Grammar Review (Thi Cao Hoc 2006)

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GRAMMAR REVIEW
1.1 HiÖn t¹i (present)
1.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present)
Khi chia ®éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã s ë ®u«i vµ vÇn ®ã ph¶i ®îc ®äc lªn.
VÝ dô:
John walks to school everyday.
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh
cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian vµ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt.
- Nã thêng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh: now, present day, nowadays. §Æc biÖt lµ1 sè phã
tõ chØ tÇn suÊt ho¹t ®éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.
VÝ dô:
They understand the problem now.
Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
We want to leave now.
Your cough sounds bad.
1.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive)
am
Subject + is + [verb
+ing ]...
are
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian ®îc x¸c
®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng çc phã tõ nh now, right now, presently.
- Nã dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t¬ng lai gÇn.
VÝ dô:
He is learning in the US.
Lu ý: §Ó ph©n biÖt t¬ng lai gÇn vµ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra cÇn c¨n cø vµo phã tõ
trong c©u)
VÝ dô:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖn t¹i ®ang kiÓm tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t¬ng lai gÇn - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai)
1.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)
Have + P2
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐo dµi vµ chÊm døt ë
hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian trong c©u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.
- ChØ 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi tíi hiÖn t¹i.
- Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian.
- Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, already cã thÓ ®øng sau have nhng nã
còng cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u.
have
Subject + + already
+ P2
has
VÝ dô:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh, yet thêng xuyªn
®øng ë cuèi c©u, c«ng thøc sau:
have
Subject + not + P 2 ...+
yet ...
has
VÝ dô:
2
3
John hasn’t written his report yet.
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
We haven’t called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 sè trêng hîp yet cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay
®æi. Not mÊt ®i vµ ph©n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.
have
Subject + + yet + [verb in
simple form] ...
has
VÝ dô:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do
with the money yet.
Chó ý: CÈn thËn sö dông yet trong mÉu c©u kÎo nhÇm víi yet trong mÉu c©u cã
yet lµm tõ nèi mang nghÜa “nhng”
VÝ dô:
I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on
Saturday nights.
1.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive)
Have been + verbing.
- Dïng gièng hÖt nh present perfect nhng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ
vÉn ®ang tiÕp tôc x¶y ra. Nã thêng xuyªn ®îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time.
VÝ dô:
John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same
house for ten years.
Mét sè thÝ dô
Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)
He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇn)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)
They have been at home all day.
We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
HoÆc
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vÉn cha kÕt thóc - John vÉn ®ang lµm viÖc ë Washington).
Ph©n biÖt çch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi
Present perfect Present perfect progressive
 Hµnh ®éng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, do  Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn á
®ã cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. hiÖn t¹i do vËy kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ
VÝ dô: rÖt.
I have waited for you for half an VÝ dô:
hour (now I stop waiting) I have been waiting for you for half
an hour.
(and continue waiting hoping that
you will come)
1.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past)
1.2.1 Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (simple past)
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Verb + ed
- Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã qu¸ khø ®Æc biÖt vµ ®ång thêi còng cã ph©n
tõ 2 ®Æc biÖt.
- Mét sè çc ®éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng:
VÝ dô:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit - lit
Ngêi Anh a dïng qu¸ khø thêng khi chia ®éng tõ vµ ph©n tõ 2 ®Æc biÖt.
VÝ dô:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
Nã th¾p ngän nÕn trªn chiÕc b¸nh sinh nhËt
Nhng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
T«i cã thÓ nh×n thÊy tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh ®iÖn.
 Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra døt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng
liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i.
 Thêi gian hµnh ®éng trong c©u lµ rÊt râ rµng, nã thêng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ
chØ thêi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh:
Last night
Month
week vv...
Lu ý: NÕu thêi gian trong c©u lµ kh«ng râ rµng th× ph¶i dïng present perfect.
VÝ dô:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
1.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn (Past progresive).
Was / were + Ving

- Nã ®îc dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo 1 thêi ®iÓm nhÊt
®Þnh trong qu¸ khø kh«ng liªn hÖ g× tíi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm trong c©u ®îc x¸c
®Þnh b»ng çc phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh:
At + thêi gian qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.
- Nã ®îc dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua 2 liªn tõ When vµ while ®Ó chØ 1
hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø th× 1 hµnh ®éng kh¸c ®ét ngét xen vµo (t-
¬ng ®¬ng víi c©u TiÕng ViÖt “ Khi ®ang ... th× bçng”).
*
Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past
progressive.
VÝ dô:
Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.
Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +

simple past.
VÝ dô:
He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.
Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 4

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Lu ý: MÖnh ®Ò cã when vµ while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt kú n¬i nµo trong c©u nhng sau
when nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 simple past vµ sau while nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 past
progressive.
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng song song cïng 1 lóc, nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ
while.
Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past

progressive.
VÝ dô:
He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
( MÖnh ®Ò kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ®îc chuyÓn sang simple past nhng hiÕm khi v×
sî nhÇm lÉn víi *)
VÝ dô:
Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.
While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.
When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to
talk to him.
1.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (past perfect).
Had + P2
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc 1 hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø.
(trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng: 1 tríc vµ 1 sau.
- Dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua 2 giíi tõ chØ thêi gian before vµ after.
Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past

simple
VÝ dô:
I had gone to the store before I went home.
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the
medication.
Subject + past simple + after + subject + past

perfect
VÝ dô:
John went home after he had gone to the store.
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the
proposal.
- MÖnh ®Ò cã before vµ after cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u nhng sau before
nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 simple past vµ sau after nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i lµ 1 past perfect.
- Before vµ after cã thÓ ®îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn v× trong
c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng: 1 tríc vµ 1 sau.
VÝ dô:
The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.
( trong c©u nµy when cã nghÜa lµ after v× sau when lµ past perfect.)
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1.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn (past perfect progressive).
Subject + had + been + [Verb

+ ing]...
Nã ®îc dïng gièng hÖt nh past perfect nhng hµnh ®éng kh«ng dõng l¹i mµ tiÕp tôc
tiÕp diÔn cho ®Õn thêi ®iÓm simple past. Nã thêng ®îc kÕt hîp víi 1 simple past
th«ng qua phã tõ before. Trong c©u thêng cã since hoÆc for + thêi gian.
- Thêi nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng vµ ®îc thay thÕ b»ng past perfect.
VÝ dô:
Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
1.3 T¬ng lai
1.3.1 T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (simple future)
Will / shall
+ [ Verb in simple
form ]
Can / may.
- Ngµy nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i, ®Æc biÖt lµ Mü dïng will cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i cßn
shall chØ ®îc dïng trong çc trêng hîp sau:
 Mêi mäc ngêi kh¸c 1 çch lÞch sù.
VÝ dô:
Shall we go out for lunch?
Shall I take your coat?
 §Ò nghÞ gióp ®ì ngêi kh¸c 1 çch lÞch sù.
VÝ dô:
Shall I give you a hand with these packages.
 Dïng ®Ó ng· gi¸ khi mua b¸n, mÆc c¶.
VÝ dô:
Shall we say : fifteen dollars?
- Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë vµo thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t -
¬ng lai. Thêi ®iÓm nµy kh«ng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt. Çc phã tõ thêng dïng lµ
tomorrow, next + thêi gian, in the future.
Near future. (t¬ng lai gÇn)
To be going to do smth - s¾p lµm g×.
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong 1 t¬ng lai gÇn, thêi gian sÏ ®îc
diÔn ®¹t b»ng 1 sè phã tõ nh : in a moment (l¸t n÷a), tomorrow.
VÝ dô:
We are going to have a meeting in a moment.
We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.
- Ngµy nay, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi ngêi ta thêng dïng Present progressive ®Ó
thay thÕ.
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 sù viÖc ch¾c ch¾n sÏ x¶y ra dï r»ng kh«ng ph¶i lµ t ¬ng lai
gÇn.
VÝ dô:
Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in
the US.
1.3.2 T¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn ( future progressive)
Will / shall
+ be +
[ verb + ing ]
Can / may.
- Nã diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ ®ang x¶y ra ë 1 thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña t ¬ng lai.
Thêi ®iÓm nµy ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng ngµy, giê.
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VÝ dô:
I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.
- Nã ®îc dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 present progressive ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng song
song x¶y ra, 1 ë hiÖn t¹i, 1 ë t¬ng lai.
VÝ dô:
Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at
the office.
1.3.3 T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (future perfect)
Will have + P2
- Nã ®îc dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ ph¶i ®îc hoµn tÊt ë 1 thêi ®iÓm nµo
®ã trong t¬ng lai. Thêi ®iÓm nµy thêng ®îc diÔn ®¹t b»ng : by the end of, by
tomorrow.
VÝ dô:
We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.
Lu ý : Thêi nµy ph¶i cã lý do ®Æc biÖt míi sö dông.
1.4 Çch sö dông cÊu tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor.
§iÒu cÇn lu ý nhÊt khi sö dông cÆp thµnh ng÷ nµy lµ ®éng tõ sau ®ã ph¶i chia
theo danh tõ sau or hoÆc nor. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia
ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ngîc l¹i.
Neither nor
+ noun + singular noun +
singular verb
either or
VÝ dô:
Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.
Singular noun singular verb
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

Singular noun singular verb
Neither nor
+ noun + plural noun +
plural verb
either or
VÝ dô:
Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.
Plural plural
Lu ý :
Khi chñ ng÷ lµ 1 verbing th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.
1.5 Çch sö dông A number of/ the number of
a number of + danh tõ sè nhiÒu + ®éng tõ

ë sè nhiÒu
- a number of : mét sè lîng lín nhøng... . §i víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ ph¶i
chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
- the number of : mét sè.... §i vãi danh tõ sè nhiÒu nhng ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i
thø 3 sè Ýt.
the number of + danh tõ sè nhiÒu +

®éng tõ ë sè Ýt
VÝ dô:
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small
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1.6 Ving dïng lµm t©n ng÷
- B¶ng sau lµ 1 sè çc ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ 1 Ving theo çc mÉu c©u
sau:
admit doing something (thó nhËn lµm g×)
VÝ dô: He admitted having done wrong.
Enjoy doing something (thÝch thó khi lµm ®iÒu g×)
admit appreciat enjoy quit

delay e practice resume
miss deny resist conside
report postpone can’t r
suggest resent help mind
avoid finish recall
risk
Lu ý : Trong b¶ng trªn cã mÉu ®éng tõ:
can’t help
can’t resist + (against) doing smth : kh«ng thÓ dõng ®îc, kh«ng thÓ
VÝ dô: nhÞn ®îc ...
With such good oranges, we can’t help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.
Lu ý: NÕu muèn ®Æt phñ ®Þnh cho çc trêng hîp nµy ®Æt not tríc nguyªn thÓ bá
to hoÆc Ving. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o d¹ng phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
John decided not to by the car.
We regretted not going to the party last night.
Mét sè thÝ dô:
John admitted stealing the jewels.
We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
You shouldn’t risk entering that building in its present condition.
Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.
The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.
Would you mind not smoking in this office?
* Çc ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ t©n ng÷ cña chóng cã thÓ lµ
®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hay Ving mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng kh«ng thay ®æi.
VÝ dô:
begin to do smth = begin doing smth.
begin can’t continu dread
hate stand e prefer
regret like love
start try
Lu ý: Trong b¶ng trªn cã mÉu ®éng tõ :
to do smth
can’t doing smth( Kh«ng thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®îc khi ph¶i lµm
stand
VÝ dô: g×)
waiting such a long time.
I can’t stand to wait such a long time.
I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.
1.7 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
§ã lµ çc ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng thay ®æi khi t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ 1
nguyªn thÓ hoÆc 1 Ving.
Stop to do smth : dõng l¹i ®Ó lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
He stops to get gasoline.
Stop doing smth : dõng viÖc g× ®ang lµm l¹i.
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VÝ dô:
He stops writing and goes out.
Remember to do smth : nhí sÏ ph¶i lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I remember to send a letter at the post office.
Remember doing smth : nhí ®· lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I remember locking the door before leaving but I can’t find the key.
Forget to do smth : quªn sÏ ph¶i lµm g×.

