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We owe a debt of gratitude to our lecturer Madam Siti Maryam binti Abdul Wahab for her
kind direction and proper guidance to us in conducting the practical task. In every phase of this
practical task, her supervision and guidance shaped this report to be completed perfectly.
We would also like to thank to our group members which are Harith Najmi bin Abd Rashid,
Intan Maisarah binti Hashim, Mohd Iqram Hafiz bin Mahazir, Arina binti Azmi and Nurul Izzah
binti Ismail for giving good cooperation and commitment in conducting the practical task and
completing this report.
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ABSTRACT
The main thing of this report is the ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘what’ of precise levelling. The
definition of precise levelling is reviewed. The main reasons or objectives for this term are
discussed which leads to a discussion of what objectives of the practical task that we achieve.
The report then discusses how we conduct the precise levelling referred to Circular
Cadastre Survey Rule 2002 (CSR 2002).
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CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
2 ABSTRACT 2
3 CONTENT 3
4 INTRODUCTION 4
5 OBJECTIVE 5
6 INSTRUMENT USED 6
7 METHODOLOGY 9
8 DATA PROCESSING 12
9 RESULTS 19
10 ANALYSIS 27
11 REFERENCE 29
12 INDIVIDUAL COMMENT 30
13 ATTACHMENT 35
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INTRODUCTION
We did our practical task by doing precise levelling. Firstly, we conduct the two peg test
near to the Geomatics instrument store to check whether the instrument is in a good condition.
Then, we started our precise levelling from the Standard Bench Mark (SBM) at Masjid An-Nur in
UiTM Perlis to the bench mark at Gate B and returned back to the SBM. For your information,
precise levelling is the method available to determine height precisely. In other word, precise
levelling is the most accurate vertical measurement method. It is the process of measuring the
difference in height precisely between benchmarks (BM, TBM) relative to the datum. The process
of precise levelling is to measure height differences and to sum these to get the height of other
points in a precise way. By using the instrument that is called digital level, the heights on the staff
are being read and the value of reduced level of the bench mark at Gate B can be determined. As
you know, one of the applications of precise levelling is to determine or check the reduced level
of bench marks by using the standard bench marks (SBM). Actually, there are a few applications
of precise levelling instead of checking up or determining the reduced level of bench marks by
using the standard bench marks (SBM) are widely used in precision engineering structure such as
irrigation scheme, dam and tunnels and beneficial for precision dimensional surveys.
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OBJECTIVE
Able to conduct and understand the two peg test that is important for checking up the
instrument before proceed to the precise levelling process
Able to learn and use new instrument such as Digital level,bipods,change plate and a few
more thing while conducting precise levelling
Able to describe the concept, terminologies and principle of precise levelling
Able to solve the problem & necessary calculations for determining height by using precise
levelling
Able to identify the sources of error in precise levelling
Able to explain application of precise levelling which is determining the reduced level of
bench marks by using standard bench marks
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INSTRUMENTS USED
Equipment used for Two Peg Test and Precise Levelling are:
It also can be fitted to the circular bubble (staff bubble) so that a staff
can be held vertically at each point.
Staff bubble x2
bubble must be in the circle at the staff bubble to ensure staff is level
correctly
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Digital Level x1
Tape(50metre) x1
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Tripod x1
Change Plate x1
small flat metal plate with a raised point in centre that is used to support the
the ground.
The plate is firmly embedded into the ground to stop the staff from
subsiding.
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METHODOLOGY
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TWO PEG TEST
All instruments are subject to errors. The checking of the instrument (in this case level) is
therefore important. The main error is where the line of sight is not parallel to the horizontal line
of collimation. In this case levels will not be correct. A test for checking the level is known as
the two peg test. Two peg test must be carry out before strating the leveling job to insure the
instrument in good condition. This test determines the amount of errors and if an error occurs
notify the technician (the level must be serviced). Purpose of Test Purpose of doing this test is to
determine the collimation error of a level instrument.
measure tape 30m from point C to point A and B. You also can do by 25m. Choose flat
area for this test and observe the staff A and B.
