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Section-A
Ans. Tyndall effect is observed when a fine beam of light enters a room through a
small hole. It happens because of the scattering of light by particles of colloidal
and suspension solutions.
Ans. Bismuth and antimony both belong to the nitrogen family and exhibit the +5
oxidation state. However, on moving down the group, i.e., from antimony to
bismuth, the stability of the +5 oxidation state decreases. This is due to the inert
pair effect. Thus, Bi (V) is a stronger oxidant than Sb (V).
5. Which point defect in crystals of a solid decreases the density of the solid?
Ans. An alkylamine is more basic than ammonia because of inductive effect (+I
effect). Alkyl group or ‘R’ has an electron-releasing effect, which increases
electron density over nitrogen atom. This increases its basicity.
Ans. Zeolite.
Ans. The rate of reaction is the change in the concentration of any one of the
reactants or products per unit time.
Section-B
9. A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How will the rate of
reaction be affected if the concentration of this reactant is
(i) Doubled,
(ii) Reduced to half?
Ans. (i) When the concentration of the reactant is doubled, the rate of reaction will
become four times.
(ii) When the concentration of the reactant is reduced to half, the rate of reaction
will become one-fourth
(i) XeF4
(ii) BrF3
Ans.
11. The rate constant for a reaction of zero order in A is 0.0030 mol L−1 s−1. How
long will it take for the initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M?
A0 = 0.10 M
At = 0.075 M
Substituting values
Hence, the concentration of A will fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M in 8.33 seconds.
12. Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of
change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity?
Ans. (i) A peptide linkage (−CO−NH−) holds together amino acid units in proteins.
It is an amide bond formed between −COOH of one amino acid and −NH2 group of
another amino acid by the loss of water molecule.
(ii) The linkage formed by the reaction of the −OH group of anomeric carbon of a
monosaccharide with the −OH group of other monosaccharide is called glycosidic
linkage.
14. Name two water soluble vitamins, their sources and the diseases caused due
to their deficiency in diet.
Ans. Thiamine (vitamin B1) & riboflavin (vitamin B2) are soluble in water.
Thiamine is found in unpolished rice, whole cereals, yeast, egg yolk, milk, green
vegetables, etc. The deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi and loss of appetite.
Riboflavin is found in egg yolk, liver, milk and green leafy vegetables. The
deficiency of riboflavin causes cracked lips, sore tongue and skin disorders.
Ans. Solution:
(i) Most of the complexes of transition elements are coloured. This is because of
the absorption of radiation from visible light region to promote an electron from one
of the d−orbitals to another. In the presence of ligands, the d-orbitals split up into
two sets of orbitals having different energies. Therefore, the transition of electrons
can take place from one set toanother. The energy required for these transitions is
quite small and falls in the visible region of radiation. The ions of transition
elements absorb the radiation of a particular wavelength and the rest is reflected,
imparting colour to the solution.
Hence, the d-subshell of zinc is completely occupied in both its ground state as
well as in its common oxidation states.
Ans.
17. What is the repeating unit in the condensation polymer obtained by combining
HO2CCH2CH2CO2H (succinic acid) and H2NCH2CH2NH2 (ethylene diamine)?
(i)
(ii)
Ans. (i)
(ii)
Section-C
19. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of
solution. If this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is
the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol−1 K−1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)
π = 13.3 mm Hg
V = 10 mL = 10/1000 L = 0.01 L
20. Iron has a body-centred cubic unit cell with a cell edge of 286.65 pm. The
density of iron is 7.87 g cm−3. Use this information to calculate Avogadro’s
number.
(At. Mass of Fe = 56 g mol−1)
= (286.65)3 pm
= 2.34 × 10−23 cm
21. How are the following colloids different from each other with respect to
dispersion medium and dispersed phase? Give one example of each type.
(i) In the structure of HNO3 molecule, the N − O bond (121 pm) is shorter than the
N − OH bond (140 pm).
(iii) XeF2 has a straight linear structure and not a bent angular structure.
Ans.
(ii) SF4 is easily hydrolysed whereas SF6 is not easily hydrolysed. SF6 is an inert,
non- toxic gas. This is due to the presence of stearically protected six fluorine
atoms. As a result, reactions like hydrolysis are not allowed to take place.
(iii)
Ans. (i) The roasted ore of gold is leached with a solution of sodium cyanide in the
presence of oxygen for many days. The role of NaCN in this process is to dissolve
the gold to form an aurocyanide complex, from which the metal is obtained by
displacement.
2Na[Au(CN)2] + Zn → Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Au
(ii) Copper matte contains Cu2S and FeS. In the blast furnace, copper matteis
added with powdered coke and silica. The oxidation of ore takes place in this
process. As a result, cuprous oxide and ferrous oxide are produced. The role of
silica in this process is to remove the iron oxide obtained as ‘slag’. FeO combines
with silica (flux) to form iron silicate, FeSiO3 (slag).