VÝ dô:
He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.
Forget doing smth : quªn ®· lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I forget doing the homework yesterday.
Lu ý: §éng tõ forget trong mÉu c©u mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh.
I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.
1.8 Çc ®éng tõ ®øng ®»ng sau giíi tõ
- TÊt c¶ çc ®éng tõ ®øng ®»ng sau giíi tõ ®Òu ph¶i ë d¹ng Ving.
verb
adj. + preposition + Ving
noun
§éng tõ + giíi tõ + Ving

B¶ng sau gåm çc ®éng tõ + giíi tõ.
approve of: t¸n be better off: keep on =

thµnh insist on: nµi nØ continue
give up: tõ bá succeed in: thµnh c«ng think about
rely on: phô thuéc trong think of
vµo count on = rely on depend on
worry about: lo put off: tr× ho·n
l¾ng vÒ
Danh tõ + giíi tõ + Ving (b¶ng sau)
possibility method of method reason

of intention for for
choice of of excuse
for
VÝ dô:
George has no excuse for dropping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
TÝnh tõ + giíi tõ + Ving (b¶ng sau)
accustomed afraid of capable of fond of

to interested successful tired of
intent on in in
VÝ dô:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
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Craig is fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
- Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tÝnh tõ nµo trong tiÕng Anh còng ®ßi hái ®¾ng sau nã ph¶i lµ
1 giíi tõ, cã mét sè tÝnh tõ l¹i ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ
(xem b¶ng sau).
anxious boring dangero hard
eager: h¸o easy us strang
høc prepare good e
pleased d ready able*
usual commo difficult
n
eager to do smth: h¸o høc lµm g×.
hard to do smth : khã lµm g×.
* able :
able capable
to do smth of doing smth
unable incapable
=
VÝ dô:
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Mét sè thÝ dô:
Mohammad is eager to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Lu ý:
- Mét sè çc ®éng tõ tiÕng Anh thêng cã giíi tõ ®i kÌm ë phÝa sau. Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm
lÉn giíi tõ ®ã víi to cña ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ. Ch¼ng h¹n mét sè ®éng tõ trong b¶ng
sau:
object to: ph¶n look forward to : mong confess to : thó nhËn ®·

®èi ®îi lµm g×
VÝ dô:
John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
1.9 VÊn ®Ò ®¹i tõ ®i tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc Ving lµm t©n
ng÷.
- §øng tríc 1 ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ ph¶i lµ t©n
ng÷.
Pronoun
Subject + verb + complement form +[
to + verb] ...
noun
Sau ®©y lµ b¶ng çc ®éng tõ ®ßi hái ®¹i tõ (hay danh tõ ) ®i sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng
t©n ng÷.
allow ask beg convinc instruct

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invite order permi e prepare
remind urge t persuad promise
want e
expect
VÝ dô:
Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.
We ordered him to appear in court.
I urge you to consider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
You should prepare your son to take this examination.
Tuy nhiªn, ®øng tríc 1 Ving lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ
ph¶i ë d¹ng së h÷u.
d¹ng së h÷u cña danh tõ
Chñ ng÷ + ®éng tõ + +
[verb + ing] ...
tÝnh tõ së h÷u
VÝ dô:
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We don’t approve of John’s buying this house.
We resent the teacher’s not announcing the test sooner.
We object to their calling at this hour.
2. Çch dïng ®éng tõ to be + infinitive
BE + INFINITIVE
- Nã ®îc dïng ®Ó truyÒn ®¹t nh÷ng mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc nh÷ng chØ dÉn ttõ ngêi thø
nhÊt qua ngêi thø 2 tíi ngêi thø 3.
VÝ dô:
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
(kh«ng ai ®îc phÐp rêi toµ nhµ nµy mµ kh«ng ®îc phÐp cña c¶nh s¸t).
He is to stay here until we return.
(nã ph¶i ë l¹i ®©y cho tíi khi bän tao quay l¹i).
- Dïng víi mÖnh ®Ò if mang tÝnh b¾t buéc hoÆc mÖnh lÖnh.
VÝ dô:
Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved
He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.
- ®Ó truyÒn ®¹t mét dù ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
She is to be married next month.
(c« Êy sÏ cíi vµo th¸ng tíi)
The expedition is to start in a week’s time.
CÊu tróc nµy rÊt th«ng dông trong b¸o chÝ vµ nÕu nã lµ tùa ®Ò b¸o th× ngêi ta bá
be ®i ®Ó tiÕt kiÖm chç.
VÝ dô:
The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.
= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.
- Was/ were + infinitive
§Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 ý tëng vÒ sè mÖnh.
VÝ dô:
They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
(hä chia tay nhau mµ kh«ng biÕt r»ng sÏ ch¼ng bao giê hä gÆp l¹i nhau)
- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.
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2.1 C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp (embedded questions)
Lµ lo¹i c©u hái cã çc ®Æc ®iÓm sau:
- C©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn nèi víi nhau b»ng 1 ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn.
- ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 ph¶i ®øng xu«i sau chñ ng÷ kh«ng ®îc cÊu t¹o c©u hái ë
thµnh phÇn thø 2.
- ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn kh«ng chØ bao gåm 1 tõ mµ nhiÒu khi cã thÓ lµ 2 hoÆc 3 tõ
ch¼ng h¹n: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time,
vµ what kind.
Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word +

subject + verb
VÝ dô:
C©u hái : Where will the meeting take place?
C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp: We haven’t ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q word subject verb phrase
C©u hái: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?
C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the
wrong airport.
Q word subject phrase
auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +

subject + verb
Do you know where he went?
Could you tell me what time it is?
Mét sè thÝ dô:
The professor didn’t know how many students would be in her afternoon
class.
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Do they know how often the bus runs at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?
I’ll tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.
The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.
2.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh.
- Dïng ®Ó phô ho¹ l¹i ý kh¼ng ®Þnh cña mét ngêi kh¸c t¬ng ®¬ng víi c©u tiÕng
viÖt “còng thÕ ” vµ ngêi ta sÏ dïng so vµ too trong cÊu tróc nµy.
- §éng tõ to be ®îc phÐp dïng trùc tiÕp, çc ®éng tõ thêng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to
do, çc ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp (future, perfect, progressive) dïng víi chÝnh ®éng tõ cña
nã.
- Khi be ®îc sö dông trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× thêi cña ®éng tõ be sö dông trong
c©u phô ho¹ còng ph¶i cïng thêi víi be ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Subject + verb(be)
+ too
Affirmative statement (be) + and +
So + verb(be) +
subject
VÝ dô:
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
- Khi mét ®éng tõ ë thÓ kÐp (auxilary + verb), vÝ dô, will go, should do, has done,
have written, must examine, vv... xuÊt hiÖn trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× trî
®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ®îc sö dông ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh, vµ chñ ng÷
vµ ®éng tõ ph¶i hoµ hîp.
Subject + auxiliary only +
too
Affirmative statement + and +
(®éng tõ ë thÓ kÐp) So + auxiliary

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only + subject
VÝ dô:
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Subject +do, does, or did +

too.
Affirmative statement + and +
(®éng tõ ®¬n trõ be) So + do, does, or did
+ subject
VÝ dô:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.
We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.
She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.
2.3 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh
- Dïng ®Ó phô ho¹ l¹i ý phñ ®Þnh cña ngêi kh¸c, t¬ng øng víi c©u tiÕng viÖt “
còng kh«ng”.
- CÊu tróc dïng cho lo¹i c©u nµy lµ either vµ neither.
Nªn nhí r»ng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.
Çc trêng hîp dïng gièng hÖt c«ng thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh.
Subject + negative auxiliary or be +

either .
Negative statement + and +
Neither + positive auxiliary or
be + subject.
VÝ dô:
I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning.
I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either.
I didn’t see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She won’t be going to the conference. Her colleagues won’t be going to the
conference.
She won’t be going to the conference, and her colleagues won’t either.
She won’t be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
John hasn’t seen the new movie yet. I haven’t seen the new movie yet.
John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and I haven’t ether.
John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
3. C©u phñ ®Þnh
§Ó thµnh lËp c©u phñ ®Þnh ngêi ta ®Æt not vµo sau ®éng tõ to be, trî ®éng tõ to
do cña ®éng tõ thêng, vµ çc trî ®éng tõ cña ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.
- §Æt any ®»ng tríc danh tõ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho phñ ®Þnh.
- Trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho danh tõ ®»ng sau bÞ phñ ®Þnh, ngêi
ta ®Ó ®éng tõ ë nguyªn thÓ vµ ®Æt no tríc danh tõ. ( no = not at all).
Nagative + nagative = Positive
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VÝ dô:
It’s really unbelievable that he has no money.
Nagative + comparative = Superlative

VÝ dô:
Professor Baker couldn’t be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.
We couldn’t have gone to the beach on a better day. Tøc lµ: Today is the best day to
go to the beach.
Nagative ..., much less + noun.
(kh«ng mµ l¹i cµng kh«ng)
VÝ dô:
He didn’t like to read novels, much less text books.
It’s really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less
live to tell about it on TV.
Mét sè phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®· dïng nã trong c©u
tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a.
VÝ dô:
Hardly
Scarcely HÇu nh kh«ng ( Almost no)
Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely HÇu nh kh«ng bao giê ( almost never).
Seldom
C«ng thøc dïng víi çc phã tõ trªn.
Subject + nagative + adverb +

positive verb
Lu ý: Barely vµ scarcely ®«i khi mang nghÜa võa ®ñ, võa so¹n (just enough). Ph¶i
c¨n cø theo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u hoÆc çc c©u tr¶ lêi díi phÇn nghe ®Ó t×m ra
nghÜa ®óng.
VÝ dô:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(Nã võa ®ñ tiÒn ®Ó tr¶ häc phÝ vµ kh«ng cßn xu nµo c¶.)
3.1 DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn.
3.1.1 §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
Will/shall
If + Subject + simple present + subject + +
[verb in simple form]
can/ may
VÝ dô:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o’clock
now.
If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +

simple present tense
MÉu c©u nµy cßn ®îc dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ mét thãi quen.
VÝ dô:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the
afternoon (kh«ng cã ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu.)
15
John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command

form* ...
* Nªn nhí r»ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc ë d¹ng ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ. ( simple form)
MÉu c©u trªn cã nghÜa lµ nhê ai, ra lÖnh cho ai lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear from Jane.
3.1.2 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
Would/should
If + Subject + simple past + subject + + verb
in simple form
could/ might
VÝ dô:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I don’t have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I don’t have the time.) ( I’m not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he won’t tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You can’t understand him.)
Lu ý:
§éng tõ to be sau if ë mÉu c©u nµy ph¶i chia lµm were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.
I... they were.
VÝ dô:
If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a thing.
(but I’m not you.)
3.1.3 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi qu¸ khø.
Would/should
If + Subject + past perfect + subject + +
have + P2
could / might
VÝ dô:
If we hadn’t lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didn’t know that you were there.) ( we didn’t write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.)
If we hadn’t lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didn’t arrive early.)
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo ®óng c«ng thøc trªn, trong
mét sè trêng hîp 1 vÕ cña c©u ®iÒu kiÖn ë qu¸ khø cßn mét vÕ l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i do
thêi gian cña tõng mÖnh ®Ò quy ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu ý:
Trong mét sè trêng hîp ë c©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë thêi qu¸
khø, ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o had lªn ®Çu c©u nhng ý nghÜa vÉn gi÷ nguyªn.
Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...

15
VÝ dô:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
3.1.4 Çc çch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña Will, would vµ sould trong çc mÖnh ®Ò if
 Th«ng thêng nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy kh«ng ®îc dïng ®»ng sau if nhng nÕu ®îc
dïng nã sÏ mang ý nghÜa sau:
If you will /would.
Thêng ®îc dïng trong çc yªu cÇu lÞch sù ( Would lÞch sù h¬n)
VÝ dô:
If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.
(NÕu c« vui lßng chê mét chót, t«i sÏ xem liÖu «ng John cã ë ®©y kh«ng.)
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.
If you could + verb in simple form.

NÕu «ng vui lßng - Ngßi nãi cho r»ng ngêi kia sÏ ®ång ý nh mét
lÏ tÊt nhiªn
VÝ dô:
If you could fill in this form.
If you could open your books.
If + subject + will / would.