After that, the digital level move to point D where is about L/10 meter. L is total length
from point A to B. Jot down the Staff A and B reading.
Do comparison between 2 set of readings and the collimation should within 1mm. If
more than that it is advised to do instrument calibration.
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PRECISE LEVELLING
Precise levelling is used where a high degree of accuracy is required for determination of the
elevations of various points. Also known as First Order Levelling. Being used as a method of
height transfer from one point to another .It is also required to set up critical engineering
structure such as dam, tunnel etc.
The backsights and foresights shall be approximately of the same length. The maximum
length of sight shall not be more than 40 meter. Due to the slope of the ground or to
shimmer the length of sight may often be shorter than this. Total distances of works is
normally 1.5km but it may varies due to suitability of the area.
Two backward and two foresight observations shall be taken. Differences between
observations shall not exceed 0.04572 cm. The difference in length between backsight
and corresponding foresight shall not exceed 1.2 meter.
Acceptable precise levelling Invar staff shall be used. The staff is to be set always on a
staff set up pin. These pins are different length for hard and soft ground and have rounded
tops. A ring is attached to the pin to facilitate lifting and carrying. The stave shall be
erected vertically by using plate bubble attached on the stave.
Observation of new benchmarks shall only be taken at least after one month of their
construction. If the work is stopped on other than permanent benchmark, at least two
temporary Benchmarks are to be established. On resuming work the marks must be
checked for disturbance or change of relative height.
Read out from the instrument shall be set to five (5) decimal places.
The minimum stave reading shall not be less than 0.5 meter.
Height closes within an allowable error of ± 3 √k mm where k is the distance in kilometre
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DATA PROCESSING
THE DIFFERENCE
-0.0215-0.0221= -0.0436
MEAN DISTANCE
THE TOLERANCE
-0.0436/22.38= -0.002m
So as -0.002m is within the tolerance,so the result is acceptable and the instrument can be used
for precise levelling process.
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RESULT OF BENCHMARK
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0.6034 2.6584
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BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT MEAN MEAN RISE FALL RL
BS FS
0.8526 1.8641 0.8527 1.8641 1.0114
0.8527 1.8641
TBM2=19.6337
0.8101 1.9585 0.8101 1.9585 1.1484
0.8101 1.9585
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TBM3=19.1326
2.3097 0.5311 2.3097 0.5311 1.7786
2.3097 0.5311
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2.1244 0.3113
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TOLERANCE
Final reduced level of SBM - initial reduced level of SBM = Height difference
32.5838m - 34.187m = -1.6032m
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RESULTS
1.3109 14.96
1.3409 14.97
THE DIFFERENCE
-0.0215-0.0221= -0.0436
MEAN DISTANCE
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THE TOLERANCE
-0.0436/22.38= -0.002m
So as -0.002m is within the tolerance, so the result is acceptable and the instrument can
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RESULT OF BENCHMARK
FS
SBM=
34.187
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0.6034 2.6538 0.6034 2.6584 2.0550
0.6034 2.6584
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BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT MEAN BS MEAN RISE FALL RL
FS
0.8526 1.8641 0.8527 1.8641 1.0114
0.8527 1.8641
TBM2=
19.6337
0.8101 1.9585 0.8101 1.9585 1.1484
0.8101 1.9585
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TBM3=
19.1326
2.3097 0.5311 2.3097 0.5311 1.7786
2.3097 0.5311
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BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT MEAN BS MEAN RISE FALL RL
FS
2.1245 0.3111 2.1245 0.3112 1.8133
2.1244 0.3113
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TOLERANCE
Final reduced level of SBM - initial reduced level of SBM = Height difference
= 1.96653 km
As a result, the observed reduced level of bench mark at Gate B which is 12.8539m
cannot be used as reference for further engineering field work. This is because the difference
between the final reduced level and the initial reduced level of standard bench
±0.00420699 m. So, our precise levelling observation is out of the tolerance or not acceptable.