(iii) In Van Arkel method, iodine is added to zirconium to remove oxygen and
nitrogen present in the form of impurities. The impure metal is heated in an empty
vessel with iodine. The metal iodide formed in the process volatilises to give
zirconium tetraiodide.
Zr + 2 I2 → ZrI4
Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines due to the presence of
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom. In case of aromatic amines the lone pair
gets delocalised by resonance. Diethyl amine has greater + I effect. Hence,
electron density over the nitrogen atom is more in this case. Similarly N, N −
dimethyl aniline has greater + I effect than aniline.
(ii)
(iii)
Stronger the base is lesser is the pKb value. (C2H5)2NH is the strongest base due
to two electron releasing group followed by C2H5NH2 which has only one electron
releasing group. C6H5NHCH3 is the next stronger base because of the presence of
one electron releasing alkyl group and electron delocalising phenyl group.
C6H5NH2 is the least basic wherein the electrons get delocalised by resonance.
Q 25: For the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2] Cl, (en = ethylene diamine), identify
x + 2 (0) + 2 (-1) = + 1
Or, x−2=1
Or, x=3
(ii) The electronic configuration of Fe3+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
So, hybridisation of Fe3+ is sp3d2, i.e., one s, three p and two d orbitals hybridise. It
has octahedral geometry
(iii) The complex is para magnetic due to the presence of 5 unpaired electrons.
(iv) This complex exists as cis-trans isomers. Thus, it has 2 geometrical isomers.
(ii) Which compound in the following couples will react faster in SN2 displacement
and why?
Ans. (i)
(ii) (a) 1-bromopentane will undergo SN2 displacement reaction faster than 2-
bromopentane.
Generally 1° alkyl halides react by SN2 mechanisms, 2° alkyl halides by both SN1
and SN2 reactions and 3° alkyl halides by SN2 reactions.
This is due to the fact that the electron density on α-carbon atom goes on
increasing by inductive effect of the alkyl groups. This increased electron density
on the α-carbon atom repels the direct attack of the nucleophile and thus retards
SN2 reaction. Moreover, the transition state of SN2 reactions become over
crowded as the size of the alkyl group increases. This also slows down the SN2
reaction.
Ans. (i) Grignard’s reagent is an alkyl magnesium halide. The alkyl group has a
partial negative charge, whereas the magnesium group has a partial positive
charge. The alkyl group attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group to form an
addition compound.
(ii) When heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid,
alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes. The mechanism of this reaction
involves the protonation of alcohol, followed by loss of a water molecule and a
proton.
(a)
(b)
(c)
During the dehydration of alcohol, the intermediate carbocation may undergo re-
arrangement, resulting in the formation of a stable carbocation.
(iii) Some reactive alkenes like 2 − methyl propene undergo direct hydration in the
presence of mineral acids which act as catalysts. The addition of water to the
double bond takes place in accordance with Markonikoff’s rule.
Section-D
28. Give chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
Iodoform test
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl
carbon atom responds to the iodoform test. Ethanal having one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom responds to this test. But propanal does not
have a methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom and thus, it does not
respond to this state.
Phenol reacts with neutral FeCl3 to form ferric phenoxide complex giving violet
colouration.
But benzoic acid reacts with neutral FeCl3 to give a buff coloured precipitate of
ferric benzoate.
Q 29: (a) Write the anode and cathode reactions and the overall reaction occurring
in a lead storage battery.
(b) A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration is 0.10 M. The
concentration of silver ion is not known. The cell potential when measured was
0.422 V. Determine the concentration of silver ions in the cell. (Given)
Ans. (a)
A lead storage battery consists of a lead anode, a grid of lead packed with lead
oxide (PbO2) as the cathode, and a 38% solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as an
electrolyte.
When the battery is in use, the following cell reactions take place:
At anode:
At cathode:
When a battery is charged, the reverse of all these reactions take place.
Hence, on charging, present at the anode and cathode is converted into and
respectively.
(i) P4 + SO2Cl2 →
(i) The stability of + 5 oxidation state decreases down the group in group 15 of the
periodic table.
Ans. (a)
(b)
(i) On moving down the elements of group 15, the stability of +5 oxidation state
decreases. This is due to the reluctances of s-electrons to participate in the bond
formation. This is known as inert pair effect. It is the result of ineffective shielding
of s-electrons of the valence shell by intervening d-and f-electrons.
(ii) PCl5 is covalent in the vapour state but in the crystalline state, it exists as [PCl4]
+
[PCl6]−. These ions have tetrahedral and octahedral geometry. Thus, solid
phosphorous pentachloride behaves as ionic compounds.
(iii)