, in the Summer 1959 issue of the Journalthat
still positive negotiating elements. Mr. Stevens, freed of corporateresponsibilities,
wrote "Some Reflections on the First Arab
PetroleumCongress,"an articlewhich has been
widely noted since. From his own resources
and by solicitationfrom others, he had helped
Harley C. Stevens to maintain the book publication program of
the Institute. In his support of its basic ideal,
that the Middle East deserves"such thoughtful
The death of Harley C. Stevenson December attention as can be initiated and encouraged"
26, 1959, was a grievous loss to the Middle in this country, Harley Stevens was a strong
East Institute. A friend from its early days, he pillar and will be much missed.

Notice to Readers
With the forthcoming Spring issue, the Journal will
inaugurate a different version of its section heretofore
labelled "Reader'sCommentary."Now to be called "Com-
munications,"this section invites more general comment
than has been our practice in the past and letters other
than those concerning a previous article in the journal
are welcome.
Such communicationsas that which will appear in the
Spring, on the anniversaryof an academicinstitution, or
other news of interestboth to professionalsin Middle East
matters and to laymen, are cordially invited. The Journal
cannot, of course,undertaketo print all those receivedbut,
within space limitations, the editors look forward to ex-
panded service for readers.

This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 Chronology
September 16, 1959 -December
General
1959
Sept. 16: United States officials expressedthe hope
that Arab leaders would not reject out of hand
Presidentde Gaulle's plan for ending the Algerian
war.
France will inform the General Assembly of
Presidentde Gaulle'splan for Algeria but will not
take part in the Assembly debate on Algeria, it
was learned.
President Charles de Gaulle promised to let
the people of Algeria choose their own future-
even independence-within four years after the
restorationof peacethere.
Sept. 17: Mr. Christian Herter, US Secretaryof
State, said at the UN General Assemblythat the
US continuedto supportthe principle of freedom
of passagethroughthe Suez Canal.
PresidentEisenhowerendorsedthe plan as "com-
pletely in accordwith our hopes to see proclaimed
a just and liberal programfor Algeria."
The Spanish Government has passed up a
chance to cooperate with French, British, West
German and Italian interests in the exploitation
of rich iron ore fields in northwest Africa.
Sept. 22: A State Department official denied that
the US had strongly urged the Algerian rebels to
accept the de Gaulle peace proposals.
Secretaryof State ChristianA. Herter said that
he hoped nothing would be done in the UN to
prejudice the "just and peaceful solution for
Algeria"containedin the de Gaulle plan.
Sept. 25: France's delegation walked out of the
General Assembly in protest against an Arab
statement picturing the French Army in Algeria
as torturerswith a "thirstfor blood."
Oct. 1: The Sudan and Libya appealedto Franceto
accept an offer by the Algerian rebel government
to begin discussions on the application of self-
determination.
Oct. 3: Following the decisions of the Arab League
Higher EconomicCouncil, the first meeting of the
provisionalArabEconomicCouncilbeganin Beirut
with the stated purpose of co-ordinatingthe eco-
nomic and social policies of the Arab states.
Oct. 8: The US endorsedvery stronglythe election
of Turkeyto the SecurityCouncil becauseshe had
a "good recordof cooperation"with UN programs.
Oct. 9: President Eisenhower joined with the
63
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
15, 1959
CENTO's Council of Ministers in praising Iran's
stand against furious Soviet propagandaattacks.
The CENTO's seventh session which began on
October7 ended today, in Washington.
Oct. 14: Eight membersof the Gaullist group in the
French National Assembly broke away from the
group because they were not being allowed to
defend Algeria's integrationwith France.
Oct. 16: The FrenchNational Assemblygave Presi-
dent Charles de Gaulle an overwhelmingvote of
confidence-441-23.
Oct. 18: The Councilof the Arab Leaguedecidedto
make a grant of 12,000,000 Egyptian pounds in
responseto the Algerian Government'srequest.
French manufacturersof Renault automobile
parts have stopped supplying parts to the Israeli
concern that was assembling the automobiles in
Haifa.
Oct. 19: Turkey took a slight lead over Poland in
the race for a seat in the SecurityCouncil.
A Gaullist leader confirmedreports that Right-
wing forces in Algiers and Paris had plotted to
overthrow the Government of Premier Michel
Debre.
Oct. 20: The Franco-IsraeliAlliance Committeein
Paris decided to campaign for reversal of the
Renaultwithdrawalfrom Israel.
Oct. 27: A draft agreementfor a defense alliance
between Greece, Turkey and Cyrpus,as stipulated
in the London Agreementon Cyprus,was signed
in Athens by representativesof the three countries,
a joint communiquestated.
Oct. 30: The US reiteratedits intentionof withdraw-
ing from Moroccoits naval and air bases.
Ahmad Shukayriof Saudi Arabia denounceda
suggestion by Israel that a regional arms limita-
tion plan for the Middle East be consideredwhile
negotiations over world disarmamentwere pro-
ceeding.
Nov. 1: The nine African states members of the
UN declaredthat there was now hope for a just,
peaceful and democraticsolution in Algeria, now
that it has acceptedthe principle of self-determi-
nation.
Nov. 2: Spain sent notes to all Arab League mem-
ber countriesassuringthem that Spainwas anxious
to preservegood relationswith the Arab countries.
Nov. 4: The Ford Foundationannouncedin New
York a grant of $745,000 for five projects in
Jordan and the UAR. Aid will be given to a
64 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
pilot agriculturalproject in Jordan and for eco-
nomic advisers to the JordanianGovernment.
Nov. 11: Pakistanproposedthe creationof an inter-
nationalcompensatoryfund to cushionthe financial
pressureagainst countriesproducingprimarycom-
modities.
Nov. 14: The ninth conferenceof Arab Chambers
of Commerce,Agriculture and Industry, held in
Kuwayt for a progressreview of the various pro-
posals for economic cooperation between Arab
countries, has been the subject of special interest
because: for the first time the host countrywas a
Persian Gulf emirate, and secondly, the meeting
was attendedby a large delegationfrom Iraq.
Nov. 25: Britain said it would not vote for a pro-
posal to ask the UN SecretaryGeneral to consult
membergovernmentson developingthe petroleum
industryin under-developedcountries.
Nov. 27: Algerian nationalistsheld strategysessions
with their Asian and African supporters,planning
for a full scale debate in the General Assembly's
Political Committee.
Nov. 28: Delegations to the UN have decided to
give priorityto the Algeriandebate.
Nov. 30: Tunisia urged Franceto agree to negotia-
tions with Algerian rebel leaders on a cease-fire
and arrangementsfor a referendumthat would
decide Algeria'sstatus.
Dec. 1: Turkey resumed her lead against Poland
but did not get the sufficientmajorityto win the
seat on the Security Council. A compromiseis
thought inevitable.
Dec. 2: In a debate in the General Assembly's
Legal Committee on a proposed study of the
status of historic waters and historic bays, Israel
and the Arab States clashed over shipping in the
Gulf of Aqaba.
Twenty-oneAsian and African states asked the
UN to urge France and the Algerian people to
begin informal discussions about a cease-fireand
self-determinationfor Algeria.
Dec. 3: Pakistanmoved to preserveher interest in
Ladakh,now in dispute between India and Com-
munist China.
France opposed the Asian-Africanresolution to
the UN General Assembly because its call for
"informaldiscussions"was tantamountto recogni-
tion of the ProvisionalGovernmentas the actual
administrationin Algeria.
Dec. 4: Lieutenant General E. L. M. Burns of
Canada has resigned his post as Commanderof
the UNEF in the Middle East. He will represent
his countryin disarmamenttalks in Geneva early
next year.
Algerian representativesin the UN said that
the Algerian ProvisionalGovernmentwill not dis-
cuss a cease-firewith Francewithout first having
guaranteesof an impartialreferendumin Algeria.
The Soviet Minister of Geology reported that
discoveriesof oil and gas deposits in Uzbekistan
and Turkmenia promised to make those areas
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
among the richest in the Soviet Union.
Dec. 5: Francerenewed her protest to a resolution
of the UN on a settlementof the war in Algeria.
Dec. 6: Premier Michel Debre inaugurateda 400-
mile pipeline carryingoil from Hassi-Messaoudto
Bougie and reaffirmedhis Government'sdetermina-
tion to stay in Algeria.
Dec. 7: The US has approveda $22,000,000 loan
for Pakistan and has signed a new agreementto
guaranteeprivate Americaninvestmentin India.
Talks on Algeria were urgedby the UN Political
Committee by a vote of 38 to 26 with France
absent.
Dec. 12: The Algerian issue was shelved by the
UN.
Aden
(See also, Yemen)
1959
Sept. 28: The sultan of Lahij, Fahd bin 'Ali, laid
the foundationstone of Ittihad city, a new Aden
Federationcapital,at Bir Ahmad.
Oct. 1: Aden colony's 16-month-oldstate of emer-
gency was ended today.
Oct. 20: Employeesat the CrescentHotel are striking
for more money and shorter hours. The manage-
ment claims that one third of them have remained
at work. Local employees of the British Navy,
Army and Air Force Institutes who had been on
strike for a week returnedto work today.
Oct. 26: Two more protectorateswill soon join the
West Aden federation. They are the Muflihi
shaykhdom,and the Aqrabi shaykhdom.
Nov. 9: The council of the Federationof the Arab
Amiratesof the South opened its first meeting in
Aden.
About 500 oil workers in Aden went on a
48-hour strike in response to an appeal by the
BP Aden EmployeesUnion in demand for better
conditions.
Nov. 11: The strikers continued their strike for
anotherthree days while Europeanemployeeshan-
dled the bunkeringoperations.
Nov. 14: As oil workers continue their strike the
oil company announcedthat it would be unable
to bunkermerchantships at Aden until there was
a generalreturnto work.
Nov 25: A trades union mission en route to Saudi
Arabia,the UAR, Lebanon,west Europeand Eng-
land appealed to the InternationalConfederation
of Free Trade Unions, in Brussels, for money for
Aden's "starvingstrikers."
Nov. 27: Sir William Luce, Governor of Aden,
returned from his visit to the British charge
d'affairesin Yemen.
Dec. 1: The Governorof Aden flew to Thamudon
a special tour. A British oil team is exploringthe
area for oil.
Dec. 9: The BP EmployeesUnion decidedto return
to work.
 CHRONOLOGY
Afghanistan
(See also, Pakistan)
1959
Sept. 17: In a joint statementat the conclusion of
their talks in Kabul, the Prime Ministersof India
and Afghanistan said that they had agreed that
the existing cordial relations between the two
countries "should be sustained and enlarged by
increased cultural cooperation and promotion of
mutual trade."
Oct. 2: Ho Ting, the ChineseAmbassadorto Afghani-
stan, gave a reception in Kabul on the occasion
of the 1oth anniversary of the CPR. Acting
Foreign Minister Ali MuhammadKhan, cabinet
ministers, chief of the general staff, and other
high-rankingofficials and officers and diplomatic
representativeswere present.
Nov. 8: Ten leading maliks of the Mangal tribe of
Afghanistan, who sought refuge in Pakistan,
reported that 90 persons belonging to their tribe
had been killed in a wave of repressionslet loose
by the Afghan army in their area, it was reported
in Karachi.
Nov. 12: A meeting of tribesmenof the Malakand
Agency was held at Tokarkand(?) in which they
expressed resentment and indignation over the
persecutionof the Pakhtoonsby the Afghan Gov-
ernment, it was learned in Karachi.
Nov. 21: Trade circles in Karachidisclaimedimagi-
nary restrictions on Afghanistan's transit trade
through Pakistan as persistently referred to by
Kabul radio reports. They indicated an increase
in the volume of importsand exportsto and from
Afghanistan.
Nov. 22: Another 180 Mangal tribesmen have
crossed into Pakistan during the last three days,
it was reportedin Karachi.
Dec. 1: SardarMuhammadNaim, Afghan foreign
minister, has formally accepted an invitation to
visit Pakistan,a Kabul radio announcementstated.
This visit was sparkedby PresidentAyub's bid to
foster friendly relations between Afghanistanand
Pakistan.
Dec. 9: President Eisenhower spent six hours in
Kabul and was hailed by applauding tribesmen
and villagers. He noted Soviet influence on
Afghanistan,especially in her military equipment.
In a joint communique President Eisenhower
and King MuhammadZahir of Afghanistan en-
dorsed unqualifiedly the principles of the UN
Charteras standardsfor internationalbehavior. The
former gave assurancesof an Americandesire to
continueto assist Afghanistaneconomically.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
65
Algeria
(See also General, Iraq)
1959
Sept. 16: In a television and radio addressto France
and Algeria, Presidentde Gaulle promisedAlger-
ians self-determinationwithin four years of a
cessationof the fighting.
Sept. 17: French soldiers early this morning and
again tonight plastered the walls of nearly every
building in downtown Algiers with posters advo-
cating Algeria's integrationwith France.
Sept. 18: The Algiers Public Safety Committeeto-
night attacked President de Gaulle's offer to
Algeria of independence,semi-autonomyor union
with France as "this new demoniacalwager." A
communiqueby the right-wingsettlers'group said
it "proclaimsits faith in integrationand calls for
a union of the populationin this fight for French
Algeria."
Frenchtroops killed 41 Algerian insurgentsand
capturedfive in the past 24 hours, it was learned
in Algiers today.
Sept. 21: GeneralMauriceChalle,Frenchcommander
in chief in Algeria, told his troops that "the
struggle against the rebellion will be intensified"
until "total pacification"is reached.
Sept. 24: Twenty-six persons were killed by insur-
gents who ambusheda Frenchconvoy near Aflou,
about 190 miles south of Algiers.
Sept. 27: Algiers waited tensely today for nationalist
rebel leaders to reply to President de Gaulle's
offer of self-determinationfor Algeria.
Algiers experiencedits fifth bomb incident in
three days.
Sept. 28: Replyingin Tunis to Presidentde Gaulle's
offer of self-determination,the Algerian Provis-
ional Governmentsaid it was ready to pursue the
struggle but would neglect nothing which might
lead to peace.
An InformationMinistry spokesman disclosed
in Paris today that the French Governmentwill
officially ignore the declarationin Tunis by the
Algerian ProvisionalGovernment.
PremierFarhat'Abbasacceptedthe principle of
self-determinationand said his regime was ready
to discuss the political and military conditions of
a cease-fireand the applicationof self-determina-
tion.
ConservativeEuropeansin Algeria for the most
part breathed a sigh of relief in the hope that
a negotiated settlement would result in view of
the reply of the Algerian ProvisionalGovernment
to the de Gaulle offer, and in Morocco,Moroccan
royal palace and political leaders welcomed the
Algerian nationalist declaration as a "positive
factortowarda solution"of the Algerianproblem.
