97222018 Stops Tutorial Welcome Collections Syllabus Schedule Write well OSU piysics Optics Apertures etc. Stops, Pupils, Windows: We show a ray diagram for a two lens system below. Light moves from left to right. Light originates at the object O01, passes through the lens L1 and forms an image I1 This image |1 serves as an object 02 for the second lens L2 that forms the final image 12. ul The diagram shows those rays that pass through the focal point of each element and those rays passing through or to the center of each element. Aperture stop and pupils: Aperture stop: The real aperture in an optical system that limits the size of the cone of rays accepted by the system from an axial object point. Entrance pupil: The image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements (if any) that precede it Exit pupil: The image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements (if any) that follow it. Finding the aperture stop: (Method 1) Draw a ray from the optical axis at the position of the object through the optical system. Note the height of the ray position on each optical element and find the ratio of this height to the element height. The element with the largest ratio is the aperture stop. This is the element that limits the rays coming from the object (Method 2) Image each optical element through all those preceding it to determine the image position and size. Draw rays fanning out from the optical axis at the object itp hw: physlesokstate.edulackerson/Physles61231Stops, Tutor. html 48397222018 Stops Tutorial position to determine which image limits the most rays. The most limiting image is the entrance pupil and the optical element producing it is the aperture stop. Example: For the two lens system above, L1 and L2 are the only optical elements and either might serve as the aperture stop. Note that the image of L2 through L1 occurs at EnP and limits the cone of rays coming from an axial object point more than L1 does. Thus L2 is the aperture stop in this case and its image is the entrance pupil located at EnP. There is nothing to image L2 through on the right hand side, so L2 itself serves as the exit pupil ExP. Note also that when the object is moved to the left with respect to the lenses, at some point L1 may become the limiting element and so also become the aperture stop for that particular object position, Field stops and windows: Field stop: The real aperture that limits the angular field of view formed by an optical system. It is generally placed at the final or an intermediate image position. But, if not, then some lens in the system will be the limiting aperture. Entrance window: The image of the field stop formed by the optical elements (if any) that precede it. Exit window: The image of the field stop formed by the optical elements (if any) that follow it. Finding the field stop: (Method 1) Draw a ray from the axial position of the entrance pupil through all the optical elements. Take the ratio of the ray height at each element to the radius of the element. The element with the largest ratio is the field stop. (Method 2) To determine the field stop FS go to the center of the entrance pupil and determine the element that limits the cone of rays coming from this point. That is to say, from this position which of the images determine in the AS calculation now limit the cone of rays coming from the center of the entrance pupil? The aperture corresponding to the image is the field stop. itp hw: physlesokstate.edulackerson/Physles61231Stops, Tutor. html 28spam0%8 Stops Tutorial Note that in this case it is L1. All rays coming from the center of the entrance pupil pass through the center of L2, so it provides no restriction whatsoever. Since there are no elements preceding L1 it also serves as the EnW, the entrance window. However L1 must be imaged through L2 to determine the position and size of the exit window. Numerical Aperture Consider rays coming parallel to the optical axis from infinity. The numerical aperture is defined as NA =n'Sin(a’) where n prime is the refractive index in the image space. In the paraxial approximation Sin(a prime) ~ Tan(a prime) ~ h/f = h/(n prime F). Consequently Nast F where h, is the entrance pupil height and F is the effective focal length. This number and its reciprocal, the F number N = 1/(2 NA), determine the intensity of light at the image. A large pupil means more light (proportional to h,2) enters the system, but a larger focal length means that energy is spread over a larger image (proportional to F) itp hw: physlesokstate.edulackerson/Physles61231Stops, Tutor. html 313