NÕu ... chÞu - DiÔn ®¹t ý tù nguyÖn
VÝ dô:
If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
NÕu nã chÞu nghe theo lêi t«i th× t«i cã thÓ gióp nã.
If + subject + will.
DiÔn t¶ sù ngoan cè.
VÝ dô:
If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
NÕu cËu mµ cø häc tiÕng Anh theo çch nµy th× trît kú thi TOFEL ch¾c ch¾n ®ang
chê ®ãn cËu.
If + subject +should.
DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng dï rÊt cã thÓ ®îc song kh¶ n¨ng rÊt Ýt vµ khi nãi ngêi nãi
kh«ng tin lµ sù viÖc l¹i cã thÓ x¶y ra.
VÝ dô:
If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.
NÕu anh kh«ng biÕt çch sö dông chiÕc tivi nµy, h·y gäi ®iÖn cho t«i sè m¸y nµy.
(Nãi vËy nhng ngêi nãi kh«ng cho r»ng lµ anh ta l¹i kh«ng biÕt sö dông chiÕc tivi
®ã.)
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to
ask me.
(Ngêi thÇy kh«ng cho r»ng cËu häc sinh l¹i kh«ng lµm ®îc nh÷ng bµi tËp ®ã - v×
chóng rÊt dÔ hoÆc cËu häc trß rÊt th«ng minh)
- Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o should lªn ®Çu c©u mµ ng÷
nghÜa kh«ng thay ®æi.
VÝ dô:

17
Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask
me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for
food - a sign that spring is near.
NÕu trêi cã nhiÒu m©y vµ bÇu trêi x¸m xÞt th× ngêi ta cho lµ con sãc ®Êt sÏ ®i
lang thang kiÕm ¨n - ®ã lµ dÊu hiÖu cña mïa Xu©n ®ang tíi gÇn. Thùc ra, khi sö
dông cÊu tróc nµy th× t¸c gi¶ cho r»ng khi con sãc ®Êt chui ra th× rÊt hiÕm khi
trêi l¹i cã nhiÒu m©y vµ bÇu trêi l¹i x¸m l¹i - cã thÓ lµ do kÕt qu¶ thèng kª.
4. Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though.
(Cã nghÜa lµ : dêng nh lµ, nh thÓ lµ)
- MÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau 2 thµnh ng÷ nµy thêng hay ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ
thùc hiÖn ®îc vµ chia lµm 2 thêi:
4.1 Thêi hiÖn t¹i
NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tríc chia ë simple present th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau
ph¶i chia ë simple past, ®éng tõ to be sÏ ph¶i chia ë lµ were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.
as if
Subject + verb (simple present) + + subject + verb
(simple past)
as though
VÝ dô:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.
(She didn’t study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.
(He is not rich)

4.2 Thêi qu¸ khø.
NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tríc chia ë simple past th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 ph¶i
chia ë past perfect.
as if
Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject + verb
(past
as perfect)
though
VÝ dô:
Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple past perfect
(She didn’t win the grand prize.)
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.

(She didn’t see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.
(He didn’t run ten miles.)

 C¶ 2 d¹ng chia ®ã sau as if ®Òu diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc.
Lu ý:
Trong mét sè trêng hîp nÕu ®iÒu kiÖn lµ cã thËt th× 2 c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®îc
tu©n theo. §éng tõ l¹i trë vÒ d¹ng b×nh thêng theo diÔn biÕn cña c©u.
VÝ dô:
He looks as if he has finish the test.
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5. Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to
5.1 used to.
Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thêng hay, ®· tõng) (*)
ChØ mét thãi quen, hµnh ®éng thêng xuyªn x¶y ra lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thãi quen trong qu¸ khø)
ChuyÓn sang c©u nghi vÊn:
Did + Subject + use to + Verb

= Used + Subject + to + verb.
VÝ dô:
When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?
used he to swim once a day?
C©u phñ ®Þnh:
Subject + didn’t + use to + Verb

= Subject + used not to + verb.
VÝ dô:
When David was young, he didn’t use to swim once a day.
he used not to swim once a day.
5.2 get / be used to.
BE / GET USED TO + VING

( trë nªn quen víi) (noun)
Lu ý: Trong c«ng thøc (*) cã thÓ thay used to = Would nhng dÔ nhÇm lÉn.
6. Çch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would rather
Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to
(ThÝch ... h¬n lµ; thµ ... h¬n lµ)
 §»ng sau would rather ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ bá to (bare infinitive) nh-
ng ®»ng sau prefer ph¶i lµ mét verb+ing.
VÝ dô:
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
Lu ý:
 ViÖc sö dông thµnh ng÷ nµy cßn tuú thuéc vµo sè chñ ng÷ vµ nghÜa cña c©u
6.1 Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷.
ë lo¹i c©u nµy chØ dïng Would rather (kh«ng cã than) vµ chia lµm 2 thêi :
1. Thêi hiÖn t¹i.
§éng tõ sau Would rather lµ nguyªn thÓ bá to. NÕu muèn dïng phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not
tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ bá to ( c«ng thøc 1)
Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive (1)
VÝ dô:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow
Trong c©u nµy ngêi nãi muèn nãi Jim thÝch ®Õn líp vµo ngµy mai (chø h«m nay Jim
kh«ng muèn)
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2. Thêi qu¸ khø.
ë thêi qu¸ khø sau would rather lµ have + past participle (hay cßn gäi lµ ph©n tõ 2
- P2) - C«ng thøc 2.
Subject + would rather + have + (P2) (2)
VÝ dô:
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thÝch ®i häc vµo
ngµy h«m qua h¬n ngµy h«m nay).
6.2 Lo¹i c©u cã 2 chñ ng÷
ë lo¹i c©u nµy thµnh ng÷ ®îc sö dông sÏ lµ Would rather that (íc g×, mong
g×) vµ chia lµm nh÷ng mÉu c©u nh sau:
1. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh
Lµ lo¹i c©u diÔn ®¹t ý ngêi thø nhÊt muèn ngêi thø 2 lµm mét viÖc g× ®ã,
nhng lµm hay kh«ng cßn tuú thuéc vµo vµo phÝa ngêi thø 2. Do vËy cÊu tróc ®éng
tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ph¶i lµ nguyªn thÓ bá to - C«ng thøc 1.
Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 + bare (1)

infinitive
VÝ dô:
I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( T«i muèn Johnes gäi ®iÖn cho t«i vµo
ngµy mai - Nhng Jones cã gäi ®iÖn cho ngêi nãi hay kh«ng cßn tuú vµo Jones).
We would rather that he take this train. (§¸p chuyÕn tµu ®ã hay kh«ng cßn tuú vµo
anh Êy - Hä chØ muèn vËy).
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i (nghÜa cña c©u tr¸i víi thùc
tÕ).
§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ chia ë Simple past, ®éng tõ to be sÏ ph¶i ®îc chia thµnh
Were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i - C«ng thøc 2
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past... (2)

VÝ dô:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does
(In fact his girlfriend doesn’t work in the same department.)
Jane would rather that it were winter now.
(It is not winter now.)
NhËn xÐt:
- Trong çc c©u trªn nghÜa cña vÕ thø 2 lu«n tr¸i víi thùc tÕ ë thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i.
- NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh dïng
Did not + verb
Were not + verb
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc trong qu¸ khø ( NghÜa cña c©u lµ
tr¸i víi thùc tÕ.)
Trong lo¹i c©u nµy ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò thø 2 sÏ ph¶i ®îc chia ë Past perfect
- C«ng thøc 1.
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect (1)

VÝ dô:
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(nhng trong thùc tÕ th× Jill ®· kh«ng tíi líp ngµy h«m qua vµ ngêi nãi chØ lÊy lµm
tiÔc lµ Jill ®· kh«ng tíi líp vµo ngµy h«m qua.)
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NhËn xÐt: Trªn thùc tÕ nghÜa cña to wish vµ would rather that (víi nghÜa íc, mong
muèn) trong trêng hîp trªn lµ gièng nhau nhng Wish ®îc sö dông trong tiÕng Anh
b×nh d©n (hµng ngµy). Cßn Would rather that mang kÞch tÝnh nhiÒu h¬n.
7. Çch sö dông Would Like
Thµnh ng÷ nµy dïng ®Ó mêi mäc ngêi kh¸c mét çch lÞch sù hoÆc diÔn ®¹t
mong muèn cña m×nh mét çch nh· nhÆn sau ®ã ph¶i lµ ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã
to (infinitive).
Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...
VÝ dô:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Hongkong.
We would like to order now, please.
The president would like to be re-elected.
They would like to study at the university.
Would you like to see a movie tonight?
Lu ý :
- NÕu hµnh ®éng ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian hoÆc thêi gian lµ
hiÖn t¹i th× dïng ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ sau like.
- Nhng nÕu thêi gian lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh th× ph¶i dïng Verb+ing.
VÝ dô:
Would you like a lemonade now? (thêi gian lµ hiÖn t¹i now)
She likes watching TV every night. (thêi gian lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh - chØ së thÝch
hobby)
HoÆc I would like eating a steak and salad.
8. Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t çc
tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i.
8.1 Could/may/might.
Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form]

Cã thÓ /cã lÏ.
ChØ mét kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i song ngêi nãi kh«ng ch¾c. C¶ 3
®éng tõ cã gi¸ trÞ nh nhau.
VÝ dô:
It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrow
It may rain tomorrow = OR
It could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Chó ý:
Maybe lµ sù kÕt hîp cña may vµ be, nhng nã lµ mét tõ vµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ trî ®éng tõ.
Nã ®ång nghÜa víi perhaps.
Mét sè vÝ dô vÒ Could, may, vµ might:
The president said that there might be a strike next month.
I don’t know what I’m doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home.
(Lu ý lµ ngêi Anh thêng nãi lµ stay at home nhng ngêi Mü l¹i nãi lµ stay home.)
It might be warmer tomorrow.
I may not be able to go with you tonight.
I don’t know where Jaime is. He could be at home.
8.2 Should
Should + [Verb in simple form]
NghÜa lµ :
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- Nªn ( diÔn ®¹t mét lêi khuyªn, ®Ò nghÞ hoÆc b¾t buéc nhng kh«ng m¹nh l¾m)
- Cã khi - dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mong muèn ®iÒu g× x¶y ra.
VÝ dô:
It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).
Lu ý:
- Had better, ought to, be supposed to nãi chung lµ ®ång nghÜa víi should víi ®iÒu
kiÖn lµ ®éng tõ to be ph¶i chia ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.
- be supposed to ngoµi nghÜa t¬ng ®¬ng víi should cßn mang nghÜa quy ®Þnh
ph¶i, b¾t buéc ph¶i.
VÝ dô:
We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed because
the Professor had to attend a science conference.
( Theo quy ®Þnh lµ ....)
8.3 Must
Must + [verb in simple form]
NghÜa lµ :
- Ph¶i - b¾t buéc rÊt m¹nh (ngêi bÞ b¾t buéc kh«ng cã sù lùa chän nµo kh¸c)
VÝ dô:
One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngêi ta ph¶i ký sau tÊm sÐc
tríc khi rót tiÒn).
George must call his insurance agent today.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.
This freezer must be kept at -200.
- H¼n lµ - diÔn ®¹t mét sù suy luËn cã logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã
thËt ë hiÖn t¹i.
VÝ dô:
John’s lights are out. He must be asleep.
(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)
 Must ®îc thay thÕ b»ng have to trong nh÷ng trêng hîp sau ®©y
- §øng sau Will ë thêi t¬ng lai.
VÝ dô:
We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.
- Had to thay cho must ë qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.
 ë thêi hiÖn t¹i have to ®îc thay thÕ cho must khi:
Hái xem m×nh cã bÞ buéc ph¶i lµm ®iÒu g× kh«ng hoÆc diÔn ®¹t sù b¾t
buéc do kh¸ch quan mang l¹i ®Ó lµm gi¶m nhÑ tÝnh b¾t buéc cña must.
VÝ dô:
Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?
A : No, you needn’t but you have to sign in this register, I’m sorry but
that’s the rule.
9. Çch sö dông çc ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÕn ®¹t çc
tr¹ng th¸i ë thêi qu¸ khø.
Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (cã lÏ ®·)
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ChØ mét kh¶ n¨ng ë qu¸ khø song ngêi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.
VÝ dô:
It might have rained last night, but I’m not sure.
(Cã lÏ ®ªm qua trêi ma)
The cause of death could have been bacteria.
(Nguyªn nh©n cña çi chÕt cã lÏ lµ do vi trïng)
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
(Cã lÏ John ®· tíi r¹p chiÕu bãng ngµy h«m qua)
Could + have +P2 (cã lÏ ®· cã thÓ - nhng thùc tÕ th×

kh«ng)
VÝ dô:
We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldn’t in fact)
(LÏ ra lóc ®ã chóng t«i ®· cã thÓ gi¶i quyÕt ®îc vÊn ®Ò nµy.)
SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (lÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn - nhng thùc tÕ th×

kh«ng)
Thµnh ng÷ nµy t¬ng ®¬ng víi Was / were / Supposed to.
MUST HAVE P2 - H¼n lµ ®·

(ChØ sù suy luËn logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn tîng cã thËt trong
qu¸ khø)
VÝ dô:
Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this
past week.
(H«m nay Paul ®· cã lêi ph¸t biÓu rÊt hay, h¼n lµ tuÇn qua nã ®· diÔn tËp rÊt
nhiÒu lÇn ).
MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang

qu¸ khø)
VÝ dô:
I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
I didn’t watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the
argument.
MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - ch¾c h¼n lóc Êy ®ang

qu¸ khø)
VÝ dô:
I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.
I didn’t see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.
10. tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb).
 Mét tÝnh tõ bao giê còng bæ nghÜa cho mét danh tõ vµ chØ danh tõ. Nã
®øng ngay tríc danh tõ ®ã. Trong tiÕng Anh chØ cã mét danh tõ duy
nhÊt ®øng sau danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa ®ã lµ: galore ( nhiÒu, phong
phó, dåi dµo).
VÝ dô:
There are errors galore in the final exam.
- Mét phã tõ bao giê còng bæ nghÜa cho:
+ Mét ®éng tõ - mét tÝnh tõ - vµ mét phã tõ kh¸c.
VÝ dô:
He runs very fast.
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verb adv adv
She is terribly beautiful.