Sept. 30: President Charles de Gaulle was accused
of "treason"in Algiers today in a public state-
ment by Pierre Lagaillarde,Deputy from Algiers
66 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
in the French National Assembly saying that
de Gaulle started a process of a deliberate "sell
out" of Algeria immediately after coming to
power.
Mohan Ait al-Hocine, head of the Algerian
rebel organization in the Paris suburbs was
arrestedin Parisby Frenchpolice.
Oct. 1: Electric light and power over a wide area
in the Blida region were cut off during the night
when insurgents blew up a transformerand cut
two main power lines.
French army headquarterssaid that Tunisian
troopshad been battlingsince September28 against
Algerian insurgent units north of Haidra and
severalTunisianshad been wounded.
Oct. 3: All the speakersat an Algiers meeting of
250 mayors and membersof the French National
Assemblydeclaredthemselvespledged to the inte-
gration of Algeria with Franceand repudiatedany
possibilityof anothersolution.
Oct. 5; The French Army producedtoday a docu-
ment purporting to show that 483 rebel fighters
had been executed by their commanderfor advo-
catingcease-firetalks with France.
Oct. 11: Muslim rebels stepped up their activities
in Algeria this weekend resulting in the death of
eight persons, it was reported in Algiers.
A group of Frenchparatrooperson leave clashed
with Muslim civilians after six paratroopershad
been wounded in a terroristattack.
Oct. 12: M. Noel Fieschi, mayor of Behagle, east
Algeria, and his wife were shot dead by insurgents.
Oct. 13: The French Governmentagain offered safe
conduct to leaders of the Algerian rebels to come
to Franceto discussa cease-fire.
Oct. 19: Frenchtroops killed or captureda total of
538 rebels in 233 operationsin Algeria last week;
fifty-six Frenchsoldiers died, the Army announced.
Oct. 21: Premier Farhat 'Abbas, in an interview
with the Arabic daily Al-Tahrir, disclosed that
foreign investments in the Sahara would be
respectedin independentAlgeria on the condition
that these investmentsdo not interfere with the
right of ownership.
Oct. 23: Thirty nationalist insurgents were killed
in a forty-eight-hourbattle that ended in Oran
today, French military sources reported.
Oct. 24: More than two-thirdsof the Senatorsrep-
resenting Algeria and the Sahara in the French
upper house appealed tonight for a cease-fire
between French troops and Muslim insurgentsin
Algeria.
Revised editions of L'Express and France
Observateurwere seized today by French author-
ities because they contained reprints about an
alleged plot to overthrowthe FrenchGovernment.
Oct. 25: Two important chapters of Right-wing
political organizationsof the Europeanopposition
block in Algiers have decided to accept the
de Gaulle offer, it was learned in Algiers today.
Meanwhile, the French army intensified a
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
"psychological warfare" campaign against the
insurgentsin Algeria.
Oct. 28: PresidentCharles de Gaulle called on the
French Army and the civil administrationin
Algeria tonight for "devotion" and "discipline"
in seeking an end to the rebellion,it was reported
in Paris.
Paul Delouvrier, France's chief executive in
Algeria, called in about 300 departmentalheads
of the civil administrationand lectured them on
the meaningof Generalde Gaulle's policies.
Oct. 29: FrenchArmycommandingofficersexpressed
confidenceand optimismthat a cease-firewould not
shake the army'scontrol of Algerian territory.
Oct. 30: In a speech at Algiers, French Delegate
General Paul Delouvrier vowed that France and
her armywould stayin Algeria.
Oct. 31: The heavy cost, human and financial,of
the Algerian war was examined by Le Monde
today on the eve of the conflict'sfifth anniversary.
Nov. 1: At a Cairo reception to commemoratethe
anniversaryof the Algerian war, the Minister of
Culture in the Provisional Government, Sayyid
Tawfiq al-Mendani,declaredthat the Algerianswill
go on fighting until final liberation. A solution
of the war would only come if the Frenchagreed
to negotiate with the Provisional Governmenton
conditions for a cease-fireand guarantees for a
referendumon the future of the Algerian people.
Nov. 3: The French Communist party conceded,
after Moscow lauded the de Gaulle plan, that they
had erredin attackingit.
Nov. 4: In Algiers, Paul Delouvrierannouncedthat
the French Government intended to spend the
equivalent of $506,600,000 in 1960 for the eco-
nomic and social development of Algeria, an
increaseof 38 per cent over the currentyear.
Nov. 5: French military planes have dispersed a
nationalist rebel caravan of 120 men near Bir
Djedid, a FrenchArmy spokesmanannounced.
Nov. 6: The FrenchArmy announcedin Algiers the
death of Major Mira, nationalistrebel commander
in the Kabylia area of northern Algeria. It
assertedthat all six rebel zones now were without
field commanders.
CommunistChina has given the Algerian na-
tionalist insurgentsthe equivalentof $10,000,000
in credits for the purchaseof war materialsor to
carry out propagandaand administration,usually
reliablesourcesin Tunis said today.
Nov. 7: Two Algerian rebel chiefs were killed by
French forces tonight at Oran Willaya district.
Nov. 11: Shouts of "de Gaulle to the gallows!"
echoed through downtownAlgiers for nearlythree
hours this morning, but extremist demonstrators
found no response from the rest of the populace.
Right-wing opponents of President de Gaulle's
efforts to end the war with the Algerian rebels
indicated that they were not giving up the fight,
it was learnedin Paristoday.
Nov. 18: It was reported in Hassi-Messaoudthat
 CHRONOLOGY
everythingor nearly everythingwas ready for the
December 5 dedicationof the new pipeline which
would run from that point to Bougie on the Medi-
terraneanCoast.
Nov. 19: Oil from Hassi-Messaoudreached its
terminal, the Algerian port of Bougie today after
flowing through 410 miles of a new twenty-four-
inch pipeline.
Nov. 22: An organization of armed European
settlers called on its memberstoday to form com-
bat troops to be ready to fight to keep Algeria
French. They number600 membersin Algiers and
an undisclosednumber in other areas of Algiera.
Nov 23: Three Algerian nationalist leaders arrived
in New York for the UN General Assembly
debate on Algeria.
Nov. 28: The Algerian forces, bolsteredwith arms
and reinforcementsfrom Tunisia and Morocco,
were repelled by French forces, a French Army
source reported.
In Paris, Hajj Masali, 60-year-oldleader of the
Algerian Nationalist Movement which is at odds
with the dominant National Liberation Front,
today called for a roundtable discussion of
Algeria's future by all interestedparties.
Dec. 2: A student was killed and 7 other persons
were wounded in Algiers when two homemade
time bombs exploded in front of the university
entrance a few moments before the 9 o'clock
start of classes.
Dec. 6: Five Algerianswere killed in a hit-and-run
attack on a regrouping center for persons loyal
to the French Government,it was announcedin
Algiers today.
Dec. 9: French troops launched a new offensive in
east Algeria to clear some of the strongestinsur-
gent pockets, French sources in Algiers reported.
Twelve thousand parachutists, legionnaires, and
sharp shooters were taking part.
Dec. 10: The IBRD made a loan equivalentto US
$50 million to assist in financingthe construction
and operation of the 412-mile pipeline to bring
crude oil from Hassi-Messaoudto Bougie.
Dec. 12: About 250 tons of high explosive destined
for the Algerian nationalist insurgents has been
found aboarda Dutch ship, French authoritiesin
Algiers reported.
Dec. 14.' ConservativeEuropeans in Algiers ever
fearful of a "sell-out"by Paris studied today the
impact that the planned transformationof the
French Communitymight have on the future of
Algeria.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
67
Cyprus
(See also, Turkey)
1959
Oct. 5: Archbishop Makarios and General Grivas
are scheduled to meet in the next few days at
Rhodes, it was announcedin Athens today.
Oct. 7: At their meeting at Rhodes,the two Cypriote
leaders declared that "all our misunderstandings
(on the London agreementsplit) have been set-
tled."
Oct. 8: A second round of talks between the two
Cypriote leaders aimed at ending their dispute
over the Cyprus settlementtook place at Rhodes.
Oct. 9: Archbishop Makarios and General Grivas
ended their personalpeace conferencewith a joint
call for "undisturbedpeace and unity" in Cyprus.
Oct. 13: Cypruswill go to the polls on December
13 to elect a Presidentand Vice President,it was
announcedat Nicosia.
Oct 18: ArchbishopMakariosand Dr. Fazil Kuchuk
conferred today amid reports of growing strains
between Turkey and Greece over the coming
independenceof Cyprus.
A Turkish motor vessel was scuttled off the
coast of Nicosia as it was being searchedby a
Royal Naval boarding party. Two cases of am-
munition were seized before it sank. Three mem-
bersof the crewwere arrested.
Oct. 21: ArchbishopMakarios suspendedthe talks
on the Constitution for an independent Cyprus
today in protest against alleged arms smuggling
by Turkish Cypriotes.
It was reportedin Athens that General Grivas
is preparing to make his bid for power to rule
Greece. The details were kept secret.
Oct. 22: The suspension of talks createdan air of
tension in Nicosia. British patrols were alerted
and arms surrenderwas asked as a condition for
further talks.
It was reported in Athens that the Greeks are
determinedto clear up the arms-smugglingissue
even at the cost of holding up Cyprusagreements.
The suspensionof talks was also supported.
Oct. 23: A statementby the Turkish Government
made public in Nicosia denied that Turkey had
ever encouraged illegal shipment of arms into
Cyprusand it repeatedthe Turkish Government's
pledge to cooperate fully in implementing the
independenceplan.
Oct. 24: The intercommunaltensions of the week
appear to be waning, it was reportedin Nicosia
today. The Constitutional Commission is still
seriouslydeadlockedover the division of executive
powers.
Oct. 25: ArchbishopMakarioscriticizedthe clamor
over the independence issue and expressed his
optimismthat the island would becomea republic
next February19.
Oct. 27: Dr. Kuchukappealedto the Turkish com-
68 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
munity today to surrenderarms and explosives. A
similar appeal by ArchbishopMakariosis under-
stood to be madesoon.
Oct. 29: Archbishop Makarios announced tonight
that work on the Constitution for the Cyprus
republic would be resumednext week.
Oct. 30: Sir Hugh Foot, Governorof Cyprus,issued
an order-in-counciltoday authorizingspecial courts
to continue in operationthroughoutthe island for
six months.
Nov. 9: The transitionalCabinetof Cyprusapproved
today a bill providing for the election December
13 of the island'sfirstPresident.
Nov. 19: CommunicationsMinisterAndonis Georgi-
ades has resigned from the Cyprus transitional
Cabinet, it was announcedtonight.
Dec. 4: Governor Sir Hugh Foot ended today the
four-year-oldstate of emergencyin Cyprus.
Dec. 12: Election predictions indicate that Arch-
bishop Makariosis expectedto be elected.
Dec. 13: Cypriotesgo to the polls. Several minor
clashes between Left and Right-wingfactionswere
reported.
Dec. 14: ArchbishopMakariosdefeatsJohn Clerides
by a two-to-onevote, it was announcedin Nicosia.
Incompletereturns showed 144,501 votes for the
Archbishopand 71,753 for John Clerides.
The Vice President of the republic will be
Dr. Fazil Kuchuk, chosen by popular acclamation
by the Turkish populationwhich was not allowed
to vote in the Presidentialelection.
Ethiopiaandthe Somalilands
1959
Oct. 16: Trygve Lie arrivedin Addis Ababa on his
mission to arbitratein the dispute between Ethi-
opia and Italy over demarcationof the Ethiopian-
Somalia border.
Oct. 17: Trygve Lie had talks in Addis Ababawith
Government leaders and lunched with Emperor
Haile Selassie.
Nov. 5: A troupe of 20 Russian singers, dancers,
acrobats,jugglers and magicians began their per-
formance in the largest auditorium of Addis
Ababa as part of the Soviet-Ethiopiancultural
exchange agreement.
Nov. 9: Italy told the TrusteeshipCommitteethat
Somalia would be ready for independencebefore
Dec. 2, 1960.
Nov. 11: An eight-manSoviet delegationof economic
expertsarrivedin Addis Ababa.
Nov. 12: A new Franco-Ethiopian agreementfor the
railway between Jibuti (in FrenchSomaliland) to
Addis Ababa was signed in Addis Ababa altering
the status of the Compagniedu Chemin de Fer
Franco-Ethiopienwhich has operated the railway
for over 50 years.
Dec. 2: Economicexperts of nine countriesand ter-
ritories met in Addis Ababa to discuss economic
planning problemsof Africa.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Dec. 3: Upon his departureafter a three-dayvisit
as the guest of Emperor Haile Selassie, Prince
Bertil of Sweden said he was happy that many
Swedes are contributingto the developmentof the
Ethiopiandefenseforces.
Dec. 4: Sharp clashes have occurredbetween Ethi-
opian Somali tribesmen and Somali tribesmen
from BritishSomaliland.
Dec. 5: The GeneralAssemblyvoted today to move
up to next July 1 the date for the independence
of Somalia.
Dec. 12: A group of Soviet tourists are expectedin
Addis Ababa. They include workers, journalists,
scientists,teachersand musicians.
Iran
1959
Sept. 16: AmbassadorNikolai M. Pegov returnedto
Teheran today to begin what political observers
believe to be talks on improving Soviet-Iranian
relations.
The NIOC announcedthat a $6,000,000 con-
tract had been awarded to the US firm William
Brothers for the construction of an eight-inch,
240-mile oil pipeline from Teheran to Shahrud.
Sept. 22: Prime Minister Nehru declared at a
Teheran press conferenceabout the CENTO that
he has "alwaysbeen opposed to pacts. A change
of namemakesno difference."
Sept. 26: Shah MohammadRiza Pahlevi said today
that Iran would "gladly welcome any Soviet offer
of economic aid to Iran in the form of credits
for the purchaseof industrialgoods."
Sept. 29. In an effort to avoid the possible escape
of any persons involved in an alleged multi-
million dollar "misappropriation"of company
property,the AbadanPublic Prosecutorbannedthe
departureof foreign employeesof the Consortium
of IranianOil OperatingCompaniesin Abadan.
Oct. 4: Premier Eghbal arrived in New York to
attend the CENTO meeting in Washington.
Oct. 12: The Iran Pan-AmericanOil Company
spudded a well about 60 miles to the west of
KhargIsland,it was reported.
Oct. 17: An agreementwas signed for construction
of an Iranian-Turkishrailway, it was announced.
Nov. 9: PresidentMohammadAyub Khan of Pakis-
tan arrivedin Teheranfor a state visit.
Nov. 11: Informed sources reportedthat the Soviet
Union has offeredIran 85 per cent shareof profits
in return for oil-exploration rights in northern
Iran on condition that foreign powers are pre-
vented from setting up military bases there.
