2ND QUARTER HANDOUT IN SCIENCE

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BONES AND MUSCLES

Bones- make up the framework of our bodies. We call this framework the skeleton.
 Bones are living, growing and changing parts of our bodies

Skeleton- provide support in the body.

 It also helps to protect the internal organs.

What do the bones do?

-The bones of the skeleton give us our shape and our posture. Without our spine (backbone) and leg
bones we would be unable to stand erect.

Interesting facts about bones

 We are born with 300 bones and end up to 206 when we grow up.

 If you look at a new baby you can see that there is a soft spot - called the fontanelle - on
the top of her or his head, which is a space between some of the skull bones.

 The femur (thigh-bone) is the longest bone in our body.

 Stapes (found in the ear) the smallest bone in our body.

 Our teeth is a part of our bones too.

 Our hands has the most bones in our body.It has 27 bones.

 Hyoid is the only bone not connected to another bone in the body. is a horseshoe shaped
bone, It works with the voice box and the tongue to help produce speech. V-shaped bone
located at the base of the tongue.

 The Toe Bones are the most fragile in our body.

 Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease.

 Bones stop growing in length during puberty.

 Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the
protein collagen.

1. Spine- it has 26 bones which are like circles with wings on the sides and back. They are
called the vertebrae.

2.Ribs- make a protective cage around your lungs, liver and heart. There are usually 12 pairs of
ribs, each pair attached to the spine at the back. Each rib is attached to the ribs above and
below it by muscles and ligaments.

3.Skull- helps protect the brain.

4.Ball and Socket Joints-protects the eyes.

5. Backbones- protects the spinal cord.

6.Pelvic bones- supports out body when we sit.

Joints- the point where two bones meet and connect.

Ball and Gliding

Hinge Socket-

allow the greatest freedom

a movement in one direction allow a rotating or twisting
of movement.
motion

SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLES- Muscle is a soft tissue in the body of humans and animals.

 The Word muscle is derived from the Latin term musculus, meaning "little mouse".
 Muscles could be voluntary or involuntary.
 There are around 650 skeletal muscles in the human body.
 Its main purpose is to produce force and motion.
 All movement in the body is controlled by muscles.
 Some muscles work without us thinking, like our heart beating, while other muscles are
controlled by our thoughts and allow us to do stuff and move around.
  There are three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

a.Skeletal muscle, the muscle attached to bones. They pull on bones to make movements.

b.Smooth muscle, for example, the muscle in blood vessels and the bladder.

c.Cardiac muscle, the muscle of the heart

 Voluntary muscles are the ones that you

can control. Most of them move your
bones around.

 Involuntary muscles don't need you to

think about moving them. Some examples
are:

 The muscles in your heart, which keep

blood pumping round your body.

 The muscles in your digestive system which

move food down to your stomach and
keep moving it along your bowel until all
the goodness that your body needs is
taken out. Then they work to push the
waste that is left over out of your body.

Common Bone and Muscle Injuries

Injuries-harm or damage.

Disease- an illness that affects the person, animal, or pants. A condition that prevents the body
or mind from working normally.

1.Fracture- a break in the bone.

2.Dislocation- occurs when a bone in the joint is displaced or has moved out of its proper
position.

3. Sprain- an injury to a ligament caused by excessive stretching. It brings so much pain and
swelling in the injured part.

4. Cramp- A strong muscle contraction that can be very painful lasting for a few minutes but
massaging the muscle can often relieve the pain.

5. Bruise- muscles become black or blue due to blood clot when you get hit or when you bumped
into something hard.
6. Osteoporosis- caused by thinning and weakening of bones usually experienced by elderly
people. The bones become brittle and weak.

7.Arthritis- a common joint disorder characterized by inflammation of the fingers and joints of
the body.

8.Rickets- a bone caused by a deficiency in vitamin D usually observed in children.

9.Polio- it is an acute infection caused by a virus that attacks the nerve cells of the brain and
spinal cord resulting to paralysis.

10. Scoliosis. Every person's spine curves a little bit; a certain amount of curvature is necessary
for people to move and walk properly.

How to take care of our muscles and bones?

 Eat healthy food, especially dairy foods, which give your bones the calcium they need.
 Get plenty of exercise and make sure that you protect your bones when you play sport.
 Have a healthy well balanced diet and exercise every day. a healthy diet which has milk
products, fish and meat will help your muscles to get the protein they need to build up to
be strong and healthy.

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAHY

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/13-strange-interesting-facts-bones-infographic/

https://www.ibji.com/did-you-know-8-interesting-facts-about-bones/

https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/blogs/wellness-insight-landing/bones-and-
joints/2018/08/fun-facts-about-bones-and-joints

http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetailsKids.aspx?p=335&np=152&id=2523#1

https://kids.kiddle.co/Muscular_system