Adv adj
- Adj + ly = adv nhng ph¶i cÈn thËn v× kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tõ nµo cã ®u«i ly ®Òu lµ
phã tõ. Mét sè çc tÝnh tõ còng cã tËn cïng lµ ly.
VÝ dô:
Lovely, friendly, lonely.
- Mét sè çc côm tõ më ®Çu b»ng giíi tõ ®Ó chØ ®Þa ®iÓm, thêi gian, ph¬ng tiÖn
hµnh ®éng, t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng còng ®îc coi lµ phã tõ. VÝ dô: in the office.
- Mét sè çc phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt nh soon, very, almost.
- VÞ trÝ çc phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh t¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i nhng còng cã nh÷ng phøc
t¹p. Cã mét sè quy luËt nh sau:
+ Çc phã tõ bæ ng÷ sÏ thêng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u theo thø tù u tiªn:
*0 chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng (®u«i ly),
*1 chØ ®Þa ®iÓm (here, there, at school...),
*2 chØ thêi gian,
*3 chØ ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng,
*4 chØ t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.
+ Mét phã tõ kh«ng bao giê ®îc ®øng xen vµo gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.
VÝ dô:
I have terribly a headache. (c©u sai v× phã tõ ®øng xen gi÷a ®éng tõ
vµ t©n ng÷ )
+ NÕu trong c©u chØ cã phã tõ chØ thêi gian th× nã thÓ ®øng lªn ®Çu
c©u.
VÝ dô:
In 1975 I graduated but I didn’t find a job.
+ Çc phã tõ chØ tÇn sè (always, sometimes...) thêng bao giê còng ®øng tríc
®éng tõ chÝnh khi nã lµ ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng, nhng bao giê còng ®øng sau
®éng tõ to be.
VÝ dô:
- They have often visited me recently.
- He always comes in time.
Nhng: The president is always in time.
11. §éng tõ nèi.
§ã lµ çc ®éng tõ trong b¶ng sau.
appear
become
remain smell
taste
Çc ®éng tõ trªn cã nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh sau:

 Kh«ng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÔn ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc, nh mµu
s¾c, mïi vÞ ...
 §»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ mét tÝnh tõ kh«ng ®îc lµ mét phã tõ.
Lu ý: çc cÆp ®éng tõ

appear to happen
seem = to chance ( Dêng nh)
- To appear cã thÓ thay thÕ cho to seem vµ ngîc l¹i nhng kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ cho to
happen vµ to chance.
- 3 ®éng tõ to be, to become, to remain cã nh÷ng trêng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc
mét ng÷ danh tõ theo sau, lóc ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng ®éng tõ nèi.
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- 4 ®éng tõ to feel, to look, to smell vµ to taste trong mét sè trêng hîp ®ßi hái sau
nã lµ danh tõ lµm t©n ng÷ vµ trë thµnh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ. Lóc nµy chóng mÊt ®i
chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi vµ trë thµnh mét ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng vµ
cã quyÒn ®ßi hái 1 phã tõ ®i bæ trî (chóng thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa).
- To feel = sê, n¾n, kh¸m xÐt.
- to look at : nh×n
- to smeel : ngöi.
- to taste : nÕm.
12. So s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ danh tõ
12.1 So s¸nh b»ng.
So s¸nh b»ng chØ ra 2 thùc thÓ chÝnh x¸c gièng nhau (b»ng nhau hoÆc nh nhau)
vµ ngîc l¹i nÕu cÊu tróc so s¸nh ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh.
CÊu tróc
As ... as
adj noun
S + verb + as + + as +
adv
pronoun
 NÕu lµ cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh as thø nhÊt cã thÓ thay b»ng so.
VÝ dô:
He is not so tall as his father.
Lu ý:
Ta cÇn ph¶i nhí r»ng ®¹i tõ sau as lu«n ë d¹ng chñ ng÷.
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
Mét sè thÝ dô vÒ so s¸nh b»ng.
My book is as interesting as your.
TÝnh tõ
His car runs as fast as a race car.

Phã tõ
John sings as well as his sister.

Phã tõ
Their house is as big as that one.

TÝnh tõ
His job is not as difficult as mine. HoÆc His job is not so difficult as mine.
TÝnh tõ TÝnh tõ
They are as lucky as we

TÝnh tõ
 Danh tõ còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó so s¸nh cho cÊu tróc nµy nhng tríc khi so s¸nh
ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh ch¾c ch¾n r»ng danh tõ ®ã cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ t¬ng ®¬ng nh
trong b¶ng sau:
TÝnh tõ Danh tõ
heavy, light weight
wide, narrow width
deep, shallow depth
long, short length
big, small size
 CÊu tróc dïng cho lo¹i nµy sÏ lµ the same ... as.
noun
Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as
25
pronoun
VÝ dô:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu ý:
- Do tÝnh chÊt phøc t¹p cña lo¹i c«ng thøc nµy nªn viÖc sö dông bã hÑp vµo trong
b¶ng trªn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canada’s.
- Trong tiÕng Anh cña ngêi Mü cã thÓ dïng different than nÕu sau ®ã lµ c¶ mét
c©u hoµn chØnh (kh«ng phæ biÕn).
VÝ dô:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From cã thÓ thay thÕ b»ng to.
Mét sè thÝ dô vÒ the same vµ different from:
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Rita’s.
Their teacher is different from ours.
My typewriter types the same as yours.
She takes the same courses as her husband.
12.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm
- Trong lo¹i so s¸nh nµy, ngêi ta ph©n ra lµm 2 lo¹i phã tõ, tÝnh tõ ng¾n vµ phã tõ,
tÝnh tõ dµi.
- §èi víi çc phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ ng¾n, ta chØ cÇn céng thªm ®u«i ER vµo tËn cïng.
- §èi víi nh÷ng tÝnh tõ ng¾n cã 1 nguyªn ©m kÑp gi÷a 2 phô ©m, ta ph¶i gÊp ®«i
phô ©m cuèi ®Ó kh«ng ph¶i thay ®æi çch ®äc.
VÝ dô:
big - bigger.
red - redder
hot - hotter
- Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ cã tËn cïng b»ng b¸n nguyªn ©m ph¶i ®æi thµnh ier (y -ier)
VÝ dô:
happy - happier
friendly - friendlier (hoÆc more friendly than)
- Trêng hîp ngo¹i lÖ: strong - stronger.
- §èi víi tÊt c¶ çc phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ dµi dïng more (nÕu h¬n) vµ dïng less ( nÕu
kÐm).
VÝ dô: more beautiful, more important, more believable.
adj + er
adv + er*
Subject + verb + +
noun
than +
more + adj/ adv
pronoun
less + adj
* cã thÓ thªm er vµo tËn cïng cña mét sè phã tõ nh: faster, quicker, sooner, vµ later.
Lu ý:
- §»ng sau phã tõ so s¸nh nh than vµ as ph¶i lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng chñ ng÷, kh«ng
®îc phÐp lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ ( lçi c¬ b¶n).
VÝ dô:
25
John’s grades are higher than his sister’s.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s.
- §Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ so s¸nh ngêi ta dïng far hoÆc much tríc so
s¸nh.
far adv noun

Subject + verb + +er + than +
+ much adj pronoun
far adj noun

Subject + verb more + + than +
+ much + adv pronoun
less
- Mét sè thµnh ng÷ nhÊn m¹nh : much too much

adv adv adj
VÝ dô:
Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
 Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh trong çc cÊu tróc b»ng hoÆc h¬n,
kÐm.
- Trong cÊu tróc so s¸nh b»ng chØ cÇn x¸c ®Þnh xem danh tõ ®ã lµ ®Õm ®îc hay
kh«ng ®Õm ®îc v× tríc chóng cã mét sè ®Þnh ng÷ dïng víi 2 lo¹i danh tõ ®ã.
- Trong cÊu tróc so s¸nh h¬n kÐm còng cÇn ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem danh tõ ®ã lµ
®Õm ®îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®îc v× ®»ng tríc chóng cã dïng fewer (cho ®Õm ®îc),
less (kh«ng ®Õm ®îc) vµ more dïng chung cho c¶ 2 (c«ng thøc díi ®©y). Do cÊu
tróc nµy kh«ng phøc t¹p nªn ®îc dïng réng r·i h¬n so víi cÊu tróc so s¸nh b»ng.
many
Subject + verb + as + much + noun + as +noun
little
pronoun
few
hoÆc
more noun
Subject + verb + fewer + noun + than +
pronoun
less
VÝ dô:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
27
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
12.3 So s¸nh hîp lý
Khi so s¸nh nªn nhí r»ng çc môc tõ dïng ®Ó so s¸nh ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau vÒ
b¶n chÊt ng÷ ph¸p ( ngêi víi ngêi, vËt víi vËt). Do vËy 3 môc so s¸nh hîp lý sÏ lµ:
 së h÷u çch
 that of (cho sè Ýt)
 those of (cho sè nhiÒu)
C©u sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (c©u nµy so s¸nh drawings víi
instructor)
C©u ®óng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s (instructor’s =
instructor’s drawings)
C©u sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (c©u nµy so s¸nh gi÷a
l¬ng cña 1 «ng gi¸o s víi mét c« th ký)
C©u ®óng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that of =
that salary of)
C©u sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (c©u nµy
so s¸nh gi÷a duties víi teacher)
C©u ®óng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher.
(those of = those duties of).
Mét sè thÝ dô vÒ so s¸nh hîp lý.

John’s car runs better than Mary’s.
(Mary’s = Mary’s car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = that climate of )
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in )
The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high school.
(those of = the games of)
Your accent is not as strong as my mother’s.
(my mother’s = my mother’s accent)
My sewing machine is better than Jane’s.
(Jane’s = Jane’s sewing machine).
12.4 Çc d¹ng so s¸nh ®Æc biÖt
B¶ng díi ®©y lµ mét sè d¹ng so s¸nh ®Æc biÖt cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ. Trong ®ã lu
ý r»ng farther dïng cho kho¶ng çch, further dïng cho th«ng tin vµ nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò
trõu tîng kh¸c.
TÝnh tõ vµ phã so s¸nh h¬n so s¸nh

tõ kÐm nhÊt
far farther farthest
further furthest
little less least
much more most

many
good better best

well
bad worse worst

badly
27
I feel much better today than I did last week.
The university is farther than the mall.
He has less time now than he had before.
Marjorie has more books than Sue.
This magazine is better than that one.
He acts worse now than ever before.
+ further = more.
VÝ dô:
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.
He will come to the US for further education next year.
12.5 So s¸nh ®a bé
Lµ lo¹i so s¸nh gÊp rìi, gÊp ®«i, gÊp 3. Nªn nhí r»ng trong cÊu tróc nµy kh«ng ®îc
dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm mµ ph¶i dïng so s¸nh b»ng.
much noun
Subject + verb + béi sè + + noun +
as + as + pronoun
many
VÝ dô:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu ý:
- Khi dïng so s¸nh lo¹i nµy ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh râ danh tõ ®ã lµ ®Õm ® îc hay kh«ng
®Õm ®îc v× ®»ng tríc chóng cã much vµ many.
- Çc cÊu tróc twice that much ...
many
(gÊp ®«i sè ®ã)
chØ ®îc dïng trong v¨n nãi, tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.
VÝ dô:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (v¨n
nãi)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number
showed up. (v¨n viÕt)
12.6 So s¸nh kÐp (cµng ....th× cµng)
Nh÷ng c©u nµy b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét cÊu tróc so s¸nh h¬n, vµ do ®ã mÖnh ®Ò thø
2 còng ph¶i b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét cÊu tróc so s¸nh h¬n.
The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative + subject +

verb
VÝ dô:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject
+ verb
The more you study, the smarter you will become.