Nov. 17: PresidentMohammadAyub Khan, Premier
Adnan Menderes and the Shah of Iran met at
Teheran for five hours and in a communique
"expressed their firm belief in the principle of
non-interferencein the affairs of other countries."
and "affirmedtheir desire to do everythingpossible
 CHRONOLOGY
to maintainpeace and stabilityin this area."
Nov. 28: At a press conferencethe Shah stated that
through CENTO, Iran had a prime interest in
consolidating communicationsand transportwith
other CENTO countries; that Iran was only
responsible for the maintenanceof its army and
not for purchaseof arms.
Dec. 9: President Eisenhowerwill address a joint
session of the Majlis (Parliament) at Teheranon
Monday upon the request of the Iranian Govern-
ment, it was announcedat Teheran today.
Dec. 13: In an interview prior to the arrival of
President Eisenhower,the Shah of Iran declared
that he wants the United states to strengthenhis
country'sarmy and air force; he also spoke of his
"great plans" for increasing social justice and
raising the standardof living mainly by reinvest-
ing oil revenues in industry and agriculture.
Dec. 14: PresidentEisenhower,in a five-and-three-
quarter-hourstopover at Teheran reminded the
Iranians that "militarystrength alone" could not
insure their security and that freedom could still
be lost if the "basicaspirationsof humanity"were
not served. A joint communiqueendorsedCENTO,
the principle of negotiationand disarmamentwith
adequatecontrols.
Iraq
(See also, Algeria)
1959
Sept. 16: The "people's court" sentenced Nadhim
al-Tabaqjali,formerly commanderof the Second
Division in Kirkuk, Colonel Rifa't al-Hajj Sirri,
formerly head of army intelligence in Baghdad,
Lieut-Colonel 'Aziz Ahmad Shahab, and Captain
Da'ud SayyidKhalil to death before a firing squad
for complicityin the Mosul revolt last March.
General 'Abdi said that the Iraqi airportswould
now remainopen at all times.
Sept. 19: The Cairo weekly Akhbar al-Yawm re-
ported that General 'Abd al-Karim Qasim's re-
quest for an IPC loan of ID 50,000,000(sic) was
refused and that he subsequently threatened to
nationalizethe company. Under pressurefrom the
British Ambassador,IPC agreed to make the loan
on condition that the Governmentshould give a
written undertakingto guaranteethe security of
IPC's pipelines traversing the Syrian region to
Lebanon. The guaranteewas granted.
Sept. 23: A report from Baghdad states that it has
been decided to form a board of directorsfor the
General PetroleumAuthorityin Iraq the members
of which will be appointed by the Iraqi Council
of Ministersand their term of office will be three
years.
Sept. 24: The Burden-Turiffconstructioncompany
will build 314 miles of oil pipeline for Iraq for
the IPC, it was reported in London.
The Iraqi Cabinet has approved a draft law
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
69
creating Iraq's first news agency, it was disclosed
in Baghdad.
Sept. 28: A storm of indignation arose in Cairo
upon the execution of thirteen Arab nationalist
officers implicated in the Mosul revolt and, in
Baghdad,public demonstrationswere held against
General'Abd al-KarimQasim'sorder of execution.
Meanwhile the Communistdaily Ittihad Al Sha'b
defended the executions as "prudent and neces-
sary."
Sept. 29: A court-martialsentencedten persons to
prison terms ranging from six months to four
years at hard labor today for attackingthe house
of the Presidentof a previouscourt-martial.
Iraq called on Franceto accept the offer of the
Algerian Provisional Governmentto negotiate a
cease-fireand conditions for self-determinationin
Algeria.
Oct. 1: A large part of the middle class, including
business men, some religious leaders and profes-
sional men expressedtheir discontentover General
'Abd al-KarimQasim'sindifferentstandagainstthe
Reds.
Oct. 5: Anti-Redsin Iraq are gaining influenceover
professional bodies. They recently gained control
of the small but influential lawyers association
and are continuing their efforts to counteractthe
Communistsmove to gain power in these organi-
zations.
Oct. 7: The Baghdadradio announcedthat General
'Abd al-KarimQasimwas woundedin the shoulder
this evening when a "vicious hand" fired several
shots at his car in Baghdad. His condition was
declared"verygood."
Oct. 8: The army and police appearedto be in full
control of Baghdadtoday following the failure of
an attempt to assassinateGeneral Qasim. Mean-
while, President Eisenhower sent a message of
sympathy. The General's condition was "good."
Oct. 11: Popular sympathy over the attempted
assassinationhas, in the opinion of diplomats,
helped to stabilize General Qasim's regime while
US analysts expressed the gloomy view that his
regime was being maneuveredinto a position from
which Communistscould at some future time take
over.
Oct. 13: Accordingto the Iraq Times the Iraq Gov-
ernment'sincome from oil royalties amountedto
ID 63,784,886 so far this year, aboutID 6 million
more than in the same period of 1958.
Oct. 15: Another attempton General'Abd al-Karim
Qasim'slife was reportedby the militarygovernor
general.
Oct. 23: According to Iraqi trade reports, goods
worth ID 325,000 were orderedby Iraqi merchants
during the first week of the Czechtradeexhibition
in Baghdad. They include tractors, bicycles and
textiles.
Oct. 25: A court-martialsentenced a lieutenant
colonel and 12 privatesto deathfor killing Colonel
Jalal AhmadIsma'il, of the Basragarrison.
70 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Oct. 26: Fifteen Britons received exit-permitsfrom Dec. 2: General Qasim announced that he was
Iraq, the first issued since the attemptto kill the "fully recovered"from his bullet wounds. He will
Prime Minister. leave the hospitaltomorrow.
Oct. 30: A pro-Qasimpolitical party is being initi- Dec. 3: Following his dischargefrom the hospital,
ated in Baghdad in an effort to "attractinde- General Qasim gave a six-hour press conference
pendent forces among the people to party life, in the course of which he announced that the
curb the anarchists(Communists)and promotethe Iraqi Governmentwas urging IPC and its associ-
economiclife of the countryas well as uphold the ated companies to relinquish 60 per cent of its
supremacyof the law," the newspaperAl Thawra present area.
reported. Dec. 4: Half a million Iraqisparadedbefore General
Nov. 1: In an interview General 'Abd al-Karim Qasim in Baghdad shouting anti-Nasir slogans as
Qasim declaredthat Iraq was a friend of all coun- a tribute to their leader, upon his dischargefrom
tries but he warned that Iraq would not tolerate the hospital.
interferencefrom outside forces. Dec. 7: The Iraqi News Agencyquotedthe Ministry
Nov. 3: Dr, Faysal al-Samar,Minister of National of Oil Affairs as having said that Iraq this year
Guidance, left for Moscow reportedly with a would earn ?86,000,000 in oil revenue.
message from General Qasim to PremierKhrush- Foreign Minister SayyidHashim Jawad said he
chev. thought PresidentEisenhower'strip "will be help-
Nov 6: General 'Abd al-Karim Qasim urged that ful to the whole world." He denied accusations
Syria and Iraq unite. He gave no reasonswhy. that General Qasim had shifted to the Left and
declaredthat "the leader wants the middle way;"
Nov 9: The Iranian newspaper Kayhan reported
he wants a "liberalkind of democracy."
from Abadan that 15 Soviet ships and more than Dec. 9:
In a press interviewGeneralQasim affirmed
100 transportplanes had unloadeda large number
his neutral course.
of jet planes, jeeps, heavy arms and ammunitionat Dec. 11: The
Communistpartyof Iraq is split three
Basra, Iraq. ways and GeneralQasim is encouraginga dissident
Nov. 12: In an agreementbetween the Ministry of "nationalist"faction while Al-Thawrais trying to
Communications and the Russian"Techno-Export," found a new middle-of-the-road
nationalist party.
this organizationwill carry out a survey of two Dec. 12: Iraqi physiciansreport
that they are win-
importantrailwayprojectsin Iraq: the reconstruc- ning the battle against malaria and smallpox and
tion of the existing meter gauge line between are making plans to attack the problem of
Baghdad and Basra and a Kirkuk-Sulaymaniya trachoma.
extension of the Baghdad-Kirkukline. Dec. 14: Iraq and Britain signed a cultural agree-
Nov. 14: Attributingthe attemptedassassinationof ment in Baghdad,the first between the two coun-
October7 to "imperialists"General'Abd al-Karim tries.
Qasim declaredin Baghdadthat Iraq had "freed" Two prominent politicians were among 20
herself from "imperialism" by "crushing" the fugitives summoned today to appear before the
Baghdad Pact and withdrawing from the Eisen- People's Court. They were Fu'ad al-Rikobi,former
hower Doctrine. Minister for Reconstruction,and Faysal Habib
Nov. 15: Two US Representativeson a world tour Khayzaran,a leader of the Ba'th party.
study mission of possibilitiesfor US privatecapital
investmentvisited Iraq.
Nov. 18: Radio Baghdad quoted official sources as Israel
stating that the Iraqi Government was asking (See also General, Jordan)
Jordanfor paymentfor deliveriesof Iraqi oil made
before the revolution. 1959
Nov. 23: General Qasim told army officersthat he Sept. 17: A band of six Bedouinsopened fire on an
frustrated a plan to occupy Syria in connivance Israel army post on the Sinai border but were
with Syrian officerswhen the Iraqi army was in repelledby an Israelarmypatrol.
Jordanbeforethe revolution. Sept. 18: The Ministry for Religious Affairs was
Nov. 25: The Iraqi Governmentplans to spend informed today that the Vatican has appointed
ID 400 million in the next three to five years on Fr. Pier Giorgio Chiapperoas its firstLatin Bishop
defense and developmentprojects, including new in Israel.
industries, schools, housing and other social Since May 1951 when Israel Bonds were first
schemes. offered to the investing public in the US, bonds
Nov. 26: Al-Akhbarreportedthat the Russianshave for more than $400 million were sold in the US,
selected Dibis, in Kirkuk, as site for a factoryfor Canada, Latin America and Western Europe, it
producingsulphur from naturalgas. was learnedtoday.
Nov. 27: General Qasim was quoted to say that Sept. 19: Three Bedouins were killed by an Israel
Syriawas a playgroundfor personsplotting against force searchingthe Negev wastelandfor outlaws.
Iraq. Sept. 20: Arabs and Israelis began a joint campaign

This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 CHRONOLOGY
against malaria in Wadi es-Sanabra,Hebron dis-
trict, near the truce line, under UN supervision.
Sept. 21: An International Conference on the
Epidemiologyof Tuberculosisbegan at the Hebrew
University with 37 eminent specialists from all
over the world participating.
Sept. 22: David Ben Haroush,leader of the Jewish
immigrantsfrom North Africa, was sentencedto
two years in prison for his part in riots in Haifa's
Wadi Salib slum area July 9 and 31.
Sept. 24: In an address to the UN assembly,Mrs.
Golda Meir protestedthe illegality of the Egyptian
interference with international shipping in the
Suez Canaland its grave implicationsfor the inter-
national community. "Israel . . . is not prepared
to accept, and should not be expectedto accept, a
situation in which she is singled out for illegal
discrimination,"she said.
Sept. 26: The appointmentof Mr. Walter Eytan,
Director-General of the Foreign Ministry, as
Ambassadorto France,was officiallyconfirmed.
In an interview with the newspaperEthnos in
Athens, the Israeli Foreign Minister declaredthat
. . . Israel stands ready to negotiate a total or
partial settlementof all outstandingquestions"as
soon as her Arab neighbors,singly or collectively,
were willing to do so.
Sept 29: An exhibition of thirty-six paintings by
eighteen contemporaryAmericanartists, described
by US AmbassadorOgden Reid as a "new and
important steppingstone in Israeli-Americancul-
tural exchanges"was opened in Jerusalemat the
Israel National Museum of Bezalel.
The Israel Bond Organization stated a three-
month special campaign to sell $6,000,000 in
Israel bonds in the New York metropolitanarea.
Sept. 30: Postal ties between Morocco's 200,000
Jewish citizens and the 110,000 MoroccanJews in
Israel were cut off by the MoroccanGovernment.
Oct. 1: Progress during the past year in industry,
agriculture,educationand research,the strengthen-
ing of Israel's bonds with the Jewish people
everywhere, and the improved relations with
foreign countries, were noted by Mr. Ishak Ben-
Zvi, in his presidentialmessage to the nation.
Oct. 6: Israel declaredat the UN that her offer to
negotiate a Palestine peace settlement with the
Arabstateshad beenrejected.
Oct. 7: Israel is maintaining her boycott of the
Egyptian-IsraeliMixed Armistice Commission,it
was announcedin Jerusalem.
Oct. 10: The tribal leaders of the Bedouin Arabs
chargedthat Israeli authoritieshad summarilycast
them out of their homes after taking away their
propertyand killed at least one of their number.
A resolution by the UN Egyptian-IsraeliMixed
Armistice Commission condemned Israel for her
action.
Oct. 15: New bank notes issued by the Bank of
Israelbecamelegal tender.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
71
Oct. 18: Dr. Moshe Prywes, Associate Dean of the
Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School of
Jerusalem deplored the fact that Israel's health
and medical programscould not be applied at the
present to neighboringArab countries because of
the lack of contact between these countries and
Israel.
PresidentIshak Ben Zvi and his wife left Lydda
for a ten-day state visit to Burma.
Oct. 19: Thousands of Jews from all over Israel
climbed Mount Zion today to observethe ending
of the sabbaticalyear.
David Dubinsky, president of the International
Ladies Garment Workers Union, arrived in Tel
Aviv to attend the dedication of a hospital in
Beersheba. The Union contributed$1,000,000 for
the hospital which will serve the Negev desert
region.
Premier David Ben-Gurion observed his 73rd
birthdaytoday.
Oct. 20: Kaiser-Frazerof Israel said today that it
would sue Renault Companyfor $2,000,000 for
breachof contractarising from the Arab League's
removalof Renaultfrom its blacklistand the halt-
ing of shipmentsto Israel.
Oct. 22: Major General Moshe Dayan, one of the
leading personalities of the Mapai party, visited
the Katamonquarterusing the Americanpolitical
techniqueof personal call to tackle the only issue
that has developed thus far in the Israel election
campaign-the discontentof the so-called oriental
immigrants from the Middle East and North
Africa.
Oct. 23: A finance ministry spokesman confirmed
today that Israel was negotiatingwith an unidenti-
fied foreign concernfor the sale abroadof 400,000
tons of oil a year.
Oct. 24: The UN Egyptian-IsraelMixed Armistice
Commission condemned and "strongly blamed"
Israel for an attackby four Israeli fighters on an
Egyptian airliner over the Gulf of Aqaba Sep-
tember 13.
Oct. 28: The first of the two 46,000-ton tankers
built for Israel in Japan arrived at Elath on her
firstvoyagewith an oil cargo.
Oct. 30: PremierDavid Ben-Guriondeclaredin Tel
Aviv that the effort to secure disarmamentwill
be one of the majorprogramsof his governmentif
he continuesas Premier.
