W.

Sautter 2015
 Normal
Line i = angle of incidence

Air i r = angle of refraction

n =1.0

Glass i
n = 1.5 r 2

Light travels more slowly Light moving from

in glass than air and r glass to air
bends towards the normal increases speed
Normal
when entering glass from air and bends away
Line
from the normal
 3
Virtual focus
Focus = -
Can form only virtual,
Erect and reduced
images
 Principle
focus

Parallel rays
4

Focus = +
Can form real images
(enlarged or reduced
& inverted) or
Enlarged virtual images
 Normal
Incident Reflected
Line
ray ray

i r

Mirror surface

Angles are ALWAYS measured from the NORMAL LINE 5

 Real
Focus

Parallel rays

Focal length = +
Forms real, inverted,
Reduced or enlarged
Reflected rays Image. Also forms
Virtual, erect,
Enlarged images.
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 Virtual focus

Parallel rays

Focal length = -
Forms only virtual,
Reflected rays erect, reduced
images between
the virtual focus
7 and the mirror.
 Destructive
interference
Constructive
Waves from a interference
Distant source
= crest Barrier with In phase waves
= trough Two slits Emerge from slits 8
 Frequency

Wavelength


Velocity Wavelength Frequency Velocity

 x  = v 9
 VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE LIGHT
• MOST “LIGHT” IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE !
• ONLY ABOUT 7 % OF THE KNOWN KINDS OF LIGHT
CAN BE SEEN WITHOUT SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION.

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 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT
ONLY CERTAIN MINIMUM FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT
FREE THE ELECTRONS FROM THE METAL
(ONLY PHOTONS WITH ENOUGH ENERGY)

PHOTONS
VOLTMETER

PICKUP
WIRE
ELECTRONS

BATTERY
POTASSIUM METAL
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 Parallel ray

Principal axis 2f focus (f)

vertex
Reflects parallel
To principal axis

Reflects Back
Reflects thru Into itself
The focus
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Object beyond 2f
Parallel ray

2f f

Image is:
Real
Inverted
Reduced
Appears between f & 2f 13
 Object at 2f Parallel ray

2f f

Image is:
Real
Inverted
Same size
Appears at 2f 14
 Object between
f and 2f
Parallel ray

2f f

Image is:
Real
Inverted
Enlarged
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Appears beyond 2f
 Apparent
Convergence
Of rays
Parallel ray

2f f
ray thru 2f
Object inside
focus
Image is:
Virtual
Erect
Enlarged
Appears behind the
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mirror
 Dotted lines
Shows the
Apparent
Ray source

Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection

For each ray
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 Virtual focus

Dotted lines
Shows the
Apparent
Parallel rays Ray focus

Focal length = -
Forms only virtual,
Reflected rays erect, reduced
images between
the virtual focus
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and the mirror.
Click Here

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