The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
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12.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th×; ch¼ng bao l©u ... th×)
NÕu thµnh ng÷ no sooner xuÊt hiÖn ë ®Çu c©u th× than ph¶i ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò
2. Lu ý r»ng trî ®éng tõ ph¶i ®øng tríc chñ ng÷ theo c«ng thøc sau:
No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
VÝ dô:
No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody
else.
Lu ý:
No longer nghÜa lµ not any more (kh«ng cßn... n÷a). Kh«ng bao giê ®îc sö dông
not longer trong c©u mµ nghÜa cña nã nh vËy.
John no longer studies at the university.
(John doesn’t study at the university any more).
Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.
(Cynthia may not use the library any more)
13. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt.
PhÇn lín çc tÝnh tõ diÔn t¶ (tr¹ng th¸i, tÝnh çch, vÎ ®Ñp...) ®Òu cã 3 d¹ng: d¹ng
nguyªn (happy), d¹ng so s¸nh h¬n (happier) vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt (happiest).
D¹ng nguyªn so s¸nh so s¸nh nhÊt

hot hotter hottest
interesting more most
sick interesting interesting
colorful sicker sickest
more colorful most colorful
- D¹ng nguyªn kh«ng chØ sù so s¸nh. Nã chØ m« t¶ phÈm chÊt ®¬n thuÇn cña 1
ngêi, 1 vËt, hay mét nhãm (ngêi hoÆc vËt).
VÝ dô:
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
- D¹ng so s¸nh h¬n chØ ra møc ®é m¹nh h¬n hay yÕu h¬n vÒ sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a 2
ngêi (2 vËt).
VÝ dô:
My dog is smarter than yours.
Bob is more atheletic than Richard.
Spinach is less appealing than carrots.
* Ta còng cã thÓ so s¸nh 2 thùc thÓ (ngêi hoÆc vËt) mµ kh«ng sö dông than. Trong
trêng hîp nµy thµnh ng÷ of the two sÏ ®îc sö dông trong c©u (nã cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu
c©u vµ sau danh tõ ph¶i cã dÊu phÈy, hoÆc ®øng ë cuèi - Xem 2 c«ng thøc díi
®©y).
Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two +

(noun)
hoÆc
of the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the +
comparative
Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.
Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more picturesque.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
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Ghi nhí:
2 thùc thÓ - so s¸nh h¬n
3 thùc thÓ trë lªn - so s¸nh h¬n
nhÊt
- ë cÊp ®é so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt, 3 thùc thÓ trë lªn ®îc so s¸nh víi nhau, mét
trong chóng tréi h¬n hoÆc kÐm h¬n so víi çc thùc thÓ cßn l¹i.
adj+ est
In + dt®2 sè Ýt
Subject + verb + the + most + adj +
of + dt®2 sè nhiÒu
least + adj
John is the tallest boy in the family.

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
Lu ý:
- Sau thµnh ng÷ one of the + superlative, danh tõ ph¶i ®Ó ë d¹ng sè nhiÒu vµ
®éng tõ chia ë ng«i sè Ýt.
VÝ dô:
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
Çc phã tõ kh«ng ®îc ®i kÌm bëi -er hoÆc -est. Mµ thay v× ®ã, khi ®îc dïng trong
c©u so s¸nh chóng ®i cïng more hoÆc less ®èi víi cÊp so s¸nh h¬n, vµ víi most
hoÆc least ®Ó thµnh lËp nªn d¹ng so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt.
D¹ng nguyªn So s¸nh h¬n So s¸nh h¬n
nhÊt
carefully more carefully most carefully
less carefully least carefully
cautiously more most cautiously

cautiously least cautiously
less
cautiously
VÝ dô:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
14. Çc danh tõ lµm chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ
Trong tiÕng Anh, rÊt nhiÒu danh tõ cã thÓ lµm chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ khi chóng ®øng
tríc çc danh tõ kh¸c (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher). Danh tõ ®øng
®Çu cña sù kÕt hîp ®ãng vai trß mét tÝnh tõ, m« t¶ danh tõ thø 2 (®ãng vai trß
danh tõ). TÊt c¶ çc danh tõ víi chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ lu«n ë d¹ng sè Ýt cho dï danh tõ
mµ nã bæ nghÜa cã ë sè nhiÒu. Sù kÕt hîp sè - danh tõ lu«n ph¶i cã dÊu g¹ch
ngang ”-“.
VÝ dô:
We took a tour that lasted five weeks.
(Weeks lµm chøc n¨ng danh tõ trong c©u nµy).
We took a five-week tour.
Adj noun
His subscription to that magazine is for two years.

(years : danh tõ)
He has a two-year subscription to that magazine.
Adj noun

31
That student wrote a report that was ten pages long.
(pages : danh tõ)
That student wrote a ten-page report.
Adj noun
These shoes cost twenty dollars.

These are twenty-dollar shoes.
Adj noun
15. Enough víi tÝnh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ

Sù thay ®æi vÞ trÝ cña enough tuú thuéc vµo viÖc nã bæ nghÜa cho 1 danh tõ, 1
tÝnh tõ, hay 1 phã tõ. Khi bæ nghÜa cho 1 tÝnh tõ hay 1 phã tõ, enough ®øng
®»ng sau:
adj
+
enough
adv
Are those French fries crisp enough for you?

Adj
She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.

Adv
It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket.

Adj
Khi bæ nghÜa cho mét danh tõ enough ®øng ®»ng tríc.
enough + noun
Do you have enough sugar for the cake?

noun
Jake bought enough red paint to finish the barn.

noun
He does not have enough money to attend the concert.

noun
Lu ý:
Danh tõ mµ enough bæ nghÜa ®«i khi kh«ng cÇn thiÕt cã mÆt trong c©u
mµ kh«ng lµm thay ®æi nghÜa cña c©u.
I forgot my money. Do you have enough?

(ta hiÓu r»ng ngô ý cña ngêi nãi lµ “enough money”)
16. Çc tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n
PhÇn nµy sÏ tr×nh bµy çch sö dông mét vµi c«ng cô ng÷ ph¸p chØ nguyªn nh©n.
16.1 Because/ because of
Because ( kh«ng cã of) ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã lµ mét c©u hoµn chØnh (ph¶i cã chñ
ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ). Because of ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã lµ mét danh tõ hoÆc 1 ng÷
danh tõ ( kh«ng ®îc phÐp cã ®éng tõ liªn hîp).
Subject + verb
... because +
there + verb +
subject
... because of + danh tõ ( hoÆc côm
31
danh tõ)
Lu ý:
Because of cã thÓ thay thÕ cho thµnh ng÷ due to.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Subject verb
Jan was worried because of the rain.

noun
The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.

verb subject
The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

noun phrase
We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage.

verb subject
We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage.

noun phrase
16.2 Môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ (so that- ®Ó)

Çc mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých ®îc ®i cïng víi liªn tõ so that. Sau so that lµ mét
mÖnh ®Ò kÕt qu¶ gåm chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ. Thêi gian cña mÖnh ®Ò kÕt qu¶ ph¶i
ë t¬ng lai trong mèi quan hÖ víi thêi gian cña mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých.
Subject + verb + so that +

subject + verb
Lu ý:
MÆc dï trong v¨n nãi cã thÓ chÊp nhËn kh«ng cã that nhng trong v¨n viÕt buéc
ph¶i cã that.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
(nã ®· häc rÊt ch¨m chØ ®Ó cã thÓ qua ®îc kú thi)
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s
birthday.
Damien is practising the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next
summer.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
16.3 Cause and effect
Nh÷ng cÊu tróc sau ®©y ®îc sö dông ®Ó chØ mèi quan hÖ nh©n qu¶.
adjective
Subject + verb + so +
adverb + that +
subject + verb
Lu ý: Kh«ng sö dông mét danh tõ sau so. Cßn muèn dïng danh tõ th× xem çc cÊu
tróc díi ®©y.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Çc cÊu tróc chøa çc bæ ng÷ cêng ®é:
Subject + verb + so +
many + dt ® 2 sè nhiÒu +
few
33
that + subject + verb
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one.
Subject + verb + somuch

+ + dt kh«ng ® 2 + that
+ subject + verb little
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt ® 2

sè Ýt + that ...
hoÆc
Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt ® 2 sè
Ýt + that ...
Lu ý:
Such + a + adjective thêng ®îc dïng nhiÒu h¬n trong 2 cÊu tróc trªn.
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
HoÆc
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down.
HoÆc
It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.
Subject + verb + such + adjective

dt ®+2 sè +
that + subject + verb nhiÒu
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

dt ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
dt ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu
Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble.
dt kh«ng ®Õm ®îc
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

dt kh«ng ®Õm ®îc
Lu ý: Ta kh«ng thÓ sö dông so trong cÊu tróc trªn.

Ph©n tÝch nghÜa cña çc cÊu tróc trªn.
vÝ dô:
It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember
him
( T«i kh«ng biÕt liÖu t«i cã nhËn ®îc ra nã kh«ng v× ®· l©u l¾m råi t«i kh«ng gÆp
nã.)
Nguyªn nh©n: It has been a long time.
KÕt qu¶ : I’m not sure if I will remember him.
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel.
( ThËt lµ khã ®èi víi anh ta trong chuyÖn ®i du lÞch bëi v× anh ta cã nhiÒu c«ng
viÖc ph¶i lµm.)
Nguyªn nh©n: He has a very heavy work load.
KÕt qu¶ : It is difficult for him to travel.
Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano.
33
(Peter nªn ch¬i ®µn Piano bëi v× nã cã nh÷ng ngãn tay dµi.)
Nguyªn nh©n: Peter has such long fingers.
KÕt qu¶ : He should play the piano.
Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring.
(çc giê häc cña gi¸o s Sands ch¼ng bao giê buån tÎ bëi v× «ng Êy thêng ®a ra
nh÷ng bµi gi¶ng hÕt søc thó vÞ.)
Nguyªn nh©n: Professor Sands gives very interesting lectures.
KÕt qu¶ : His classes are never boring.
This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping.
(T«i sÏ gäi mét suÊt kem n÷a v× nã rÊt ngon.)
Nguyªn nh©n: The ice cream is very tasty.
KÕt qu¶ : I’ll have another helping.
17. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn
even if + nagative
verb
(cho dï ...)
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
Whether or not +
positive verb
(dï cã ... hay kh«ng)
He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god.
unless + positive verb = if ...

not
(trõ phi, nÕu ... kh«ng)
If you don’t start at once, you will be late.
= You will be late unless you start at once.
But for that + unreal

condition
(nÕu kh«ng th× ....)
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
otherwise + conditional sentence kÎo, nÕu

kh«ng th× ....
- §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc.
We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out.
- §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®îc.
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here.
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.

qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
NhËn xÐt.
Trong tiÕng Anh hµng ngµy, ngêi ta dïng or... else ®Ó thay thÕ cho otherwise.
Provided/providing (that)
(víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ )
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.
Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...?

(gi¶ sö v× sao, nÕu v× sao)
35
Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
- Tõ nèi nµy cßn ®îc sö dông ®Ó ®em ra lêi gîi ý.
Suppose you ask him = why don’t you ask him?
What if I’m- tao thÕ th× sao

nµo
®a ra sù th¸ch thøc
If only + Simple =
hope that present
will + verb
Hy väng lµ...
If only he comes in time (hy väng anh Êy ®Õn ®óng giê)
If only he will head your advice.
If only + Simple past =

wish that past perfect
Gi¸ mµ - tr¸i víi thùc tÕ.

If only he didn’t smoke. (but he doesn’t)
If only she had come in time. (but she didn’t)
if only + would verb - íc sao,

mong sao
- dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét íc muèn ë hiÖn t¹i
If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
hoÆc mét íc muèn v« väng ë t¬ng lai.
If only it would stop raining.
Mong sao trêi ®õng ma n÷a - nhng thùc tÕ th× trêi ®ang ma rÊt to.
18. C©u bÞ ®éng
C©u bÞ ®éng ®îc sö dông nh»m ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña t©n ng÷ chø
kh«ng nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷ trong c©u chñ ®éng.
be + P2
Ph¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng.
- §a t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lªn lµm chñ ng÷. Trong trêng hîp nÕu cã 2 t©n
ng÷ ( 1 trùc tiÕp, 1 gi¸n tiÕp), muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo th× ngêi ta ®a
nã lªn lµm chñ ng÷ ( nhng thßng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp lµm chñ ng÷).
VÝ dô:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong c©u nµy book lµ t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, him lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp, ta ®æi:
He was given a book by me.
- Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ
®éng.
- §Æt by + t©n ng÷ míi ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ çc t©n ng÷ kh¸c.
- to be made, to be made of ®îc lµm b»ng - chØ mét vËt ®îc lµm b»ng 1 thø
nguyªn vËt liÖu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: ®îc lµm b»ng - chØ mét vËt ®îc lµm b»ng 2 thø nguyªn vËt liÖu
trë lªn.
- to be made out of: ®îc lµm b»ng ( dïng cho thùc phÈm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
35
- Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo ®éng tõ to be, cßn ph©n tõ 2 gi÷
nguyªn (xem çc c«ng thøc díi ®©y.)
Simple present hay simple past
am
is
are + [verb in past
participle]
was
were
Chñ ®éng : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.

Subject present complement
BÞ ®éng : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

singular subject be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The tornado destroyed thirty houses.

Subject past complement
Bi ®éng : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado.

plural subject be past participle
present progressive hay Past progressive
am
is
are + being + [verb in past participle]
was
were
Chñ ®éng : The committee is considering several new proposals.

Subject present progressive complement
BÞ ®éng : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

plural subject auxiliary be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The committee was considering several new proposals.

Subject past progressive complement
BÞ ®éng : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee.

plural subject auxiliary be past participle
present perfect hay Past perfect

has
have + been + [verb in past
participle]
had
Chñ ®éng: The company has ordered some new equipment.

subject present perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
Chñ ®éng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike
began.
subject past perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the
strike began.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (modal)

modal + be + [ verb in past
participle]
Chñ ®éng : The manager should sign these contracts today.
Subject modal + verb complement
BÞ ®éng : These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

37
Subject modal be past participle
modal + perfect
modal + have + been + [ verb in past
participle]
Chñ ®éng: Somebody should have called the president this morning.
Subject modal + perfect complement
BÞ ®éng : The president should have been called this morning.