Nov. 1: Gershon Agron, Mayor of Jerusalemand
founder of The JerusalemPost, died in Jerusalem
at the age of 65.
Nov. 2: British envoy, Mr. PatrickFrancisHancock,
C. M. G., the new Ambassadorto Israel,presented
his credentialsto PresidentIzhak Ben-Zvi, at his
residence.
Israel will admit some 200 Bedouin refugees
from Jordan accordingto an agreementsigned in
Jerusalem by representativesof the two govern-
ments.
72 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Nov. 3: Israel's fourth general election since state-
hood is held. Twenty-fourparties are in election
with a tenth of the electoratevoting for the first
time. At stake are 120 seats in the Knesset from
whose membershipwill come the next Premierand
his Cabinet. In addition, elections are held for
membership in municipal councils. The Mapai
party is favored to win the largest number of
seats-but not the majority.
Premier David Ben-Gurion warned President
Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir that any attemptto stage an
uprising in Iraq would compel Israel to reserve
"freedomof action."
Nov. 4: Partialelection results indicatedthat Mapai
scoreda majorvictorywhen it increasedits Knesset
representationfrom 40 to 48 or 49. Smallergains
were scoredby the Herut (Freedom), the National
Religious Party, and the Progressives. Mapam
(United Workers), Agudat Israel-PoaleiAgudat
Israel (Orthodox) and the Arab lists more or
less held their own while the General Zionists,
the Communistsand Achud Ha'avoda (Unity of
Labor) suffered serious losses. None of the new
parties, many of which directed their appeals to
Oriental Jewish immigrants,won a single seat.
Israel told UN supervisorsin Jerusalemthat 4
UAR MIG's had invaded her territorythis morn-
ing and had been driven off by Israeli Air Force
jet fighters while the UAR command in Cairo
reportedthe contrary,namely, that its planes had
repulsedtwo intrusions.
Nov. 5: Premier David Ben-Gurionis expected to
form a three-partycoalition Governmentwith an
eight-vote majority in the Israeli Knesset.
Nov. 6: PremierDavid Ben-Gurionopenedan inten-
sive campaigntodayto abolish Israel'sproportional
representationsystem of voting which he described
as "cancerof division."
Nov. 8: A riot by frustratedbus commutersnear
Haifa resulted in the death of a demonstratorand
the injuringof 17 policemen.
Premier David Ben-Gurionannouncedhis will-
ingness to govern Israel for the next four years
with a coalition of Socialists,religious groups, and
proponentsof free enterprise.
Nov. 10: President Dr. Nahum Goldmann of the
World Zionist Organizationtold a study mission
of 115 AmericanJewish leaders in Tel Aviv that
the Israeli Governmenthad agreedto give the US
Jews "something to say" about how the funds
they raise to help immigrantsto settle in Israel
are used.
Nov. 11: On the occasion of the 10th anniversary
of Malben, the AmericanJoint DistributionCom-
mittee's program to aid handicapped and aged
Israelis, honorarychairmanof the United Jewish
Appeal EdwardM. Warburgsaid that 95 million
dollars had been spent through Malben.
PremierDavid Ben-Gurionhas been set back in
his efforts to eliminateproportionalrepresentation
in Israeli elections. The General Zionist party,
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
the only other faction willing to adopt the pro-
posal, lacked the votes to push through electoral
reforms.
Nov. 12: Premier David Ben-Gurion complained
about India's failure to carry out an eight-year
promiseof diplomaticrelations.
Election results were officially announcedwith
the following new Knesset line-up: Mapai, 47
seats; Herut, 17; National ReligiousFront (Hapoel
Hamizrachiand Mizrachi), 12; Mapam, 9; Gen-
eral Zionists, 8; Ahdut Avodah,7; TorahReligious
Front (Agudat Israel and Poalei Agudat Israel),
6; Progressive, 6; Communists 3; three Mapai-
sponsoredArab parties,a total of 5-Progress and
Development2, Cooperationand Fraternity2 and
Agricultureand Development1.
In the municipalelections: in Tel Aviv Mapai
gained 11 out of 31 seats, and Mr. Mordechai
Namir,the Ministerof Labor,is expectedto replace
Mayor Hayim Levanon; in Jerusalem,it is still
uncertain whether Mr. Mordechai Ish-Shalom
(Mapai), Dr. ErnstNebenzahl (National Religious
Party) or Rabbi Moshe Porush (Agudat Israel)
will succeedthe late Mr. GershonAgron (Mapai);
Mr. Abba Khoushy (Mapai) and Mr. Avraham
Krinitsi (General Zionist) are expected to retain
their posts in Haifa and RamatGan, respectively.
Israeli and Arab delegates clashed in a tense
debate on Palestinianrefugees at the UN.
Nov. 15: PremierDavid Ben-Guriontold US Jewish
leaders that Jews now in parts of Europe, Asia
and Africa would come to Israel in the next few
years "whetherthe rulers like it or not."
The Cabinet decided to establish a National
Council for Scientific Research and Technical
Development to replace the present Research
Council of Israel in order to forge a national
policy for applied scientificresearchin Israel.
Nov. 16: A five-yearplan for the developmentand
modernizationof Israel's transport services pro-
vides for the constructionof a new Mediterranean
harbor,a shipyard,a runway for internationaljet
airliners, a chain of domestic airports and the
extension of the nationalrailway networkinto the
barrenNegev, it was disclosed in Tel Aviv.
Nov. 18: Finance Minister Levi Echkol said that
the diversion of Jordan River waters to irrigate
land in the Negev desert had top priority for
Israel.
Nov. 19: A Lebaneseairlinerwas freed to continue
its flight to Beirut after having been intercepted
by Israeli planes and forced to land at the Haifa
Airport.
Nov. 20: French AmbassadorM. Pierre Gilbert
departed after a seven-yearperiod of service in
Israel.
Nov. 27: Premier David Ben-Gurion sided with
Premier'Abd al-KarimQasim in his conflictwith
President Gamal 'Abd al-Nisar in spite of his
differenceswith the former becausehe considered
Nasir's threat of domination"the biggest danger."
 CHRONOLOGY
Nov. 29: A 10,000-year-oldvillage has been exca-
vated in the Hula area of upper Galilee by a
French-Israeliteam of archeologists.
Nov. 30: Arthur Lourie, Israeli Ambassador to
Canada since 1957, succeeded Eliahu Elath as
Ambassadorto Britain.
Dec. 8: AmbassadorAvraham Harman asserted at
the annual dinner of the Weizmann Institute of
Scienceat the Waldorf-Astoriathat Israel is ready
for direct communicationwith her hostile Arab
neighborsfor peacetalks.
Informed Israelis scoffed at the reported Cairo
proposal to dam the Jordan in Syrian territory
to preventthe Israelisfrom tappingit.
PremierDavid Ben-Gurion,confinedto bed with
a cold, was commissionedto form his ninth Israeli
government.
Dec. 9: It was officially announced by Gottlieb
Hammer, president of the American-IsraeliShip-
ping Company,that a contractfor a 6,500-gross-ton
motor ship had been signed with a French ship-
yard.
FairbanksMorse and Companyof Chicago and
the Israeli Governmentagreedon a partnershipfor
the developmentof a machinedesignedto sweeten
sea water.
Dec. 13: PremierDavid Ben-Gurionformed a new
Governmentcoalition that is more to the Right
than his outgoing Cabinet. Nine membersof the
moderate Socialist Mapai, two of the National
Religious Front, one Progressive and one Inde-
pendent are in the coalition which has 70 of the
120 Knessetvotes.
Dec. 14: Israel asked the UN Truce Supervision
Organizationtoday for high-level interventionin
Damascus"to halt Syriansabotageof Israelifishing
nets in the Sea of Galilee."
Dec. 15: Premier David Ben-Gurionpostponed the
introductionof his new Governmenttoday in the
expectation that he would be able to present a
broader coalition to parliament tomorrow. An
eleventh-hourswitch by the leaders of the Left-
wing Mapamand Ahdut Avodahpartiesmotivated
the postponement.
Bishop Pier Giorgio Chiapperoarrived in Tel
Aviv from Rome.
Jordan
(See also, General, Israel)
1959
Sept. 17: Khulusi al-Khayri,the JordanianMinister
of National Economy,announcedin Amman that
the Council of Ministershad approvedthe request
of the Phillips PetroleumCompanyfor an exten-
sion of its oil explorationconcessionin Jordan.
Sept. 18: Assistancein the form of heavy equipment
and techniciansto assist governmentengineers in
laying water pipelines to Amman has been sup-
plied by Tapline to the Jordan Water Project, it
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
73
was reportedin the Jerusalemdaily, Falastin.
Sept. 20: A ministerial reshuffle announced by
Premier Hazza' al-Majali disclosed the following
changes: former Finance Minister, Musa Nasir,
as Foreign Minister; Minister of Justice, Anastas
Hananiya,replacedby Anwar Nashashibi,Minister
of National Defense, for an ambassadorialappoint-
ment; and in addition to his portfolio, Khulusi
al-Khayri received the portfolio of development
and reconstruction.
Signor Pier Spinelli, UN Ambassadorin the
Middle East, returnedto Ammanfrom Geneva.
Sept. 22: Foreign Minister Musa Nasir said that
Jordan and other Arab delegationsto the current
session of the UN General Assemblywould con-
centrateon Palestine,includingMr.Hammarskjold's
report on the future of the refugees, and Algeria.
Sept. 23: Two leading Jordaniannewspapers,Al-
Difa' and Al-Jihad,attackedthe Iraqi Government
execution of army officersand civilians purported
to be enemiesof GeneralQasim.
Sayyid 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Rifa'i told the UN
GeneralAssemblythat Jordansupportedthe UAR's
banningof Israeli navigationfrom the Suez Canal.
Sept. 24: King Husaynreceivedseven West German
parliamentarydelegates in Amman. On the same
day four membersof the US House of Representa-
tives led by Mr. Otto Passman,chairmanof the
foreign aid subcommittee,called on King Husayn.
Sept. 27: A special ministerialcommitteemet with
representativesof the Phillips PetroleumCompany
and the Director of the Bureau of Mines in the
JordanianMinistry of National Economyto draw
up the final draft of an amendment,to be intro-
duced into the concessionagreementof the Phillips
Company,which provides for the addition of part
of the Ghor district to the company'sconcession
area against paymentby the companyof an addi-
tional rent.
Award of the contractfor completingthe Ghor
canal has been postponed for a month, Sayyid
MuhammadIsma'il,directorof the canalauthority,
disclosedin Amman.
Sept. 28: Prime Minister Sayyid Hazza' al-Majali
said that an arrangementto organize relations
between the Ministry of Educationand Christian
missionaryand privateschoolsis contemplated,and
denied the accusation that the ministry had re-
quested the Christiancommunityschools to teach
the Muslim religion.
Sept. 29: The state security court heard the final
evidence in the trial of 17 dischargedofficersand
civilians accused of plotting to overthrow the
monarchy. The verdict was to be announced.
King Husayn approved a provisional military
pension law submittedby the Council of Ministers
which entitles officers to pension on resigning
after 20 instead of 25 years' service and on dis-
chargeafter 12 insteadof 15 years.
Oct. 1: RafidainBank funds in Amman were re-
leased. A defense order freezing the funds and
74 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
sequestratingthe bank in July last year, after the
federationof Iraq and Jordan was cancelled,was
withdrawn.
Oct. 4: M. Jean Querton, Belgian ambassadorto
Jordan and Lebanon,presented his credentialsto
King Husayn today following the raising to
embassylevel of diplomaticrepresentations between
Jordanand Belguim,last week.
Dr. Amin Isma'il Sidqi, epidemics specialist at
the WHO's officein Alexandria,arrivedin Amman
for talks with the Health Ministry about aid for
Jordan'sprojectto produce dry anti-smallpoxvac-
cine to be used for Bedouin tribes which move
between Jordan and other Arab countries.
Oct. 6: The House of Representativesapprovedan
amendmentto the state securitycourtact empower-
ing the Prime Minister to form more of such
courts to try Communistsand others, the main
aim of which was to speed up trials.
Oct. 7: The House of Notables approvedthe amend-
ment to the state securitycourt act.
Dr. Chun Jien-pae,the new Nationalist Chinese
ambassador,submittedhis credentialsin Amman,
taking the place of Mr. Chun Chehping,who was
transferredto Libya.
Oct. 8: Royal approval of the appointment of
SayyidAnastasHananiyaas ambassadorin London
was given today.
Oct. 10: A royal decreeissued in Ammanauthorized
Premier Hazza' Majali to establish new state
securitycourts to try Communistsand other "dan-
gerous" Jordanians.
Oct. 12: The US has promised to pay a second
installment of aid to Jordan early next month,
the financialundersecretarydisclosed.
Oct. 13: The Ministry of Health reports that it
intends to give three million doses of vaccine
produced in its laboratoriesto the WHO each
year as a contributionto the campaignto eradicate
smallpoxin the Middle East.
Oct. 14: It was announcedtoday that Shah Muham-
mad Reza Pahlevi will make an official visit to
Jordan on October 28 at the invitation of King
Husayn.
Oct. 18: The Soviet Ambassadorin Lebanon,Segei
P. Kiktev, is paying a private visit to Jordan,the
first Soviet diplomat to visit the country,it was
learned today.
Oct. 20: The House of Representativesunanimously
agreed to meet occasionallyin Jerusalemin com-
pliance with a resolution adopted by the Council
of Ministers nominatingJerusalemas the second
capital.
A spokesman was reported to have said that
$14,399,000 has been allotted for UNRWA's work
in Jordan during the coming year.
Oct. 22: King Husayn nominated the 25 members
of the new House of Notables, ten of whom are
new.
Oct. 26: The US loaned the JordanPhosphateMines
Company $1,500,000 today to help it increase
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
annual production from 320,000 tons of dry
phosphateto 600,000 tons.
In an interviewwith the Amman correspondent
of the LondonNews ChronicleKing Husayn said
that Jordan would do all in her power to rescue
Iraq from Communist control and that Jordan
could stand idly by if either Communists,or a
pro-UARgrouptook over Iraq.
Nov. 1: Securityforces arrestedas Israeli who was
alleged to have tried to cross the armistice line
into Jordan from Israel in the Jenin Mablus area.
UN truce observersbegan an investigationupon
notification.
Nov. 3: Britain will lend Jordan ?500,000 interest-
free during the present financial year to finance
the development of the desert road between
Amman and Ma'an, it was reported in Amman.
Nov. 4: The Councilof Ministersdecidedto increase
Jordan'syearly contributionto the IMF from $3
million to $4,500,000 to enable Jordan to draw
from the fund, authoritativesources in Amman
said.
