IPv4 Format First Octet Value IP Addresses Reserved Private Space

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits From DEC To DEC Start (Dotted Decimal/Binary) End (Dotted Decimal/Binary) Max No. of Networks Max No. of Hosts From To Default Subnet Mask
Class A Network Host Host Host 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127 1.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 2^(8-1)-2 or 2^7-2 126 2^24-2 16,777,214 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
Class B Network Network Host Host 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 191 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 2^(16-2) or 2^14 16,384 2^16-2 65,534 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0
Class C Network Network Network Host 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 223 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 2^(24-3) or 2^21 2,097,152 2^8-2 254 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 255.255.255.0
Class D Multicast 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 239 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
Class E Research 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255

Reserved IP Addresses
Network address of all 0s Interpreted to mean "this network or segment."
Network address of all 1s Interpreted to mean "all networks."
Node/Host 127.0.0.1 Loopback address
Network 127.0.0.0 Reserved for diagnostics
Node/Host address of all 0s "network address" or any host on specified network (e.g. 128.2.0.0)
Node/Host address of all 1s "all nodes" on the specified network (e.g. 128.2.255.255)
Entire IP Address set to all 0s 0.0.0.0 (also known as default route in Cisco)
Entire IP Address set to all 1s 255.255.255.255 (Broadcast to all nodes)

3 ways of depicting and IP address Fast Way of Subnetting (For Class C)

Dotted Decimal 172.16.52.36 Number of Valid Subnets
Binary 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000 Masked bits (1) w/ ip subnet zero w/o ip subnet zero
Hexadecimal AC.10.1E.38 2 Raised to 2 = 4 2
2^(x) 2^(x)-2
Power of 2 calculator Number of Valid Hosts
2 Raised to 14 = 16,384 Unmasked bits (0) Less network and broadcast address
2 Raised to 6 = 62
CIDR Values 2^(y)-2
255.0.0.0 /8 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Valid Subnets
255.128.0.0 /9 11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 Subnet Mask Block Size Blocks Broadcast
255.192.0.0 /10 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 256 less (-) 192 = 64 1st 0 63
255.224.0.0 /11 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 2nd 64 127
255.240.0.0 /12 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 3rd 128 191
255.248.0.0 /13 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 4th 192 255
255.252.0.0 /14 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 5th 256 319
255.254.0.0 /15 11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 6th 320 383
255.255.0.0 /16 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 7th 384 447
255.255.128.0 /17 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 8th 448 511
255.255.192.0 /18 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 9th 512 575
255.255.224.0 /19 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 10th 576 639
255.255.240.0 /20 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 11th 640 703
255.255.248.0 /21 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 12th 704 767
255.255.252.0 /22 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 13th 768 831
255.255.254.0 /23 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 14th 832 895
255.255.255.0 /24 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 15th 896 959
255.255.255.128 /25 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 16th 960 1023
255.255.255.192 /26 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 17th 1024 1087
255.255.255.224 /27 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 18th 1088 1151
255.255.255.240 /28 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 19th 1152 1215
255.255.255.248 /29 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 20th 1216
255.255.255.252 /30 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

Four steps in troubleshooting ip problems

1. Ping the localhost loopback ip address 127.0.0.1
2. Ping the local ip address (NIC)
3. Ping the default gateway
4. Ping the remote device

Routing Protocols that supports VLSM

RIPv2
EIGRP
OSPF