Subject modal have be past participle
19. §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n ®îc sö dông ®Ó chØ ra mét ngêi g©y cho ngêi thø hai
lµm mét viÖc g× ®ã cho ngêi thø nhÊt. Mét ngêi cã thÓ g©y cho ai ®ã ph¶i lµm
çi g× ®ã cho anh ta hoÆc cho chÞ ta qua viÖc chi tr¶ tiÒn, yªu cÇu, hoÆc cìng Ðp
ngêi ®ã. Çc ®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n lµ: have, get, make.
19.1 Have/ get / make
MÖnh ®Ò theo sau have hoÆc get cã thÓ ë d¹ng chñ ®éng hoÆc bÞ ®éng.
To have smb do smth = to get smb to

do smth
(Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g×)
Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.)
Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.)
To have / get smth done

(®a çi g× ®i lµm...)
- B¶n th©n m×nh kh«ng lµm ®îc nªn nhê 1 ngêi kh¸c lµm.
VÝ dô:
Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone)
To want / like something done

MÉu c©u hái cña 2 ®éng tõ nµy sÏ lµ:
- What do you want done to ... Anh muèn lµm g× víi ....
VÝ dô:
- What do you want done to your motorbike?
- I’d like it repaired and cleaned
hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned.
To make smb do smth = to force smb to

do smth
( buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×.)
VÝ dô:
The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
= The robber made the teller give him the money.
§éng tõ to make v¶ to cause cßn ®îc dïng theo mÉu sau:
smb
To make/ to
smth cause
+ P2
(lµm cho ai, çi g× bÞ lµm sao)
VÝ dô:
Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
- §»ng sau ®éng tõ to make cßn cã thÓ dïng 1 tÝnh tõ.
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To make smb / smth +
adjective
VÝ dô:
Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
§i theo híng nµy th× ®éng tõ to find cã thÓ dïng theo c«ng thøc:
To find + smb/ smth + adjective

(P1- P2)
NÕu lµ ph©n tõ 1 sÏ mang tÝnh chñ ®éng cßn ph©n tõ 2 mang tÝnh bÞ ®éng.
VÝ dô:
I found her quite interesting to talk to.
My sister found snakes frightening - con r¾n ®¸ng sî.
We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî.
20. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt
- §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ h¬i biÕn ®æi nÕu ®éng tõ ®»ng
sau t©n ng÷ cña nã lµ mét nguyªn thÓ bá to hay verbing.
hear
to watch somebody do something - Hµnh ®éng trän vÑn tõ ®Çu tíi cuèi.
see
hear
to watch somebody doing something - Hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh nhÊt thêi, kh«ng
trän vÑn.
see
VÝ dô:
I didn’t hear the telephone ring.
I didn’t hear the telephone ringing.
I see her sing./ I see her singing.
20.1 Çch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which.
Kh«ng ®îc sö dông ®¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷ trong lo¹i c©u nµy.
VÝ dô:
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight.
The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.
21. Çch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
To have + P2
Should like + to have +
would like P2
(DiÔn ®¹t íc muèn nhng kh«ng thµnh.)
VÝ dô:
I would (should) like to have passed the test last week.
Should like
He would like to have seen the
photos would
=
He should have liked to see
the photos(but=he couldn’t)
- Nã dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ : To seem/ appear/ happen (dêng nh) / pretend (gi¶
vê).
- Nªn nhí r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña
mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
He seems to have been an athlete = It seems that he has been an athlete.
He pretended not to have known about that.
= He pretended that he hadn’t known about that.
Dïng víi sorry.
To be sorry + to have + P2
Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tríc.
The girl were sorry to have missed the rock concert.
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= The girl were sorry that they had missed the rock concert.
Dïng víi mét sè çc ®éng tõ sau ®©y ë thÓ bÞ ®éng.
To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, to report, to
say, to suppose, to think.
- nªn nhí hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
He is said to have been out of the country.
It is said that he has been out of the country.
Nã cßn ®îc sö dông víi mét sè ®éng tõ : claim/ expect/ hope/ promise.
- Trong trêng hîp nµy, hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra sau hµnh
®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë d¹ng t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh.
VÝ dô:
He expects to have finished the homework tonight.
= He expects that he will have finished the homework tonight.
He promised to have told me about that event.
= He promised that he would have told me about that event.
Needn’t + have
+ P2
(lÏ ra kh«ng cÇn ph¶i)
VÝ dô:
You needn’t have hurried, we still have enough time now.
22. Nh÷ng çch sö dông kh¸c cña that
22.1 That víi t çch cña mét liªn tõ (r»ng)
- Khi that ®øng sau 4 ®éng tõ : say, tell, think, believe ngêi ta cã thÓ bá nã ®i.
VÝ dô:
John said that he was leaving next week.
Hay
John said he was leaving next week.
Henry told me that he had a lot of work to do.
Hay
Henry told me he had a lot of work to do.
- Tuy nhiªn, sau 4 ®éng tõ : mention, declare, report, state th× that kh«ng thÓ bá
®i, b¾t buéc ph¶i cã.
VÝ dô:
The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of the
search.
George mentioned that he was going to France next year.
The article stated that this solution was flammable.
22.2 MÖnh ®Ò cã that
Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trong c©u, nã cã thÓ dïng víi chñ ng÷
h×nh thøc it, hoÆc ®øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷.
It + to be + adj + that + subject

+ verb ....
That + subject + verb +... + to be

+ adj
VÝ dô:
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
Hay
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Lu ý: NÕu mét c©u b¾t ®Çu b»ng 1 mÖnh ®Ò that, ta ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng c¶ 2
mÖnh ®Ò cïng chøa 1 ®éng tõ.
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It surprises me that John would do such a thing.
Hay
That John would do such a thing surprises me.
It wasn’t believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun.
hay
That the earth revolves around the sun wasn’t believed until the fifteenth century.
It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs.
Hay
That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious.
NhËn xÐt: Chñ ng÷ gi¶ it thêng ®îc dïng trong v¨n nãi cßn that ®øng ®Çu c©u
®îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.
23. Lèi nãi bao hµm
§ã lµ lèi nãi kÕt hîp 2 ý trong c©u l¹i lµm mét th«ng qua mét sè thµnh ng÷.
23.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cßn)
Çc thµnh phÇn ®i sau 2 thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷
ph¸p, tøc lµ danh - danh, tÝnh tõ - tÝnh tõ...
Noun noun
adj adj
Subject + verb + not only + adv + but also + adv
ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ
Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb
Lu ý: Th«ng thêng thµnh phÇn sau but also sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thµnh phÇn sau not
only.
VÝ dô:
He is not only handsome but also talented.
tÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh tõ danh tõ
He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Adv adv
Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.

Ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
§éng tõ ®éng tõ
23.2 As well as (còng nh, còng nh lµ)

Çc thµnh phÇn ®i ®»ng tríc vµ ®»ng sau thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi
nhau vÒ mÆt tõ lo¹i theo c«ng thøc díi ®©y:
noun
noun
Subject + verb + not only + +
but also + adj
adj
adv
adv
ng÷ giíi tõ
ng÷ giíi tõ
hoÆc
subject + verb + as well as +

verb ...
VÝ dô:
41
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
TÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ
Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin.

®anh tõ danh tõ
He writes correctly as well as neatly.

phã tõ phã tõ
Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science.

Ng÷giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ
Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.

®éng tõ ®éng tõ
Lu ý: Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm lÉn thµnh ng÷ nµy víi as well as cña hiÖn tîng ®ång chñ
ng÷ mang nghÜa cïng víi. Nã ®i cïng víi çc thµnh phÇn ®»ng sau nã ®Ó t¹o thµnh
1 côm tõ, t¸ch ra khái mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b»ng 2 dÊu phÈy vµ kh«ng ¶nh hëng g×
®Õn viÖc chia ®éng tõ.
VÝ dô:
The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.
23.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉn )
C«ng thøc nµy dïng gièng hÖt nh trêng hîp Not only ... but also.
Lu ý : Both chØ ®îc dïng víi and kh«ng ®îc dïng víi as well as.
VÝ dô:
Robert is both talented and handsome.
TÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ
Beth plays both the guitar and the violin.

®anh tõ danh tõ
He writes both correctly and neatly.

phã tõ phã tõ
Marta excels both in mathematics and in science.

Ng÷giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ
Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music.

®éng tõ ®éng tõ
24. MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé

Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò diÔn ®¹t 2 ý tr¸i ngîc trong cïng mét c©u th«ng qua mét sè thµnh
ng÷.
24.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆc dï)
§»ng sau 2 thµnh ng÷ nµy chØ ®îc phÐp sö dông mét ng÷ danh tõ, kh«ng ®îc sö
dông mét c©u hoµn chØnh.
In spite of
+ ng÷ danh
tõ
Despite
VÝ dô:
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
24.2 although, even though, though
§»ng sau 3 thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh kh«ng ®îc dïng mét ng÷
danh tõ.
Although
even though + Subject + Verb +
(complement) ...
though
41
VÝ dô:
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Lu ý: NÕu though ®øng ë cuèi c©u, t¸ch ra khái c©u b»ng 1 dÊu phÈy. Khi nãi h¬i
dõng l¹i mét chót, lóc ®ã nã t¬ng ®¬ng víi nghÜa “ tuy nhiªn” (however).
VÝ dô:
He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though.
Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
25. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ trong b¶ng sau:
Néi ®éng tõ
ris rose risen rising
e lay lain lying
lie sat sat sitting
sit
Ngo¹i ®éng tõ
Raise raised raised raising
lay laid laid laying
set set set setting
Çc ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t
©m, cÇn ph©n biÖt chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh trong çc c©u cô thÓ.
TO RISE - tõ d©ng lªn (®éng tõ nµy kh«ng cÇn t©n ng÷)
VÝ dô:
The sun rises early in the summer.
When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats.
When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top.
Jim rose early so that he could play golf before the others.
It must be late; the moon has risen.
Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.
TO RAISE (smb, sth) - N©ng ai, çi g× lªn - §éng tõ ®ßi hái 1 t©n ng÷.
VÝ dô:
The students raise their hands in class.
The weighlifter raises the barbell over it’s head.
The crane raised the car out of the lake.
After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially.
Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants’ rent another fifteen dollars.
The OPEC have raised the price of oil.
TO LIE : ë t¹i , n»m.
- To lie in : ë t¹i n¬i nµo.
- To lie down : n»m xuèng
- To lie on : n»m trªn.
§éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ nhÇm lÉn víi to lie (nãi dèi) ph¶i ph©n biÖt nã víi to lie trong
mÉu c©u : To lie to smb.
VÝ dô:
The university lies in the Western section of town.
If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap.
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.
43
( trong c©u nµy hµnh ®éng sunbath x¶y ra song song víi viÖc n»m trªn b·i biÓn
nªn dïng sunbathing - nh phÇn lý thuyÕt ë trªn ®· tr×nh bµy)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.
( 2 hµnh ®éng n»m vµ xem x¶y ra ®ång thêi nªn dïng watching....)
Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.
TO LAY (smth, smb): ®Æt, ®Ó ai ®ã, çi g× lªn trªn bÒ mÆt

- To lay on : ®Æt trªn.
- To lay in : ®Æt vµo.
- To lay down : ®Æt xuèng.
Lu ý: Nguyªn thÓ vµ hiÖn t¹i cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ nhÇm lÉn víi thêi qu¸ khø cña
®éng tõ to lie, cÇn ph©n biÖt chóng theo ng÷ c¶nh.
VÝ dô:
Don’t lay your clothes on the bed.
The boy lays his books on the table every day.
The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered.
= The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering.
The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them.
The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang.
The nurse laid the baby in crib.
TO SIT : ngåi
- To sit in : ngåi trong, ngåi ë.
- To sit on : ngåi trªn.
- To sit down : ngåi xuèng.
VÝ dô:
We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera.
Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool.
Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio.
After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off.
Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has.
They have sat in the same position for 2 hours.
Lu ý: Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm lÉn ®éng tõ nµy víi to seat ( cã søc chøa, cã chç ngåi)
VÝ dô: This studium can seat 100.000 people.
TO SET : ®Æt ®Ó ( t¬ng ®¬ng víi to put).
Lu ý : §éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ lÉn ph¸t ©m vãi simple past cña to sit ( sat).
VÝ dô:
The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night.
The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch.
The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow.
After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.
Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt.
No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out.
Mét sè thµnh ng÷ dïng víi çc ®éng tõ nµy.
 To lay off (workers, employees) - D·n thî, cho nghØ bít, cho t¹m nghØ.
 To set (broken bone) in : bã x¬ng gÉy vµo trong ...
 To set one’s arlam for + time: ®Ó ®ång hå b¸o thøc vµo lóc.
VÝ dô:
I set my alarm for 6 am everyday.
 To set fire to (smth) : lµm ch¸y.
VÝ dô:
While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa.
 To raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trång c©y, nu«i gia sóc ®Ó kiÕm sèng.
VÝ dô :
That farmer raises chickens for a living.
43
26. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c.
Agree to do smth ( §ång ý lµm g×)
Agree to smb’s doing smth (§ång ý víi viÖc lµm g× cña ai).
VÝ dô:
He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
 Mean to do smth: cã ý ®Þnh lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise.
 It means doing smth: bao gåm c¶ viÖc lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
He is determined to get ticket for Saturday’s game if it means standing in the
line all night.
 Propose to do smth: cã ý ®Þnh lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I propose to start tomorrow.
 Propose doing smth: §Ò nghÞ lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
I proposed waiting until the police came.
 Go on doing smth: TiÕp tôc lµm viÖc g× ( ®ang bÞ bá dë)
VÝ dô:
He goes on talking about his accident.
 Go on to do smth: TiÕp tôc lµm g× (vÉn cïng mét chñ ®Ò nhng chuyÓn sang
mét khÝa c¹nh kh¸c).
VÝ dô:
He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip.
He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about it’s
climate.
 Try to do smth: cè g¾ng lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
He tries to improve his English.
 Try doing smth : thö lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the
livestock.
TiÕng Anh viÕt.