The Ministry of Economysaid that it had in-
formed the Foreign Ministrythat it supportedthe
economicboycottof Francedecidedby ArabLeague
economic council. In conjunction with this the
government has banned all dealings with the
Paris firm La Societe' Bancaire et Financiere
d'Orientand all its branchesfor violating the Arab
boycottof Israel.
Nov 5: The Ford Foundationannounceda $290,000
grant for economicadvisersto the Jordaniangov-
ernment and an additional grant of $200,000 to
the Arab DevelopmentSociety for a pilot agricul-
tural project in the JordanValley.
Nov. 6: A joint statementissued in Ammanby King
Husayn and the Shah of Iran pledged to spare no
effort to preservepeace and securityin the Middle
East.
Nov. 7: It was officiallyannouncedin Ammanthat
the United States will make four monthly grants
of $4,100,000 each, starting in December,to the
Jordanian Treasury to help cover budgetaryex-
penses.
Nov. 9: West Germanyhas offered to give Jordan
technicalaid including a fully-equippedgeological
mission to prospect for minerals, Sayyid Khulusi
al-Khayriannounced.
Nov. 10: King Husayn left Amman for a month's
holidayin Europe,includingTurkey,Italy, Switzer-
land, Englandand othercountries.
Nov. 16: Six young Jordanianswent on trial in
Rammallah on charges of being members of a
ring spying for Israel. A death penalty was asked
by the prosecutor.
Nov. 17: A Polish economic mission called on
Sayyid Khulusi al-Khayri and agreed to buy
Jordanianphosphate in return for Polish goods,
it was announced.
Nov. 18: Work began at Irbid, north Jordan, on
the first factoryto make diesel motor engines and
 CHRONOLOGY 75

parts with private capital but with the encourage- letter of protest to Peiping.
ment of the Ministryof Economy. Importswill be The Governmentof Kashmirhas agreed to join
exempt from custom duty and tools will be im- a commoncivil police force to be establishedfor
ported from West Germany. northernIndia. Administrativereforms have also
A spokesmansaid today that UNRWA recently been carriedout under which Indian civil servants
paid 125,000 dinars to the Development and can serve in Kashmir and Kashmir officials can
ReconstructionBank in Amman. transferto the Indian Government.
Nov. 23: Five Jordaniansaccusedof being members Oct. 24: Hope for a settlementof the problem of
of a spy ring that smuggled military secrets to possession of Kashmirby Pakistanand India was
Israel were sentencedto death today at Rammallah. hinted by PresidentAyub Khan in a press interview
Nov. 29: Al-Jihad of Jerusalem said, on King at Karachi.
Husayn's arrival in London today, that he would Oct. 27: The Indian Governmenthas accepted a
have talks on British financialand militaryaid for Communist Chinese offer to return ten border
Jordan. policemen held by Chinese forces in Ladakhand
Nov. 30: Arrangementsare being made to rec- the bodies of nine policemenkilled in the border
ognize the republic of Cyprus as soon as it is clash.
proclaimedand diplomaticrelationswill open, the Nov. 12: India sent a letter to the Presidentof the
ForeignMinistrysaid. Security Council (Doc. S/4238) referring to a
Dec. 1: The Jordanian Parliamentratified a bill report in the Pakistanpress to the effect that the
sanctioningthe government'ssupplementaryagree- Azad KashmirGovernmenthad decidedto sell at
ment with the Pillips PetroleumCompanyunder auction all property belonging to Jammu and
the terms of which the company'sconcessionarea KashmirStatesin differentparts of West Pakistan.
has been increased. India charged that neither government had the
Dec. 3: An agreementwas signed today betweenthe legal right to sell these properties.
Jordanian Government and the United Storage Nov. 17: A reportreceivedby the KashmirGovern-
Companyunder the terms of which the company ment said that the CommunistChinese have built
will pay a minimumof ID 150,000 this financial an airfield on Indian territoryon the Aksai Chih
year for the use of 12 storage tanks built by the plateau in Ladakh.
governmentat Aqaba. Dec. 7: A Foreign Ministry spokesman told the
Dec. 7: The ForeignMinistryhas informedthe Arab Indian Parliament that two residents from the
League Secretariatthat Jordan agrees to a UAR Pakistani area of disputed Kashmir crossed the
proposalthat the LeagueEconomicCouncil should cease-fireline on November 18 and killed an old
meet in Cairo early next month instead of in woman.
Beirut,it was learnedtoday. PrimeMinisterNehru said that he would discuss
Dec. 8: Mr. B. West of the UN Food and Agri- the Kashmirissue with PresidentEisenhoweronly
culture Organizationarrivedin Ammanto discuss if the latter was willing to do so.
with officials the prospects of a long-term agri-
culturalprogramin Jordan.
Dec. 9: The Arab League'spermanentlegal commit- Lebanon
tee decided at its recent meetings in Cairo to
postpone discussionof a proposedconstitutionfor 1959
an Arab court of justice and a proposed inter- Sept. 18: The Committeeof IPC DismissedWorkers
Arab residence agreement so that preliminary had completeda detailedreportof their case which
studies could be completed, Sayyid 'Awni 'Abd the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs had re-
al-Hadi said. quested,it was learned.
Dec. 10: Mr. Norman Burns, director of the US Sept. 22: Representativesof the dismissedemployees
OperationsMission in Jordan,said that the deficitcommitteemet with the Director General of the
in Jordan'strade balancethis year was 80 million Ministryof SocialAffairsand discussedtheir report
dollars. with him. The committeealso announcedthat a
Port installations at Aqaba were opened today meeting of all the dismissedemployeeswould be
by Crown Prince Muhammad. Sayyid Mazza' al- held in Tripoli on September27.
Majali stressed the importanceof the port in his
Sept. 25: Anti-Qasim demonstratorssurged toward
speech at the ceremony. the Iraqi Embassyin Beirut in protest against the
executionof the 17 men accusedof plotting against
the Qasim regime. One demonstratorwas killed
Kashmir and severalwere hospitalizedfor injuriesas police-
men tried to disperse them.
1959 Sept. 27: A by-electionwas held in Al-Mukhtarato
Oct. 23: The Indian Governmentannounced that fill a seat in Parliamentleft vacantby the murderof
Chinese Communisttroops had attackedan Indian DeputyNa'im Mughabkhabtwo monthsago. Candi-
force in Kashmir, killing 17 Indians. It sent a date Kamil Jumblatt won by almost 3,000 votes

This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
76 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
over the candidatebackedby Mr. Camille Sham'un
and the Socialistparty.
Sept. 28: The Premier of Lebanon said that his
Government "firmly supports" the exclusion of
Israeliships and cargoesfrom the Suez Canal.
Oct. 3: PresidentFu'ad Shihabrefused to acceptthe
resignation of Sayyid Raymond Edde from the
LebaneseCabinet.
Oct. 7: Membershipof the LebaneseGovernmentwas
increasedfrom four to eight. The new cabinetis:
PrimeMinister,Finance
and Defense ............... Rashid Karami
ForeignAffairs.............. Husayn'Uwayni
PublicWorks and Health ...... PierreJumayyil
Justice and Economy............ Philip Taqla
Interior and Information........... 'Ali Bazzi
Labor and Social Affairs, and Posts, Telegraphs
and Telephones........... MauriceZuwayn
Educationand GeneralPlanning . ..Fu'ad Butrus
Agriculture................ Fu'ad Najjar
The Arab League's provisionalcouncil for eco-
nomic union ended its two-weekmeeting in Beirut.
Oct. 11: About 250 doctors met in Beirut and
decided to ask the government for legislation
prohibiting "precautionary"detention of doctors
and for changes in the rules of medical practice
in Lebanon.
Oct. 12: Al-Nahar reported that the appropriate
departmentsin the LebaneseMinistriesof Finance
and Planning are preparingto resume oil transit
royaltynegotiationswith Tapline.
Oct. 15: The Minister of Social Affairs, Maurice
Zuwayn, submitteda draft decision to the Council
of Ministers providing for the formation of a
ministerial committee to follow up the case of
the dismissedIPC employees.
Oct. 16: The MinisterreceivedHusayn 'Ali Husayn,
President of the Association of Lebanese Labor
Unions.
Oct. 19: A delegation of the dismissed employees
visited the Minister and threatened to go on
anotherhunger strike if their case was not settled
by October26.
Oct. 20: Sayyid Sabri Hamadi was elected speaker
of the Chamberof Deputies by 33 votes to 29 for
Sayyid'Adil 'Usayran.
Oct. 24: New governorswere appointedfor the five
Lebaneseprovinces. They include a formerminis-
ter, Sayyid Philippe Bulus, now governor of
Beirut, Sayyid Halim Abu-'Izz al-din, minister to
India and Sayyid Ghalib al-Turk, minister to
Sudan.
Oct. 26: Leaflets criticizing President Gamal 'Abd
al-Nasir were confiscatedby security officers as
they were being distributedin the streetsin Beirut.
They originatedfrom the Muslim LiberationParty
and attackedthe recent decision of giving Field-
Marshal 'Abd al-Hakim 'Amir powers to super-
vise Syrianaffairs.
Nov. 1: Securityforces are deportingall foreigners
who are politically active in Lebanon,an authorita-
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
tive sourcein Beirutsaid.
Nov. 3: SayyidJamalMikkawiwas electedchairman
of the Chamberof Deputies' foreign affairs com-
mittee to replaceSayyidPhilip Taqla,now Minister
of Justiceand Economy.
Nov. 5: Uproar broke out in the chamberwhen the
president, Sayyid Sabri Hamadi, stopped Sayyid
PierreEdde and his supportersfrom discussingthe
latter's proposal to amend a government decree
integrating the municipal and ordinary police
forces.
Nov. 8: A marriagecontractbetweenthe second son
of King MuhammadV of Moroccoand a 23-year-
old Lebanesewas signed in Beirut. Neither Miss
Laminaal-Sulh nor Prince Mawlay 'Abdallahwas
present.
Nov. 11: Prime Minister Rashid Karami, Shaykh
'Abdallah al-Tariki, and the Saudi Director Gen-
eral of Petroleum and Mineral Affairs discussed
the problem of the increase of Lebanon's oil
transitroyaltiesfrom Tapline.
The Beirut daily al-Bina reportedthat over the
past eight years and nine months, 188,582,000
tons of Iraqi and Saudi oil had been piped across
Lebaneseterritoryto Lebaneseports.
Nations of the Arab League have proposed a
joint Arab-owned oil pipeline and improved
financial terms for countries granting oil con-
cessions, it was reportedto the LebaneseGovern-
ment.
Nov. 17: Negotiations begun three years ago be-
tween Lebanon and Russia for a civil aviation
agreement can be considered suspended, it was
officiallystatedin Beirut.
A government bill compensatingmembers of
the army, security forces, and civil service who
were seriously injured in last year's revolution
was approvedby the Chamberof Deputies.
Nov. 18: Mr. Leslie Carver,deputy directorof the
UNRWA for Palestine Refugees, was killed in a
collision between his car and a military armored
car at a roadcrossingin Beirut.
The state securitycouncil asked commandersof
securityforces in the north and the governorthere
to approachthe Syrianauthoritieswith a view to
ending borderclashes.
Nov 24: The 150 dismissed employeesof the IPC
and workersin Lebanonbegan a hunger strike in
protest against the failure of the governmentto
arrangefor their reinstatementwith the company.
Nov. 25: George A. Kasem, a US Congressmanof
Lebanese origin, defended Washington against
chargesof favoritismfor Israel.
Nov. 27: Prime Minister Rashid Karamiannounced
that he had requestedMr. Paul Ensor, Chief Rep-
resentative of IPC in Lebanon, to try to find a
solution to the strike of the IPC employees and
workersin Lebanon.
Nov. 29: A spokesmanfor the strikers announced
the determinationof the dismissed workers to
continue their strike till death if necessary.
 CHRONOLOGY
Nov. 30: Fifteen of the strikers were hospitalized
in serious condition.
Nov. 31: Representativesof the various Lebanese
trade unions threatenedthe governmentto call a
general strike in support of the IPC workers if
their problemwas not solved in 48 hours.
Dec. 3: The Governor of Tripoli proposed a com-
promise solution which was acceptedwith reserva-
tions by the dismissed employees. The proposal
was to give these employeestemporaryemployment
for six months and thereafter they were to be
reinstated.
Dec. 4: Talks between Lebanon and Italy on an
agreement organizing air services between them
were broken off because of what Lebanesedele-
gations sources said as obstinacy on the part
of the Italians.
Dec. 5: The hunger strike entered its 12th day as
labor union delegations visited Maronite Patriach
Paul Ma'ushi,and KamalJunzlatt,and asked them
to intercedeon their behalf.
Dec. 9: Representativesof all labor unions in the
country met and resolved to call a general strike
if the demands of the dismissed employees were
not granted by the evening of Monday,December
14.
The IPC issued a statementto the effect that
the case of the dismissed workers had been
settled as of November 1958 and that IPC had
met all obligations pertaining to them.
Libya
1959
Sept. 26: The Libyan Petroleum Commission
announcedthat the AmericanOverseas Petroleum
Companytested productionof its Beda well which
amounted to 3,650 barrels a day clear of water
and oil gravityto 36.6 degrees.
Oct. 30: Socony Mobil Oil Companyannouncedin
New York that its Libyan affiliatehad struck oil
with a wildcat well 190 miles southeast of
Benghazi.
Nov. 19: Libyais draftinga reply to a US note on Oct. 7: The National Mining and Geological De-
Libya'srequestfor changesin the American-Libyan partment awarded today to the Fairchild Aerial
agreementof 1954. The reply includes a request
for increasein the rent for the Wheelus Air Base,
separation of this rent from American aid, and
payment of both rent and aid directly to the Oct. 10: The Premier of Morocco expressed hope
Libyan Government,the weekly Al-Libi reported.
Nov. 25: The Governmentsuspendedthe only three
independentnewspapersin Benghazi, the English-
language CyrenaicaWeekly News, Al-Zamanand
Al-Amal, under a press law issued recently.
Nov. 30: The LibyanGovernmentmoved its seat to
Tripoli for its two-yearterm as capital.
Dec. 1: It was reportedthat Libya,which alreadyhas
two capitals,is building a third one in Bayda.
Dec. 5: The Oasis Oil Companyreportedthat it had
struck oil in its concessionarea in Syrticaat the
rate of 2,800 BPD.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
77
Dec. 10: United States and Libyan negotiatorsare
having little luck in reachingan agreementon how
much the US should pay for keeping a jet training
centerat Wheelus Field, nearTripoli.
Morocco
1959
Sept. 18: A series of paralysis attacks has caused
consternationin the Meknes region in central
Morocco. The causes were believed to be from
food poisoning.
Sept. 22: The decision of Moroccoto adhereto the
Arab Postal Convention and cut all postal links
with Israel was implementedtoday.
Sept. 23: King MuhammadV is faced with a grave
domestic dilemma whether to support the present
Governmentin its new plan of "economiclibera-
tion" from the Frenchmonetaryzone or to call on
the Opposition to present a counter-program and
the names of a governingteam to apply it.