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ANALYSIS
The standard bench mark (SBM) is fixed at a reduced level (RL) of 34.187m. For
each turning point (TP) or changing point (CP), the back sight (CP) and foresight (FS) must be
collected and recorded down. The digital level will be shifted to another point and established
temporary bench marks throughout the precise levelling process. After shifting 22 points to the
bench mark at Gate B, we will get back to the beginning which is the standard bench mark
(SBM).
The reduced level is being calculated through the rise and fall method. We must
do the method in a row to be more accurate. The final reduced level of SBM is to make sure the
value is equal or close to the initial reduced level of SBM. For the precision of our observation,
we make sure that the line of sight should not pass close to the ground as readings must not be
made to the lowest 0.3m of the staff. The length of sight is about 20-30m for all stations. Then,
we make sure that the back and forward bar-coded staffs should be equidistant from the digital
level within 1 metre after we ignored this observation requirement at the first 5 stations of the
precise levelling from standard bench mark to the bench mark where the error occurred
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In this report, the data we collected, the final reduced level is more than the initial
reduced level. Therefore, we know that there is a misclosure during our precise levelling
fieldwork process. If the error occurred, we must adjust the reduced level by using the loop
misclosure method that had been taught in the class, which is ±3√K where K is the total distance
in kilometre. The answer must be within the loop misclosure or the tolerance. If the answer is not
within the loop misclosure, so the error is not acceptable. Based on our result, the difference is
not acceptable as it is out of the loop misclosure or the tolerance. The loop misclosure is
4.206990611mm. The error which is the difference between the final reduced level and the initial
reduced level of SBM is -1.6032m. As you know, the value of difference is larger than the loop
misclosure. The consequence is the observed value of the bench mark at Gate B cannot be used
The error can be caused by the random error where the observer observes the bar-
coded staffs in strong sunlight without using the umbrella. There is a chance for him to observe
the wrong bar code on the staff as it is influenced by the refraction. Then, the error occurred
when the distance between the back and forward bar-coded staffs and the digital level for the
first 5 stations of our observation we ignored. The difference in distance between the two bar-
coded staffs and the digital level is more than 1 metre. The difference is about 2-3 metres. So, we
think that this is the main cause for the error to be occurred during our observation and the result
of our precise levelling work is not acceptable due to the error that is out of the loop misclosure.
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REFERENCES
Books
Internet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/preciselevelling
http://www.melakasurveyor.com/2009/08/two-peg-test-in-levelling.html
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact
=8&ved=0ahUKEwjO8oPrgvPSAhUaSY8KHZawDxwQFggbMAE&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.hbp.usm.my%2Fhilmy%2F20745951-Tacheometric-
Surveying.ppt&usg=AFQjCNHPFsBelzTwWIO-Ram5GYp-nvSrwg
http://surfcivil.blogspot.my/2010/05/traverse-surveying.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)
http://www.civileblog.com/levelling/
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INDIVIDUAL COMMENT
The most successful achievement that I had achieved is when I managed to follow the
rules and procedure as well .I managed to achieve all the aim and the main objectives of this
practical task eventhought that our results does not achive the statisfaction.The new things that I
have learned in this practical task is firstly, I know how to do precise levelling really well .