I. Çc lçi thêng gÆp trong tiÕng Anh viÕt.
TiÕng Anh viÕt kh¸c víi tiÕng Anh nãi ë møc ®é ®ßi hái ng÷ ph¸p vµ sö dông tõ
vùng mét çch chÆt chÏ ®Ó t¹o thµnh tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn (Formal written
English).
27. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ®éng tõ.
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn th× thêi cña ®éng tõ ë 2 thµnh phÇn
®ã ph¶i hoµ hîp víi nhau. Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi
cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.
MAIN CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Simple present Present progressive
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra song song víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
I see that Harriet is writing her composition.
Do you know who is riding the bicycle?
45
Simple present Will/ can/ may + verb

be going to
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh trong mét t¬ng lai kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ( hoÆc t¬ng lai gÇn).
VÝ du:
He says that he will look for a job next month.
I know that she is going to win that prize.
Mary says that she can play the piano.
Simple present Simple past
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong
mét qu¸ khø ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian.
VÝ dô:
I hope that he arrived safely.
They think he was here last night.
Simple present Present perfect (progressive)
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong
mét qu¸ khø kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian.
VÝ dô:
He tells us that he has been to the mountains before.
We know that you have spoken with Mike about the party.
Simple past Past progressive
Simple past
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra song song víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week.
Mike visited the Prado Art Musium while he was studying in Madrid.
Simple past Would / could / might + verb
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phï x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
VÝ dô:
He said that he would look for a job next month.
Mary said that she could play the piano.
Simple past Past perfect
Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lïi
s©u vµo trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
I hoped he had arrived safely.
They thought he had been here last night.
28. Çch sö dông to say, to tell.
NÕu kh«ng cã mét t©n ng÷ nµo mµ ®Õn liªn tõ that ngay th× ph¶i dïng
®éng tõ to say.
Subject + say + (that) + subject +

verb ...
45
Nhng nÕu cã mét t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp råi míi ®Õn liªn tõ that th× ph¶i dïng
to tell.
Subject + tell + inderect object + (that) + subjct

+ verb ...
VÝ dô:
He tells me that he will be very busy today.
Tuy nhiªn ®»ng sau ®éng tõ to tell cßn cã mét sè t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp dï trong bÊt cø
t×nh huèng nµo.
a story
a joke
Tell a secret
a lie (lies)
the truth
(the) time
29. Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu

Trong mét c©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn nÕu mét trong 2 thµnh phÇn ®ã cã dïng ®Õn ®¹i
tõ nh©n xng dï lµ bÊt cø lo¹i ®¹i tõ nµo th× ë mÖnh ®Ò cßn l¹i ph¶i cã mét danh tõ
giíi thiÖu cho nã. Danh tõ giíi thiÖu ph¶i hîp víi ®¹i tõ ®ã vÒ gièng (®ùc, çi), sè
( Ýt nhiÒu).
ChØ ®îc phÐp cã mét danh tõ ®i giíi thiÖu cho ®¹i tõ, nÕu cã 2 sÏ g©y nªn nhÇm
lÉn.
Çc vÝ dô vÒ ®¹i tõ kh«ng cã tiÒn sö:
C©u sai: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not
believe that he could handle the work load.
(Trong c©u nµy ®¹i tõ nh©n xng they kh«ng cã tiÒn sö trong c©u.
Graduate school lµ mét ®¬n vÞ sè Ýt, vµ çc thµnh viªn trong khoa cña nã
kh«ng ®îc ®Ò cËp tíi.)
C©u ®óng: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to
graduate school bexause they did not believe that he could handle the
work load.
(Trong c©u nµy, they ¸m chØ çc thµnh viªn cña uû ban.)
HoÆc lµ
Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of
the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work
load.
C©u sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
(§¹i tõ they kh«ng cã tiÒn sö trong c©u nµy. Politics lµ sè it, v× vËy they
kh«ng thÓ ¸m chØ tíi nã.)
C©u ®óng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt.
HoÆc lµ
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt.
Çc vÝ dô vÒ ®¹i tõ cã tiÒn sö kh«ng râ rµng:

C©u sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order
to finish the report.
(Kh«ng râ rµng lµ he ¸m chØ tíi Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.)
C©u ®óng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order
to finish the report.
HoÆc lµ
Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to
work all night.

47
C©u sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(§¹i tõ she cã thÓ ¸m chØ tíi c¶ Janet lÉn b¹n cña c« Êy)
C©u ®óng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
30. §¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you
C¶ 2 ®¹i tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa ngêi ta nhng çch sö dông kh¸c nhau.
- NÕu ë trªn ®· dïng tíi ®¹i tõ one th× çc ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng ë díi còng ph¶i lµ one,
one’s hoÆc he, his.
VÝ dô:
If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail.
If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.
One should always do one’s homework.
One should always do his homework.
Mét sè ngêi cÈn thËn tr¸nh ph©n biÖt nam n÷ ®· dïng he hoÆc she ( his hoÆc her)
nhng ®iÒu ®ã lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt.
NÕu ë trªn ®· sö dông ®¹i tõ you th× çc ®¹i tõ t¬ng øng ë díi ph¶i lµ you hoÆc
your.
you
You + verb... + +
(verb) ...
your
VÝ dô:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.
TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng one vµ you lÉn lén.

Çc vÝ dô vÒ c©u sai:
If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
Ng«i thø 3 Ng«i thø 2
If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
Sè Ýt Sè nhiÒu
Çc vÝ dô bæ trî cho c¶ 2 d¹ng:

One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret.
You should always look both ways before you cross the street.
If one’s knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL.
If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be
canceled.
One should always remember his family.
31. Çch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn chung mét chñ ng÷ ngêi ta cã thÓ sö
dông:
 ph©n tõ 1 (Verbing) më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó cho 2 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra
song song,
 hoÆc ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô (chØ bÞ ®éng),
 hoÆc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ( chØ môc ®Ých) vµ
 ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ sù t¬ng øng.
Lu ý: Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc lu ý r»ng chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh
®ång thêi còng lµ chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.
VÝ dô:
Incorrect: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
(Ta hiÓu chñ ng÷ thËt cña ®éng tõ jumping lµ the man; nh vËy, ngay sau
dÊu phÈy ta ph¶i ®Ò cËp tíi the man.)
Correct : After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
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31.1 V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô
Th«ng thêng cã 5 giíi tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô ®øng tríc Ving ®ã lµ:
By : b»ng çch, bëi
after, upon : sau khi
before : tríc khi
while : trong khi
when : khi
VÝ dô:
After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book.
= After Michelle finishes preparing the dinner, he will read a book.
By working a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend.
Because we work a ten-hour day four days, we can have a long weekend.
While reviewing for the test, Marcia realised that she had forgotten to study the use
of participal phrases.
= While Marcia was reviewing for the test, she realised that she had forgotten to
study the use of participal phrases.
NÕu being hoÆc having më ®Çu c©u phô th× ®»ng tríc chóng Èn giíi tõ because.
VÝ dô:
Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an appointment.
= Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an
appointment.
NÕu muèn dïng phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tríc verbing sau giíi tõ (xem c«ng thøc).
(Preposition) + (not ) +[verb + ing] ... + noun

+verb ...
Nªn nhí r»ng thêi cña hµnh ®éng ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi cña hµnh
®éng ë mÖnh ®Ò phô. Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc (c«ng thøc
trªn).
VÝ dô:
HiÖn t¹i: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf
instructor.
Qu¸ khø : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment.
T¬ng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.
Trong trêng hîp hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lÉn mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Òu x¶y ra ë
qu¸ khø mµ hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:
(not) + having + P2 ..., Subject +

simple past
§»ng tríc cã Èn 2 giíi tõ because vµ after, viÖc hiÓu 2 giíi tõ nµy tuú thuéc vµo ng÷
c¶nh cña c©u.
VÝ dô:
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.
(After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.)
Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
(After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.)
Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.
(Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.)
NÕu hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë thÓ bÞ ®éng th× c«ng thøc sÏ lµ:
(not) + having been + P2 ..., Subject +simple

past
VÝ dô:
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Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty.
(After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.)
Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.
(After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting flight.)
Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late.
(Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he arrived
late.)
31.2 Ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ bÞ ®éng
XuÊt ph¸t tõ cÊu tróc trªn (ë thÓ bÞ ®éng ) ngêi ta bá having been ®i vµ chØ gi÷
l¹i Past participle (P2)
Incorrect : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archaeologists estimated that
the three million year old fossils were the oldest human remains to be
discovered.
Correct : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three million year old fossils were
estimated to be the oldest human remains to be discovered.
Incorrect : Attacked by an angry mob, the gashes in the boy’s throat were life-
threatening.
(Lu ý r»ng attacked cã cïng nghÜa víi having been attacked. Chñ ng÷ thùc
cña ®éng tõ attacked lµ the boy; v× vËy, viÖc ¸m chØ tíi nã ph¶i xuÊt
hiÖn ngay sau dÊu phÈy.)
Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes in his
throat.
31.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô
VÝ dô:
Incorrect : To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing one’s
teeth.
Correct : To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing
one’s teeth.
31.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t-
¬ng øng.
VÝ dô:
Incorrect : A competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of judges
who use their knowledge to determine which participant will win.
Correct : In a competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of judges
who use their knowledge to determine which participant will win.
§iÒu cÇn lu ý nhÊt khi sö dông lo¹i mÉu c©u nµy lµ chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh
ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.
32. Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ
32.1 Dïng ph©n tõ 1 lµm tÝnh tõ
Ph©n tõ 1 ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ çc ®iÒu kiÖn sau:
 §øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.
 §éng tõ kh«ng ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ nµo (néi ®éng tõ).
 Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÕ chñ ®éng
 Hµnh ®éng ®ang ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.
32.2 Dïng ph©n tõ 2 lµm tÝnh tõ
Ph©n tõ 2 ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn sau:
 §øng ngay tríc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa
 Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ bÞ ®éng
 Hµnh ®éng ®ã ph¶i x¶y ra tríc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Lu ý: Mét sè çc ®éng tõ nh to interest, to bore, excited vµ frighten. Khi dïng ph¶i
cÈn thËn xem hµnh ®éng ®ã ë chñ ®éng hay bÞ ®éng.
33. Thõa (redundancy)
Mét c©u trong ®ã th«ng tin trong c©u ®îc lÆp l¹i mµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt ®îc gäi lµ
thõa. Sau ®©y lµ mét sè côm tõ thõa mµ ta cÇn biÕt ®Ó tr¸nh sö dông.
Advance forward advance, proceed, vµ progress tÊt c¶ nghÜa lµ “tiÕn lªn

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Proceed forward phÝa tríc”. V× vËy, forward lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt (thõa)
Progress forward
return back return vµ revert nghÜa lµ “trë vÒ hoÆc tr¶ l¹i” v× vËy
revert back back lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt (thõa)
sufficent enough çc tõ nµy lµ ®ång nghÜa. Nªn sö dông 1 trong 2.
compete together B¶n th©n tõ compete nghÜa lµ “tham gia vµo cuéc thi
®Êu víi nh÷ng ngêi kh¸c”
reason ... because Çc tõ nµy chØ ra cïng 1 vÊn ®Ò. MÉu chuÈn lµ reason...
that.
Join together.
Join cã nghÜa lµ” ®em l¹i cho nhau”, “s¸t çnh bªn nhau”,
Repeat again hay “trë thµnh 1 bé phËn hay thµnh viªn cña ....“ nªn
together ë ®©y lµ thõa.
new innovations B¶n th©n repeat cã nghÜa lµ “ nãi l¹i lÇn n÷a”, (re - lu«n
cã nghÜa lµ again) nªn ë ®©y thõa again.
matinee B¶n th©n innovation cã nghÜa lµ “ 1 ý tëng míi, 1 s¸ng
performance kiÕn míi”
same identical matinee nghÜa lµ” buæi biÓu diÔn ban chiÒu”. Nªn
performance lµ thõa.
two twins
Çc tõ nµy ®ång nghÜa.
the time when
Twins nghÜa lµ “ hai anh em hay 2 chÞ em”
the place wherre
Ngêi Anh kh«ng nãi the time when mµ chØ dïng 1 trong 2.
VÝ dô: It is the time you must leave.
Ngêi Anh kh«ng nãi the place where mµ chØ dïng 1 trong
2.
VÝ dô: It is the place I was born.
Mét sè vÝ dô:
The army advanced after the big battle.
Hay
The army moved forward after the big battle.
The peace talks advanced.
Hay
The peace talks progressed.
We have sufficent money to buy the new dress.
They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work.
The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
John and his brother are competing in the running games.
The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room.
Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand.
Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee.
The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be very
eloquent.
(Lý do t«i tham dù vµo líp häc ®ã lµ «ng gi¸o s rÊt cã tµi hïng biÖn.)
This is where I left him.
That was the time I hit a home run.