Sept. 26: The Algerian Nationalists informed King
MuhammadV of the broad lines of their answer
to President Charles de Gaulle's offer of self-
determination.
Sept. 28: The Moroccan royal palace and political
leaderswelcomedthe AlgerianProvisionalGovern-
ment's acceptanceof the principle of self determi-
nation.
Oct. 1: Moroccohas signed a commercialagreement
with Communist China totaling $11,600,000, it
was announcedin Rabat.
Oct. 2: It was explained in Rabat that Morocco's
ban on mail sent to or from Israel is a result of
her ratification of the Arab Postal Convention,
which bars its membersfrom postal communication
with Israel.
Oct. 4: The Istiqlal party announcedthe suspension
of its five news organs in protest againstthe press
decree of September18 which provides penalties
for criticizing a governmentofficial or a member
of the armyor police.
SurveysInc. of Los Angeles, a contractfor an ex-
tensive geophysicalair survey of the easternpart
of Morocco to determinemineral resources.
that his visit to the US would result in a solution
of the questionof five US militarybasesin Moroc-
co. He flew to Paris today on his way to New
York.
Oct. 13: It was learned at the UN that Premier
'AbdallahIbrahimwas trying to lay the ground-
work for UN action to pave the way for talks
between Franceand the Algerian nationalists.
Oct. 14: Top-level talks between Algeria and Mo-
rocco began in Rabat. Premier'Abbas of the Al-
gerian ProvisionalGovernmentwas reportedto be
desirous to clarify the French and Algerian posi-
78 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
tions with regardto the new regime in Algeria.
Oct. 16: The Moroccan Government announced a
change of name for the Moroccancurrencyfrom
the Moroccanfranc to the dirham. The measure
is considereda prelude to new economicmeasures
that may involve a break with the franc zone.
Oct. 17: The Government announced a 20.44 per
cent devaluationof the Moroccanfranc as one in
a series of measures to strengthen the country's
economy. To counterthe effect of devaluationon
prices, the Governmenthas establishedstrict con-
trol of the prices of consumergoods and luxury
items will be highly taxed.
The IMF announcedthat it had agreedto a one-
year $25,000,000 stand-bycredit arrangementwith
Morocco. Morocco had agreed to an increase of
$17,500,000 in her quota with the IMF, making
a new total of $52,500,000.
Oct. 20: Dollars were in heavy demandon the Tan-
gier free market,but on instructionsfrom Rabat,
bankswere unableto sell them.
Oct. 28: Talks between Crown Prince Mawlay Ha-
san and Presidentde Gaulle on the Algerianprob-
lem have proved "positive, fruitful and useful,"
officialMoroccansourcessaid.
Oct. 31: It was reportedin Casablancathat 15 dock
workers were injured in a clash between rival
unionists.
Parcels of state lands were distributedto 293
needy peasantfamilies in Sidi Kasemin the advent
of the Government'snew programof land distri-
bution.
Nov. 1: It was learned in Rabatthat after Premier
'AbdallahIbrahim'stalks in Washington, the US
has publicly recognizedMoroccansovereigntyover
the five bases and declared its determinationto
reach an agreementon withdrawingits forces from
them.
Nov. 4: The MoroccanGovernmentproclaimedthe
death penalty for the manufactureor sale of dan-
gerous found products after an outbreakof mass
poisoning causedby table oil adulteratedwith fuel
oils from US surplusstocks.
Nov. 5: An official Moroccandelegation left Rabat
for Beirut to ask for the hand of Miss Lami al-
Sulh for Prince Mawlay 'Abdallah.
Nov. 12: The MoroccanGovernmentannouncedthe
confiscationof propertyof sixty-fiveMoroccansfor
collaboratingwith the French Protectorateregime
prior to independencein 1956.
Nov. 13: The Ministry of Health reported that at
least 9,467 cases of partial paralysisof arms and
legs had been caused by a fraudulentdilution of
cooking oil with a mineral oil used to rinse avia-
tion engines.
Morocco and the Soviet Union signed a trade
agreementproviding for 3,000,000,000 francs in
trade in each direction,or an increaseof 500,000,-
000 both ways over last year.
Nov. 14: Seventy-sevenmore cases of paralysishave
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
been reportedand 27 merchantshave been arrested
for making or selling adulteratedcooking oil.
Nov. 15: A surprisegift of $500,000 worth of US
military equipment will be made public at the
ceremoniesopening the three-daynational holiday
tomorrow in honor of King MuhammadV and
Moroccanindependence.
Nov. 17: The League of Red Cross Societies an-
nounced in Geneva the receipt of an appeal from
the MoroccanGovernmentfor immediateaid for
10,000 victims of the fraudulentdilution of cook-
ing oil.
Nov. 24: A new five-yearplan which is to take ef-
fect early next year was outlined by the Minister
of the Economy, 'Abd al-Rahim. It provides for
widespread state intervention in and control of
industry.
Nov. 27: Crown Prince Mawlay Hasan expressed
gratitudeand praised the "extremeimportance"of
the US armspackage.
A US Embassy spokesman disclosed that an
analysis was being made to determinewhether jet
engine flushing oil sold by the USAF in Morocco
containedpoison.
Dec. 1: A Soviet IL-18 turbo-propjet broughtPresi-
dent SekouToure of Guinea to Rabatfrom Prague
for a four-daystatevisit.
Dec. 4: The labor-supporteddaily Al Tahrir was
seized today because it accused palace personnel
of refusing to permit a group of former members
of the nationalist resistanceto have an audience
with King MuhammadV. It was charged with
slander.
Dec. 5: Upon the announcementof PresidentEisen-
hower's planned visit to Morocco,political leaders
in Rabatwere reportedto have stirredwidespread
hopes that the US is ready to treat African states
as separateentities.
Dec. 10: An exchange of diplomatic missions be-
tween Morocco and Cuba, her first delegation in
LatinAmerica,was announced.
Dec. 14: Legal action against Al-Tahrir for "an
offense against the religious and political institu-
tions of the kingdom"would be taken, the Royal
Palace announced.
Dec. 15: Two resistanceleadersof Morocco'sformer
independencemovementwere arrestedfor publish-
ing attacks against the monarchy. They were the
director and the editor-in-chiefof the daily Al-
Tahrir.
Pakistan
(See also, General, Afghanistan)
1959
Sept. 17: The birthday of the Holy Prophet of
Islam was celebratedthroughoutPakistan.
Sept. 18: An agreementfor the establishmentof an
oil refinery in Pakistan was signed with a con-
sortium of four oil companies. Sixty per cent of
 CHRONOLOGY
the capital will be held by the foreign firms and
fortyper cent by Pakistanis.
Sept. 19: The procedureto be adoptedby the various
Tribunals to be constituted under the Elective
Bodies (Disqualification) Ordinance, 1959, was
announced.
The President issued the Gwadur (Govern-
ment and Administration) (Amendment) Order,
1959, which providedthat the executive authority
of the Province of West Pakistanshall extend to
Gwadur.
Sept. 23: Some vital amendmentsin the Displaced
Persons (Compensationand Rehabilitation) Act,
1958, were approvedby the Cabinet.
The President promulgated an Order amend-
ing Legislative Powers Order, 1959, which will
have the effect of giving the Centerand the Prov-
inces concurrentpowers of legislation in all fields
outside those specifically reserved to the Center
underthe Constitutionof 1956.
Sept. 25: The IBRD made a loan equivalentto $10
million to the Pakistan IndustrialCredit and In-
vestment Corporation. Like an earlier Bank loan
of $4.2 million to PICIC this loan will be used
to meet the foreign exchangerequirementsof proj-
ects financedby the Corporation.
Sept. 27: Eminent Pakistani writer and journalist,
MaulanaAbdul Majid Salik, died of heart failure,
in Lahore.
Sept. 28: The first Pakistan-madeship, built by the
KarachiShipyardwas handed over to the Karachi
Port Trust.
Under PresidentMuhammadAyub Khan's land
reform program,128 peasantsin Tando Allahayar
became owners of land they and their grand-
fathershad workedfor generationsas impoverished
tenants. They were the first of 100,000 peasant
families that will benefit from this program.
Oct. 5: In a press interview in New York Dr.
Muhammad Shoaib reported that Pakistan has
recovered financially from a virtual state of in-
solvency during the year since President Ayub
Khan took control.
Oct. 6: GeneralNe Win, Prime Minister of Burma,
arrived in Karachi on a two-day official visit.
Oct. 8: The East Pakistan Governor said that an
atomic reactiorwould be set up at Dacca.
A joint communiqueunderlining the need of
maintainingand developing friendly relations be-
tween Pakistanand Burmawas issued at the con-
clusion of the BurmesePremier'svisit in Karachi.
Oct. 9: The President, by an order, dismissed the
Governing Body and the Executive Committeeof
Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu,Karachi, and appointed
a Board of Managementto govern its affairswith
Dr. Maulvi Abdul Haq as its Chairman.
Oct. 13: At least 300 persons have died in an out-
break of cholera in and around Dacca it was
reported,and the situation in other East Pakistan
districts was said to be "alarming."
Oct. 15: Talks at the ministeriallevel on disputes
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
79
between India and East Pakistanon border prob-
lems beganin New Delhi.
A three-memberIndian delegation began talks
with Pakistan Governmentrepresentativeson the
issues connectedwith the partition debt.
Oct. 20: Pakistan began moving her capital 750
miles north of Karachito Rawalpindi.
Oct. 21: Maps published in CommunistChina were
studied by Pakistanin view of reportsthat small-
scale maps showed parts of the Gilgit area to be
part of China. The Foreign Minister, Manzu
Qadir warned that Pakistan "will defend its
boundariesand its integrityand sovereigntyby all
possible means against any party that takes action
to violate it."
Pakistan'smilitary regime adopted and promul-
gated a labor peace law which establishesspecial
industrialcourtsto act as final arbitersin industrial
disputes.
The West PakistanGovernorconstituteda three-
man Election Authority to organize, conduct and
supervise elections to basic democraciesin rural
and urbanareasof the province.
Oct. 24: At the conclusionof Indo-Pakistantalks on
borderdisputes, a joint communiqueembodyinga
numberof agreementson borderissues was simul-
taneouslyissued from Karachiand New Delhi.
An agreementto authorize the UN to operate
wireless stations in Pakistan was signed.
More than 10,000 Muslims have fled from
Buddhist Burma to Muslim East Pakistan this
year,it was learnedin Dacca.
Pakistanhas found that surplus labor consisting
of persons employed in varied foreign establish-
mentscan be a valuablesourceof foreignexchange,
it was reportedin Karachi.
Oct. 26: The legislation based on the system of
"basic democracies"was promulgated today by
President Ayub Khan from the new capital,
Rawalpindi. It would take effect on October 27,
the first anniversaryof his militaryregime.
Oct. 27: Pakistan celebratedRevolution Day today
marked by a Presidentialappeal for hard work,
the establishmentof Rawalpindias the seat of the
Governmentand the Promotionof PresidentAyub
Khan from the rankof generalto that of Pakistan's
first field marshal.
Nov. 2: Two thousandMangaitribesmenhave taken
refuge in the Guzgarhiarea of the formerNorth-
West Frontier region 220 miles northwest of
Rawalpindifollowing "severe persecution"by the
Afghan government, an authoratativesource in
Rawalpindi said. They opposed Afghan efforts
to encouragewomen to discardthe veil.
Nov. 3: President Ayub Khan said today that
unidentifiedplanes had made unauthorizedflights
over Pakistan from the direction of Afghanistan
and that the Government had taken "suitable
action." He said that according to reports the
Afghan Army and Air Force had been deployed
against the Mangal tribesmen refugees.
80 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Pakistan signed a $4,800,000 loan agreement
with the Development Loan Fund to cover the
foreign-exchangecosts of building landingfacilities
for large commercialjet aircraftat KarachiInter-
national Airport.
Nov. 5: One thousandmore Mangal tribesmenhave
taken refuge in Pakistan bringing their total to
3,000, it was learnedin Rawalpindi.
The foundationstone of a new North Karachi
Township was laid by PresidentAyud Khan.
Nov. 6: The Prime Minister of Cambodia, His
Royal Highness Norodom Sihanouk, arrived in
Karachitogetherwith his wife.
Nov. 7: The West Pakistan Governmentpromul-
gated the West Pakistan Determinationof Land
Revenue and Water Ordinance,1959, to separate
the land revenuefrom the water rate and to make
provision for reassessmentof land revenue and
water rate.
Nov. 8: Tribal elders charged the Afghan Army
with the killing of ninety persons, half of them
women duringtheir recentrevolt, it was announced
in Rawalpindi.
Nov. 9: PresidentAyub Khan left for Teheran on
his nine-daystatevisit to Iran.
Nov. 10: PresidentAyub Khanreceivedthe honorary
degree of Doctor of Law from the Chancellorof
TeheranUniversity.
Lt. Gen. MuhmmadAzam Khan announcedthe
new scale of compensationfor settling claims of
displaced persons.
Nov. 11: The West Pakistan Governor announced
that elections to the "basic democracies"in West
Pakistanwill begin on December26.
Nov. 12: Pakistanand the US signed the Treatyof
Friendshipand Commercein Washington.
Nov. 18: President Ayub Khan arrived in Ankara
on a three-daystatevisit.
Nov. 20: PresidentAyub Khan returnedto Pakistan
from his statevisits.
In a statement,PresidentAyub Khan said that
by trying to get together to defend themselves,
Turkey, Iran and Pakistanwere acting as a shield
of securityfor the entire Middle East, South East
Asia and the Africancontinent.
Nov. 23: The Presidentdeclaredthat Pakistanwould
not recognizeany arrangementbetweenMr. Nehru
and Mr. Chou En-lai to create a "no-man'sland"
in Ladakh.
Nov. 27: MuhammadNaim, Afghanistan'sForeign
Minister has acceptedan invitation to visit Pakis-
tan, it was announcedin Rawalpindi.
Dec. 1: The Presidentamendedmartial law regula-
tions today, allowing candidatesfor local councils
to hold meetingsand organizeprocessions.
Dec. 2: The Governorof East Pakistanannounced
that an auxiliary capital of Pakistan is to be
built at Tejgoan,nearDacca.
Dec. 4: Two US naval ships arrivedin Karachiin
preparationfor PresidentEisenhower'svisit.
Dec. 5: Pakistanhad a dress rehearsalfor the arrival
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
of PresidentEisenhower.
Dec. 7: President Eisenhower arrived in Pakistan
and received a warm welcome, it was reportedin
Karachi.
Dec. 8: A communiqueissued after lunch by the
two presidents reaffirmedthe close ties existing
betweenthe US and Pakistanand emphasizedanew
the importanceof CENTO and SEATO in pre-
serving the stability and security of the areas
coveredby them.