Secondly, by this practical its give a lots of basic knowledge to me on how to handle the new
levelling equipment,such as Digital level. . So, I was so confident to handle any equipment for
the next semester.Thirdly,I know how do to conduct the levelling by using the digital level and
another equipment and by the results that I get,I must compute all the booking data or results
collected by booking procedures.Next,I know how to used the formula to calculated the data that
I get to get the accurate results and preciesely.Lastly,I managed to find that it is important to
realize that all instruments are subject to errors. The checking of the instrument (in this case
level) is therefore important
HARITH NAJMI 10 10 10
ARINA AZMI 10 10 10
NURUL IZZAH 10 10 9
IQRAM HAFIZ 10 9 9
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HARITH NAJMI BIN ABD RASHID
I have learned the importance to take this all engineering work data to fulfil all of our
engineering surveying work . It was not an easy work as it seems because the distance for our
levelling works from the SBM to our station is quite far. If our levelling was not acceptable, we
had to redo all over again. It was kind of frustrated but we had to do it anyways. Secondly, our
levelling was not acceptable. We had to redo the procedure again and for the second time our
levelling was also not acceptable.Without hesitate, we proceed to other work.
I am grateful that my team were never complain when we did the levelling twise. I was
the observer and I was waiting for someone to blame me and take my place as an observer
because it was not acceptable. They did not say anything and just proceed to redo the works.
Because of that, I know that they put all their trust on me and so I did my best.
My team really gave their full cooperation during the practical task. Every each
member get the opportunity to used and learn the new instrument that we used this semester. We
also learned to read the reading from the staff and how to write the reading that have been taken.
Apply the theory of that have learned in lecture class to the practical task
I learned that the Digital level consist of compensator that will ensure the line of sight
will always be horizontal and the instrument may provide an accurate data.
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MEMBERS COMMITMENT LEADERSHIP ATTENDENCES
INTAN MAISARAH 10 10 10
ARINA AZMI 10 10 10
NURUL IZZAH 9 10 9
IQRAM HAFIZ 10 9 9
In the beginning ,I could not set up the equipment quickly as it is new for us which result
in slow progress and also our levelling was not acceptable at first. However, the time flies and
we manage ourselves better with other helps for the second time.
I gave attendance, leadership and commitment for all the group members are
between 9 out of 10 for every one of them because of the time they have gave to finish this task
which is a lot. They really gave a full commitment throughout the project from the beginning to
the end of the project. By then, they develop the leadership skill as we learn to be a responsible
to each of our equipment. For the attendance, I gave between 10 out of 10.
HARITH NAJMI 10 10 10
ARINA AZMI 10 10 10
INTAN MAISARAH 10 10 10
IQRAM HAFIZ 10 9 9
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ARINA BINTI AZMI
We were given a task to do Presice levelling practical task by our lecturer Madam Siti
Maryam. There are 5 members in my team which are 3 girls and 2 boys. I am glad to be in a
team where there is no arguing and blaming each other when one of us makes mistakes. Doing
this field work may be tiring since we were under the sun for a long time but my team manage to
finish it with the time given. I feel very proud to be in this group and do the practical task
together. I learn how to be in a team work, cooperation, patient even sometime we have made a
mistake but we still together to complete this task. Before this, we not really know each other.
After being in the group, we become more friendly and closed. We study together when do the
practical. For example, We have many mistake when do the levelling. We not really understand
how to use the Digital level. We take a long time to finish our work. Then, we try to ask another
student to help and finally we can do by our own. When one of our friend did not understand, we
try to explain until all of us really understand. When do the report, we divide the task equally to
make sure this task complete in time.
Rating from (0 to 10) will be given to my group members according to their attendances,
leadership and commitments.
HARITH NAJMI 10 10 10
NURUL IZZAH 10 10 10
INTAN MAISARAH 10 10 10
IQRAM HAFIZ 10 10 10
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MOHD IQRAM HAFIZ BIN MAHAZIR
Overall , I could see all my group member ready to face any trouble and applying new
things very well. Everbody put an effort to finish this project as soon as possible. All of them are
alright when knowing there is mistake or any unwanted things happen to our levelling process.
Maybe sometimes we faced a really hard time in fieldwork practical and get some argument but
we try not to wasting time and overcome it soon. It is good to work with them.
HARITH NAJMI 10 10 10
ARINA AZMI 10 10 10
INTAN MAISARAH 10 10 10
NURUL IZZAH 10 9 9
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ATTACHMENT
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