An unofficial invitation given by President
Eisenhowerto President Ayub Khan to visit the
US was accepted by the latter on the condition
that pressure of his work does not disable him
from doing so, perhaps in 1960, it was under-
stood.
Dec. 9: PresidentEisenhowerand his party left for
Kabul today. Asked for help in settling Pakistan's
disputes with India and Afghanistan, the Presi-
dent's reaction was somewhat less than what
PresidentAyub Khan had hoped for.
PalestineProblem
1959
Sept. 22: The seventeenthprogressreportof the UN
Conciliation Commission for Palestine, covering
the period from June 1, 1958 to August 31, 1959
was issued. It described,among other things, the
technical work done on the identification and
valuation of Arab refugee property,and gave the
present position regardingrelease of Arab refugee
bank accounts blocked in Israel and the transfer
of safe deposit and safe custodyitems.
Oct. 6: A report regarding the proposals of the
UN Secretary-General for the continuationof UN
assistance to the Palestine refugees accompanied
by a memorandumsigned by the representatives
of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,Libya, Morocco, Saudi
Arabia,Sudan,Tunisia,the UAR, and Yemen were
presentedto Secretary-General Dag Hammerskjold
by Ambassador'Abd al Khalik Hasuna.
Oct. 7: UAR President Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir says
he is willing to accept the implementationof all
UN resolutions relating to Israel and the Arabs.
Oct. 8: The Arab delegationsat the UN informed
the Secretary-General that they would oppose any
effort to reintegratePalestinerefugees in the Arab
host countries. They said that Mr. Hammarskj6ld's
recentrecommendation had "anticipateda situation
in which the refugees would be forced to give
up their rights."
Oct. 29: A Jordan-IsraeliMixed Armistice Com-
mission met to discussa Jordaniancomplaintabout
the expulsion from Israel of 300 Azazmehtribes-
men.
Nov. lo: The head of the UN's aid agencyfor Arab
refugees said that assistancewould be neededfor a
decadeor more. He urged that 600,000 Palestinian
refugees should be given job opportunities by
 CHRONOLOGY
having them cross "a demarcationline or a national
boundary."
Nov. 16: Arabs and Israelis again clashed in the
UN General Assembly's Special Political Com-
mittee, each trying to blame the other for the
plight of the Arabs from Palestine.
Nov. 17: In the General Assembly special political
committee, Ceylon supported Saudi Arabia's sug-
gestion that the Palestine conciliation commission
should be received with wider representationand
strongerpowers to try to solve the refugee prob-
lem.
Nov. 24: Israel and Jordanclashedover an appraisal
of the Jewish religion during the debate in the
UN General Assembly'sSpecial Political Commit-
tee, on the Palestine refugee problem.
Nov. 26: Dr. Conor Cruise O'Brien of Irelandsug-
gested that an experimentalgroup of 100 Palestine
refugeesbe permittedto returnto their homes. He
told the GeneralAssembly'sSpecialPolitical Com-
mittee that this could be a first step towardbreak-
ing the political deadlock. A progressivelylarger
group would then be permittedto return,he added.
Nov. 30: Israel offered to negotiate with her Arab
neighborson aspectsof the problemof Palestinian
Arab refugees. Mr. Comayof Israel reiteratedhis
country's opposition to the mass return of the
refugees who are living in the Arab countries
borderingIsrael.
Dec. 2: In private talks, both the Arabs and Israel
resistedthe Americanproposalto revive the Pales-
tine conciliation commission so that it could try
to arrange repatriationor compensationfor the
refugees. The Arabs were said to suspect the US
wanted the commissionto concentrateon compen-
sationratherthan on repatriation.
Dec. 3: The US and the Arab states have reached
a compromiseagreementon continuingUN aid to
PalestinianArab refugees for another three years.
Dec. 7: Israel disclaimedany part in the "compro-
mise" agreementbecause she felt that the agree-
ment stresses settling the problem by renewed
efforts to returnthe refugeesto their homes,which
now are within Israel's borders.
Dec. 8: A three-yearextension of UN assistanceto
1,000,000 PalestinianArab refugees was voted 71
to 0 in the UN.
Persian Gulf
1959
Sept. 28: The Cairo weekly Rauzal-Yusufreported
that it has gained possessionof a secret document
giving details of an Iraqiplan to annex,by force of
arms if necessary, the oil-rich Shaykhdom of
Kuwayt, and other oil-producing states of the
Pursian Gulf. Iraq's present financial crisis has
compelled Iraq to do this, it reported.
Oct. 21: The Japanese-ownedArabianOil Company
announcedin Tokyo that it would resumeits test
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
81
drilling offshore from the Saudi Arabian-Kuwayt
Neutral Zone towardthe end of November.
Nov. 11: The Arabian Oil Company of Japan
announcedthat it was to increaseits capital from
5,250,000,000 yen to 10,000,000,000 yen in order
to raise the additionalfunds necessaryfor oilfield
developmentin its offshoreconcession.
Six dhows have been sunk and heavy damage
caused along the coast of Muscatby storms which
raged for eight days, travellers reaching Dubai
reported.
Nov. 22: Seventy-one "Communists," including
Syrians,Iraqis, Jordanians,Lebanese,and Iranians
were arrestedin Kuwayt accordingto the public
securitydepartment.They were found to have been
organizinga cell in Kuwayt.
Nov. 25: Crude oil productionof the Kuwayt Oil
Company in October totaled 5,933,255 tons, as
comparedwith 6,250,892 tons in October 1958, it
was reported.
King Sa'ud and his retinue arrived in Duha,
Qatar,for a four-daystate visit to Shaykh'Ali Bin
'Abdallahal-Thani.
Nov. 29: The Arabian Oil Companyof Japan re-
sumed its test drilling operations. The company
expectedits drilling to reach an underseadepth of
2,500 ms. by the end of February1960.
Dec. 12: A bomb attempt on the life of Sayyid
Ahmad Bin Ibrahim,Minister of the Interior of
the independentSultanateof Muscat,while he was
on his way from Muscat to Bombay for medical
treatment,was officiallyrevealed.
SaudiArabia
1959
Sept. 20: The UAR agreedto the loan of 12 Egyptian
specialistsin eye diseasesand radiologyto work in
the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health for two
years.
Sept. 22: King Sa'ud telegraphedPresident Gamal
'Abd al-Nasir supporting the barring of Israeli
ships and cargoes from the Suez Canal.
Sept. 24: A Chief of Staff for the Saudi Arabian
Army was instituted by Royal Decree. General
Ibrahim al-Tasanwas oppointed to the post.
Sept. 25: The chairmanof the Saudi Arabian edu-
cationalmissionvisiting Jordanannouncedthat 140
Jordanianteachershad been hired to work in Saudi
Arabia.
Oct. 7: SomeonethreatenedSaudi Arabiandelegate
to the UN, AhmadShuqayrithat he would be shot
if he did not abandonhis attackson Israel, Arab
delegatesat New York said.
W. R. Cooper,ARAMCO'sgeneral managerfor
engineering and construction,has been elected a
vice presidentof ARAMCO.
Oct. 19: In an interview with the Cairo daily al-
Ahram, His Royal Highness Amir Faysal denied
that any contractswere taking place between Saudi
82 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Arabia and Great Britain over the renewal of
diplomaticrelations.
Oct. 20: The Conferenceof Arab Oil Expertsbegan
in Jiddah.
Oct. 21: King Sa'udannouncedthat schools for girls
will be established in Saudi Arabia under the
supervision of a special committee of religious
leaders.
Oct. 26: The Arab League PetroleumExpertsCom-
mittee held its seventh session in Jiddah. Shaykh
'AdballahTarikiwas elected chairman.Chief items
on the agenda were the proposals for an Arab
pipeline, an Arab tankerfleet, and a joint Arab oil
policy.
Nov. 11: Saudi Arabia celebrated the sixth
anniversaryof the accessionof King Sa'ud.
The Middle East Director of the IMF pro-
nounced Saudi Arabia nearly restored to fiscal
health after eighteen months of austerity.
Nov. 12: Three Americancorrespondentsinterviewed
GamalBey who called for a restorationof the pre-
1956 status quo in the Gulf of Aqabawith respect
to Israeli shipping. He said that Saudi Arabia
wished to restorenormalrelationswith Britainpro-
vided that the disputes over the south and south-
easternbordersof the countrywere solved.
King Sa'ud said through a spokesmanthat he
was opposed to the continued presence of a UN
force in the AqabaGulf area.
Nov. 28: Guerillawarfarein the BuraimiOasis con-
tinued as Scouts let by British officerssurrounded
Hamasavillage in searchof guerillas and men who
lay mines.
Sudan
(See also, UAR)
1959
Sept. 22: The sentencesof two formerministersand
membersof the armedforces supremecouncil and
four other armyofficerswho tried to overthrowthe
SudaneseGovernmentwere commutedby President Dec. 9: A Yugoslavmilitarydelegationleft Khartum
'Abbud to life imprisonmentwith dismissal from
the army.
Sept. 25: President Ibrahim 'Abbud announcedthe
permanentappointmentof Major GeneralMaqbul
al-Haqq as Ministerof Communications,Irrigation
and Agriculture.
Oct. 7: A Sudaneseministerialmissionwith numerous 1959
advisersarrivedin Cairoto resumenegotiationsfor Sept. 18: The Tunisian newspaper Al-Amal pub-
an equitable share of Nile waters now that the
UAR is going ahead with the Aswan high dam
projects.
Oct. 14: The leader of the Sudanesedelegation in Sept. 19: A trade agreementbetween Tunisia and
Cairo announcedthat representativeson the first
sub-committeehad drawnup a trade and payments
agreementwhich will be put in its final form before
the week-end.
Oct. 30: No agreementhas been reachedon the Nile Sept. 22: Sayyid Salah Bin Yusuf, a Tunisian
waterstalks, it was reportedin Cairo,but Sudanese
delegatesexpressedhopes that agreementwill soon
be reached.
Nov. 9: Mutinoustroops fought regulararmyforces
in Khartum's streets led by three unidentified
officers. The revolt began in the InfantrySchool
of Omdruman.President'Abbuddeclaredthat the
outbreakwas a "continuation"of last May'sevents.
Nov. 11: Seven arrestswere reportedin the wake of
the unsuccessful revolt yesterday. No state of
emergencyhas been proclaimed.
Nov. 14: Trial began in Khartum of two armed
officers, six former officers and two civilians
chargedwith conspiringto mutiny.
Nov. 15: At the trial an armycaptaingave evidence
that the leaders of the latest aborativecoup de-
manded that the 'Abbud governmentshould re-
linquish power, that all military prisonersshould
be released,and that a national conferenceshould
be held to discuss Sudan'sfuture.
Nov. 17: In the course of his speech marking the
first anniversaryof the new regime in Sudan,Presi-
dent 'Abbudreferredto his government'splans for
new industriesin the Sudan.
Nov. 24: President 'Abbud said in an interview
publishedin Cairoby the Al-Akhbbar that the Com-
munist dangerin the Sudanhad increasedrecently.
He attributedthe recentconspiraciesto them.
LieutenantColonel 'Ali Hamid was convictedby
a court martialfor leading the recentrevolt.
Dec. 2: Five leadersof the abortivecoup were hanged
in North Kober centralprison.
Dec. 3: Water conservationschemes were outlined
by the Ministry of Irrigation and Hydro-Electric
Power now that the Sudan has been assuredof a
larger share of the Nile waters after the construc-
tion of the Aswan high dam. The most important
is the Roseiresdam on the Blue Nile, proposedto
be completed by 1966 and a smaller dam at
Khashm al Girba. The cost of this dam will be
met by part of the ?S15 million which the Sudan
will receive from Egypt as compensationfor the
flooding of the Wadi Halfa area.
after a ten-day visit of northern and southern
Sudan.
Tunisia
lished an editorial which was clearly favorablein
its reaction to President de Gaulle's declaration
with regardto Algeria.
Russia was signed in Tunis by Sayyid Ahmad
Mistiri, Secretaryof State for Finance and Com-
merce,and Mr. Pankratov,RussianDeputy External
TradeMinister.
political leaderin exile in Cairo,accusedPresident

This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
 CHRONOLOGY
Habib Bourguibaof "odiousblackmail"againstthe
Algerian Provisional Governmentin order to in-
duce it to accept the "enslavingde Gaulle plan."
Sept. 30: Walter N. Walmsley,new US Ambassador
to Tunisia, arrivedin Tunis.
Oct. 1: Tunisia began its new policy of "non-
adherence"to the FrenchCustomsUnion by which
she continues to trade with France and other
membersof the CustomsUnion of the FrenchBloc
but at the same time carry out trade negotiations
with marketscompetingwith the zone.
Oct. 3: The Tunisianhigh courtsentenced15 men to
death and 108 to varioustermsof imprisonmenton
charges of plotting to murder President Habib
Bourguiba.
Oct. 10: PresidentHabib Bourguibainauguratedthe
National AgriculturalBank of Tunisiawhich could
lend to peasantsat 2 per cent interest.
Oct. 14: Eight Tunisianswere hangedfor attempting
to assassinate the President and for charges of 1959
subversion.
Nov. 7: On the eve of Tunisia's first national
elections as a republic,PresidentHabib Bourguiba,
lone presidential candidate, was assured of re-
election.
Nov. 8: President Bourguiba is re-elected and
women voters were unveiled for the first time.
Nov. 9: More than 90 per cent of Tunisia'sregistered
voters gave overwhelming approval to President
Habib Bourguiba and his Neo-Destour party,
incomplete election results showed. The Com-
munist opposition drew less than 3,000 votes.
Nov. 11: The news of PresidentEisenhower'svisit
was greeted with much satisfaction.
Nov. 12: PresidentHabib Bourguiba,host and ally
of the ministersof the Algerian ProvisionalGov-
ernment,urged them publicly at a press conference
to acceptthe de Gaulle offer to go to Paris.
Tunisiawas invitedto becomea provisionalmem-
ber of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, pending negotiations in September next
year at a tariff conferencein Geneva.
Nov. 14: The financingof a dam to catchthe waters
of the Oued Nabana, near Kairouan in central
Tunisia is being discussedby the Governmentwith
the US DevelopmentLoan Fund.
Nov. 15: The political orientationof Tunisia appears
to be veering toward the left as PresidentBour-
guiba studies socialism for methods of reform.
Nov. 16: Britain and Tunisia signed a trade agree-
ment underwhich two export lists were established
for Tunisia, one for the UK and Ireland and the
other for dependentBritish territories.
Nov. 17: Tunisia will be the first countryin Africa
to use the atomic energy, Sayyid Muhammad'Ali
al-Annabi, Tunisian atomic energy commissioner
said. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency has
agreed to send two officials in Tunis for 6 to 9
months and providematerialsworth $10,000.
Nov. 21: The granting of visas to the three-man
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
83
delegationof Algeriannationalistswho will attend
the UN debateput an end to criticismof the US
that had been growing in Tunis among Algerians
and Tunisiansbecauseof the long delay.
Nov. 26: The Governmentnationalized the Tunis
electricity,gas, and water services, formerly con-
trolled by a Frenchcompanywith subsequentpro-
test from French employeesand a request by the
French Governmentto justify the decision and
compensatethe shareholders.
Dec. 10: PresidentBourguibasaid in Tunis that he
would "look elsewhere"for loans if the US did
not grant them.
Turkey
(See aso, General,Cyprus,Syria)
Sept. 22: Foreign Minister Zorlu arrived in New
York to preside over the Turkish delegation to
the UN General Assembly, and also to attend
the Ministerial Council meetings of the CENTO,
of the IMF, and the IBRD.
Oct. 1: Three US officers who complained about
allegedTurkeybrutalityto fourAmericanprisoners
have been transferredfrom the NATO's base in
Izmir. One of the detained officers demandeda
Congressionalinvestigation.
Oct. 10: Negotiations for the constructionof an
IRBM base in Turkeyhave been completed,it was
announcedin Washington. This gives Turkeythe
third IRBM base in the Western defense system.
Oct. 11: A spokesmanfor the Turkish delegation
to the UN predictedthat Turkey would take the
lead tomorrow in her race against Poland for a
seat on the SecurityCouncil.
Oct. 18: The Foreign Ministry statementpertaining
to the sailing vessel interceptedoff Cyprusdeclared
that it was owned by three Turkish nationals,
fishermenby trade. It denied, in effect, that the
Turkish Governmentencouragedthe smuggling of
arms.
Oct. 25: An earthquakehit the small town of Hinis,
southwestof Erzurumin EasternTurkey,resulting
in the death of 8 persons and the destructionof
more than 300 buildings.
Oct. 28: Two US sergeantswere freed on bail after
having spent eighty-eight days in jail on charges
of black-marketmoney deals. Meanwhilethe trial
of three policemenon beatingchargeswas recessed
to November21.
Oct. 29: The 36th anniversaryof the founding of
the TurkishRepublicwas celebrated.
Nov. 1: PresidentCelal Bayar deliveredhis annual
speech on the occasion of the re-opening of the
Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara in
which he outlined Turkey'sview of developments
on the internationalscene.
84 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Nov. 4: PresidentEisenhowerdisclosed to the press
his intended visit to Turkey during his projected
19-daygoodwill tour.
Nov. 10: Solemn memorial exercises throughout
Turkey markedthe twenty-firstanniversaryof the
deathof KemalAtaturk.
Nov. 14: The last of the four airmen accused of
black-marketdeals was released on bail.
Nov. 18: PresidentAyub Khan of Pakistanarrived
in Ankara for a two-day official visit. He was
receivedby PresidentCelal Bayar.
Nov. 22: Eighteen US Army and Air Force men
were reported to have been transfered in the
wake of the controversystirredby the case of four
airmen accusedof illegal currencyexchanges.
Nov. 30: Expansionof steel and iron ore production
in Turkey with the assistance of a $15 million
credit from the US EXIMBANK to financepur-
chases of heavy equipment in the US was an-
nounced by the Bank's President, Samuel C.
Waugh.
Dec. 1: A 10-man mission arrived in Brussels to
resume the talks on Turkey'sassociationwith the
European Economic Community. According to
reports from Ankara, it has already been agreed
that Turkey's link with the six-nation community
will take the form of an associate membership
for a transitionalperiod of 10 years.
Dec. 6: PresidentEisenhowerand his party arrived
in Turkeyfor a two-dayvisit.
Dec. 7: An official communiqueissued on Presi-
dent Eisenhower's departure from Ankara said
among other things that any plan for peace or
easing of internationaltensions must be accom-
panied by an efficient and properly controlled
system of disarmament. The US renewed its
continuedsupportto the economicdevelopmentof
Turkey and the pledge of security.
United ArabRepublic
1959
Sept. 17: RaymondA. Hare, US ambassadorto the
UAR, was received by President Gamal 'Abd
al-Nasir,the Cairoradioreported.
Sept. 19: President Nasir reiterated that Israeli
ships had no right to enterUAR territorialwaters.
Sept. 21: Dr. 'Abd al-Mun'im Qaysuni, UAR
Minister of Economy,conferredwith Mr. Eugene
Black,presidentof the IBRD, abouta possibleloan
for the developmentof the Suez Canal.
Sept. 27: The Syrian Communist leader in exile,
Sayyid Khalid Bakdash made a speech about the
UAR during the 10th anniversaryof the Com-
munist regime in Peking which gave rise to a
protest by the UAR charge d'affairesthere.
Sept. 30: The UAR Deputy ForeignMinisterhanded
a protest note to the ChineseAmbassadorin Cairo
which demandedfor an explanationof this "viola-
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
tion of the principle of peaceful co-existence"by
allowing a renegade to make "a flagrant attack
that will damagerelations between the two coun-
tries."
Oct. 3: Foreign Ministry officials in Cairo charged
that the Chinese Communists were deliberately
delaying diplomatic cables sent by the UAR's
embassyin Peiping.
It was reportedin Ismailia that the Suez Canal
is exceeding pre-1956 records and that the new
regime is able to handle the heavy traffic effi-
ciently.
Oct. 5: Dr. Mamud Fawzi, Foreign Minister of the
UAR accused Israel of artificiallycausing a crisis
by pushing her demandsto use the Suez Canal.
Oct. 8: PresidentNasir says he is ready to accepta
UN commission that would implement all UN
resolutionsrelating to Israel and the Arabs. This
would include the 1951 SecurityCouncilresolution
calling for freedomof shipping in the Suez Canal.
Oct. 10: An agreementon the avoidanceof double
taxation was signed by UAR and US representa-
tives in Washingtonfor the purposeof encouraging
privateAmericaninvestments.
The Russian consulate in Cairo cancelled its
lease of a Port Said cinema where it had been
presenting Russian films because the public has
been boycotting the shows. Moscow radio com-
plained that prospectivepatrons were intimidated
by the authorities.
Oct. 12: Al-AhramaccusedMoscow radio of lying
when it alleged that the UAR was angling for
western military aid. The West refused to sell
arms to the UAR, and not becausethe latter was
unwilling to buy them, the paper said.
Oct. 17: A decree abolished the separateposts of
chief of staff in the army, navy, and air force
and assigned to them the title of commander-in-
chief.
Oct. 19: Australia and the UAR agree to resume
diplomaticrelations.
Oct. 25: It was learned that Sayyid Kilani would
fly back to Peking as the UAR's dispute with
CommunistChinawas resolvedand the Cairopress
droppedits attacks.
Oct. 30: PresidentNasir acceptedthe resignationof
Sayyid Hasan Ibrahim as chairmanof the Board
of EconomicOrganization.His position was taken
over by Dr. 'Abd al-Mun'imQaysuniwho is also
Ministerof Economy.
Nov. 1: The UAR and the Sudan are readyto sign
an agreementto end the dispute about the division
of the Nile waters which arrangesfor more trade.
Nov. 2: President Nasir issued a decree placing
state land, with the exception of the areas used
by variousministries,under the supervisionof the
agrarianreformorganization.
Nov. 3: The UAR will pay the Sudan 15,000,000
Egyptianpounds for Sudaneselands in the Wadi
Halfa area that will be flooded by the Aswan
High Dam, Al-Ahramsaid.
 CHRONOLOGY
Nov. 8: The Sudan and the UAR signed an agree-
ment on the division of the Nile waters, a trade
and paymentsagreementand a customsagreement.
Nov. 10: Premier Khrushchev has told a Cairo
editor that the Soviet Union is ready to continue
aid to the UAR.
Nov. 14: The US and the UAR signed an agreement
to send 150,000 tons of surpluswheat and barleyto
Syria.
Nov. 19: A mission of the IMF arrivedin Cairo to
study currencyregulations in the UAR and ways
and means of control on expenditure.
Nov. 22: Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia
informed PresidentNasir at the conclusionof his
state visit that he is unwilling to join a third
power block and that he wants to be neutral.
Nov. 26: US DevelopmentLoan Fund financingfor
at least seven projects in Cairo and in Syria will
be given "expeditious consideration" by both
Governments.
Dec. 1: Cairo and London jointly announcedthe
re-establishmentof diplomatic relations.
The UAR decided to call a special meeting of
the Arab League to consider Israel's intention to
divert the course of the river Jordan.
Dec. 4: The UAR denied a reportthat its diplomats
in Panama were encouraging an anti-US group
advocating violent seizure of the Canal Zone.
Dec. 8: The UAR will ask the Arab League to
approve the erection of a dam in Syria to stop
the Jordan's waters from reaching Israel if the
Israelis tap the river for an irrigation project.
Dec. 9: Britain formally resumed diplomatic rela-
tions with the UAR when Colin Crowe, Charge
d'affiaires, presented his credentials to Deputy
ForeignMinisterZulfiqarSubri.
Egypt
1959
Sept. 17: A republican decree has been issued
placing the EgyptianPetroleumCooperativeSociety
under the supervisionof the UAR General Petro-
leum Authority.
Sept. 18: Three years after martial law put them
out of business, British and French business men
and propertyownersin Cairoare findingtheir way
backto their old stands.
Sept. 22: James Swinburn returned to England
after spending nearly three years in an Egyptian
prison. He was granted amnesty from his 5-year
sentencefor espionage.
Sept. 23: Some 5,000 students and workers rallied
in protestagainstthe Iraqi executionof 13 revolu-
tionary leaders.
Oct. 11: The disappearancefrm the Aswan Museum
of a golden bust of the sun god Horus and a
ruby-studdedgold ring was reportedby al-Ahram.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
85
The UAR Ministry of Industry has agreed to
issue a two-month permit to the Pan American
Internationalto make a preliminarysurvey of the
potential oil resourcesof the Western Desert in
the EgyptianRegion.
Oct. 18: The Egyptian Minister of Rural and
MunicipalAffairs told the press that a preliminary
agreementhad been reachedfor Czech equipment
and materialsworth LL50 million to be supplied
to Egypt on a long-termcredit basis.
Oct. 24: An intensive search is under way for two
Americans,two Frenchmenand their guide who
have been reportedlost in the Nubian Desert.
Oct. 26: An Egyptian frontier patrol reportedthat
it had found the bodies of one Americanand two
Frenchmenmissing in the Nubian Desert.
Oct. 27: A UNEF communiquesaid that fire had
swept through the force's hospital burning it to
the groundwithin an hour.
Nov. 4: A medical report said that the death of
the inexperiencedguide who led two Americans
and a Frenchmenon a fatal trek acrossthe Nubian
Desert was causedby violence.
Nov. 25: Oil reservoirsto meet domesticneeds for
a year at a time are to be built in several parts
of Egypt at a total cost of ?El, 750,000, the
Ministryof Supplysaid.
Nov. 30: World Bank'sDirector of ME Operations,
Mr. Rucinski left Cairo for Washington after a
six-day visit for final talks on the proposed loan
for the Suez Canal improvementprogram. Press
reports say that a loan of $56.5 million repayable
in 18 yearshas been agreed.
Dec. 2: The first group of Russian staff left Cairo
for the constructionsite of the Aswan High Dam.
Syria
1959
Sept. 20: The SyrianMinistryof Industryannounced
that the oil storage facilities to be constructedat
the Homs Refinerywould have sufficientcapacity
to meet Syrianfuel requirementsover a period of
80 days.
Sept. 22: Turkishsoldiersare officiallystatedto have
crossed into Syria in the Ifrin area, Allepo
province, and tried to kidnap shepherdsand steal
their flocks.
Oct. 5: Syriansecurityand customsmen fought with
a sixty-manband of smugglerssaid to have been
guarded by six Turkish soldiers on the Turkish-
Syrian border.
Exiled SyrianCommunistleaderKhalid Bakdash
will be tried in absentia on charges of "high
treasonand intriguingagainstthe UAR and Syrian-
EgyptianUnity," the al-Nasr reported.
Oct. 21: PresidentNasir gave Field Marshal 'Abd
al-Hakim 'Amir full authority over the Syrian
86 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Cabinet,making him responsibleonly to President
Nasir himself.
Nov. 19: Contractsfor 45,000 tons of Syriancotton
have been concluded since the beginning of the
season last September,the Ministry of Economy
said. This comparedwith 28,000 tons for the same
period last year.
Nov. 20: An agreementwith the Becker Company,
of Munich, to carry out technical surveys for the
building of an internationalairport15kmsouth-east
of Damascuswas signed.
Nov. 26: Syria has a central executive again after
monthsof operatinglike a statewithout a governor.
Field Marshal 'Abd al-Hakim 'Amir who arrived
on October 12 has since began to restorethe faith
of Syriansin the Arab Leagueby expeditingSyrian
development projects and organizing a National
Union.
The Ministerof Economydisclosedthat Rumania
was readyto contributetowardsproposeddevelop-
ment projects in Syria.
Dec. 2: New factoriesproviding employmentfor at
least 25,000 workers will be establishedin Syria
during the next three years, the Minister of
Industrytold a press conference.
Dec. 9: An agreementon transittradebetweenSyria,
Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Lebanonwas signed in
Damascus.
The Directorateof Propagandaand Information
bannedthe entryinto Syriaof the New York revue
Confidentialfor supportingIsraeland Zionism.
Dec. 10: Ten men from the Majdal Shams village
were sentenced to death on spying for Israel
charges.
This content downloaded from 128.40.212.111 on Mon, 17 Mar 2014 10:05:24 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Yemen
(See also, Aden)
1959
Oct. 6: Sayyid MuhammadKamil 'Abd al-Rahim
urged the UN GeneralAssemblyto send a mission
to Yemen to investigate what he described as
Britain's"secretwar" againstthe people of Oman.
He spoke of the "massingof thousandsof British
troops there."
Oct. 10: Yemen is reported to be signing an oil
agreementwith ENI.
Oct. 15: The UK rejected as unfounded Yemen's
"allegationsof infringementof the frontierbetween
Yemen and the Aden Protectorate"and said that
it was perturbed by Yemen's unsubstantiated
allegations.
Nov. 10: The Yemen Governmentannouncedin Ta-
izz the signing of a joint explorationagreementfor
oil, gas and mineralswith the AmericanOverseas
InvestmentCompany.
Nov. 17: West Germanyhas agreedon economicco-
operation with Yemen and to give her technical
aid, it was announced.
Nov. 18: It was reportedin Cairo that efforts by
President Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir to give technical
assistanceto Yemen are being rebuffed by Imam
Ahmad.
Dec. 1: A protocol for Soviet technical aid for the
developmentof agriculturein Yemen was agreed
in Moscow. Accordingto Cairo sources,the USSR
has agreed to a loan of 80 million rubles for this
purpose.