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34. CÊu tróc c©u song song
Khi th«ng tin trong mét c©u ®îc ®a ra díi d¹ng liÖt kª ra hµng lo¹t th× çc thµnh
phÇn ®îc liÖt kª ph¶i t¬ng ®¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (danh - danh, tÝnh tõ
- tÝnh tõ).
Nªn nhí r»ng th«ng thêng th× thµnh phÇn ®Çu tiªn sau ®éng tõ sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh çc
thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i.
Tuy nhiªn nÕu thêi gian trong c©u kh¸c nhau th× çc hµnh ®éng trong c©u ph¶i
theo quy luËt thêi gian vµ nguyªn t¾c song song kh«ng ®îc ¸p dông.
VÝ dô:
She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
35. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕp
35.1 C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp
Trong c©u trùc tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ngêi thø nhÊt ®Õn ngêi thø 2.
VÝ dô:
He said “ I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday”
Cßn trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp, th«ng tin ®i tõ ngêi thø nhÊt qua ngêi thø 2 vµ ®Õn ngêi
thø 3. Do vËy cã sù biÕn ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
VÝ dô:
He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before.
35.2 Ph¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp
Khi chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp cÇn ph¶i:
 Ph¸ bá ngoÆc kÐp, chuyÓn ®æi toµn bé çc ®¹i tõ nh©n xng theo ng«i chñ
ng÷ thø nhÊt sang ®¹i tõ nh©n xng ng«i thø 3.
 Lïi ®éng tõ ë vÕ thø 2 xuèng 1 cÊp so víi ë møc ban ®Çu (lïi vÒ thêi).
 ChuyÓn ®æi tÊt c¶ çc ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ thêi gian theo b¶ng quy
®Þnh.
B¶ng ®æi ®éng tõ
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Simple present Simple past
Present progressive Past progressive
Present perfect Past perfect
(Progressive) (Progressive)
Simple past Past perfect
will /shall would / should
Can / may Could / might
B¶ng ®æi çc lo¹i tõ kh¸c.

This, these That, those
here, overhere there, overthere
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the following day/ the next day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next + thêi gian (week, year ...) the following + thêi gian (week, year...)
last + thêi gian (week, year ...) the privious + thêi gain (week, year...)
thêi gian + ago thêi gian + before/ the privious +thêi
gian
- NÕu lµ nãi vµ thuËt l¹i x¶y ra trong cïng mét ngµy th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i ®æi thêi
gian.
VÝ dô:
At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today”
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At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today.
- ViÖc ®iÒu chØnh logic tÊt nhiªn lµ cÇn thiÕt nÕu lêi nãi ®îc thuËt l¹i sau ®ã 1
hoÆc 2 ngµy.
VÝ dô:
thø 2 Jack nãi víi Tom:
I’m leaving the day after tomorrow. (tøc lµ thø 4 Jack sÏ rêi ®i)
NÕu Tom thuËt l¹i lêi nãi cña Jack vµo ngµy h«m sau (tøc lµ thø 3) th× Tom sÏ nãi:
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
NÕu Tom thuËt l¹i lêi nãi cña Jack vµo ngµy tiÕp theo (ngµy thø 4) th× Tom sÏ nãi:
Jack said he was leaving today.
35.3 §éng tõ víi t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp.
 Trong tiÕng Anh cã nh÷ng lo¹i ®éng tõ (trong b¶ng sau)cã 2 t©n ng÷ vµ ®ång
thêi còng cã 2 çch dïng.
Bring find mak promiss
build get e read
buy give offer sell
cut hand owe send
draw leave paint show
feed lend pass teach
tell write pay
- Çch dïng gi¸n tiÕp ®Æt t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn giíi tõ for, to vµ
t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp (c«ng thøc sau.)
for
Subject + verb + t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp + + t©n
ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp
to
- Çch dïng trùc tiÕp ®Æt t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp ngay sau ®éng tõ vµ sau ®ã ®Õn
t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, giíi tõ to vµ for mÊt ®i, c«ng thøc sau:
Subject + verb + t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp + t©n

ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp
- NÕu c¶ 2 t©n ng÷ ®Òu lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× kh«ng ®îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc
tiÕp (tøc lµ c«ng thøc thø nhÊt ®îc sö dông).
VÝ dô:
Correct : They gave it to us.
Incorrect: They gave us it.
- §éng tõ to introduce vµ to mention kh«ng bao giê ®îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp
mµ ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp.
To introduce sb/smth to sb
to mention smth to sb
Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
I fixed a drink for Maria.
I fixed Maria a drink.
He drew a picture for his mother.
He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother.
He lent his brother his car.
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank.
We owe the bank several thousand dollars.

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36. Phã tõ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u
Trong tiÕng Anh cã nh÷ng trêng hîp phã tõ kh«ng ®øng ë vÞ trÝ b×nh thêng cña nã
mµ ®¶o lªn ®øng ®Çu c©u nh»m nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷.
Trong trêng hîp ®ã ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ®æi, ®»ng sau phã tõ ®øng ë ®Çu c©u lµ
trî ®éng tõ råi míi ®Õn chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh (c«ng thøc sau).
hardly
rarely
seldom + auxiliary + subject +
verb ...
never
only ...
VÝ dô :
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Phã tõ trî ®éng tõ chñ ng÷ ®éng tõ
(so many people have never been unemployed as today.)

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands.
Phã tõ t®t chñ ng÷ ®éng tõ
(He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.)

Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven.
(we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.)

Seldom does the class let out early.
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.

(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mét sè çc phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ®Çu c©u

 IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : Dï trong hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
(dï trong bÊt cø trêng hîp nµo anh còng kh«ng nªn cho nã vay tiÒn.)
 ON NO ACCOUNT : Dï bÊt cø lý do nµo còng kh«ng.
VÝ dô:
On no account must this switch be toughed.
(dï víi bÊt cø lý do nµo anh còng kh«ng ®îc ®éng vµo æ c¾m nµy)
 SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... ®Õn nçi mµ ....
VÝ dô:
So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year.
So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its
possible 3,500 passengers. (Nh÷ng ngêi chñ cña con tµu ®· qu¸ tin tëng ®Õn nçi
mµ hä chØ trang bÞ xuång cøu ®¾m cho 950 trong sè 3,500 hµnh kh¸ch mµ con
tµu cã thÓ t¶i ®îc - chÝch trong bµi ®äc vÒ tµu Titanic).
(C« Êy kiÕm ®îc viÖc lµm mét çch khã kh¨n ®Õn nçi c« Êy ®· ph¶i ngåi nhµ 1
n¨m trêi)
 ONLY IN THIS WAY : ChØ cã b»ng çch nµy.
VÝ dô:
Only in this way could you solve the problem.
(ChØ cã b»ng çch nµy th× cËu míi gi¶i ®îc vÊn ®Ò hãc bóa nµy.)
 NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... mµ còng ch¼ng/ mµ còng
kh«ng ...)
VÝ dô:
He didn’t have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
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( Nã ch¼ng cßn ®ång nµo c¶ mµ nã còng ch¼ng biÕt ai mµ nã cã thÓ hái vay.)
37. Çch chän nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng.
Mét trong 2 bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL ®îc ®a ra díi d¹ng mét c©u cho s½n cßn
bá dë vµ díi ®ã lµ 4 c©u ®Ó ®iÒn vµo. Trong 4 c©u ®ã chØ cã 1 c©u ®óng. §Ó
chän ®îc c©u ®óng ®ã ta cÇn tiÕn hµnh çc bíc sau:
1. Ph¶i kiÓm tra çc lçi ngø ph¸p, bao gåm:
a- Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ.
b- ViÖc sö dông çc tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ.
c- VÞ trÝ cña çc bæ ng÷ theo thø tù:
+ chØ ph¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng
+ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm
+ chØ thêi gian
+ chØ ph¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng
+ hoµn c¶nh hµnh ®éng.
d- Sù phèi hîp gi÷a çc th× cña ®éng tõ.
e- Xem xÐt viÖc sö dông hîp lý çc ®¹i tõ.
f- CÊu tróc c©u song song.
2. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh rêm rµ
a- Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao gåm 1 thµnh ng÷ tuy kh«ng sai nh ng dµi,
trong khi ®ã l¹i cã 1 tõ kh¸c ng¾n h¬n ®Ó thay thÕ.
Nhng lu ý r»ng cã nh÷ng phã tõ kh«ng cã h×nh thøc ®u«i ly hoÆc nÕu cã sÏ mang
nghÜa kh¸c, nªn ph¶i dïng theo çch : mét côm thµnh ng÷ ( nh÷ng tÝnh tõ cã
®u«i ly)
VÝ dô:
Freshly kh¸c víi in a fresh mener (t¬i).
Minh ho¹
This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh mener (khi ¨n t¬i).
He had a dozen fresh-laid egges (trøng võa míi ®Î)
b- Ph¶i tr¸nh nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi cã 2 tõ mang cïng mét nghÜa (Redundancy)
3. Ph¶i tr¸nh nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi cã nh÷ng tõ vùng kh«ng khíp víi nghÜa cña c©u.
§Æc biÖt lµ çc ng÷ ®éng tõ.
4. Tr¸nh nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi cã tiÕng lãng.
38. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn
§ã lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc çch ph¸t
©m.
ANGEL (n) : Thiªn thÇn.
ANGLE (n) : Gãc.
CITE (v) : TrÝch dÉn. In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.
SITE (n) : Khu ®Êt ( ®Ó x©y dùng). The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets
will be the site of the new shopping center.
SIGHT (n) : 1- Khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m. Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier
spotted the enemy.
(n) 2- c¶nh tîng. Whatching the landing of the space’s capsule was a
pleasant sight.
(v) 3- ThÊy, quan s¸t thÊy We sighted a ship in the bay.
COSTUME (n) QuÇn ¸o, trang phôc lÔ héi.
VÝ dô:
It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school.
DECENT (adj) : 1- ®øng ®¾n, tÒ chØnh.
2- t¬m tÊt, tèt
VÝ dô:
When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing.
DESCENT (n) : 1- leo xuèng, trÌo xuèng.
VÝ dô:
The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent.
2- nguån gèc, dßng dâi.
VÝ dô:
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Vladimir is of Russian descent.
DESSERT (n) : Mãn tr¸ng miÖng.
VÝ dô:
We had apple pie for dessert last night.
DESERT (n) : sa m¹c.
VÝ dô:
It is difficult to live in the desert without water.
DESERT (v) : bá, bá mÆc.
VÝ dô:
After deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp.
LATER (adv) : sau ®ã, sau ®©y, råi th× (thêng dïng víi c©u ë t¬ng lai).
Ngîc nghÜa víi nã lµ earlier (®îc dïng ë simple past).
VÝ dô:
We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle.
THE LATTER >< THE FORMER
Çi thø 2, ngêi thø 2 >< çi thø nhÊt, ngêi thø nhÊt.
VÝ dô:
Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the
latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance. (latter = England).
LOOSE (adj) : láng >< tight : chËt
VÝ dô:
after dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy
a new wardrobe.
LOSE (v) : 1- ®¸nh mÊt, thÊt l¹c.
VÝ dô:
Mary lost her glasses last week.
2- thua, thÊt b¹i.
VÝ dô:
If Harry doesn’t practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.
Passed (v - qu¸ khø cña pass) :
1- tr«i qua, qua ®i.
VÝ dô:
Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict.
2- ®i qua, ®i ngang qua.
VÝ dô:
While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us.
3- thµnh c«ng, vît qua ®îc.
VÝ dô:
The students are happy that they passed their exams.
PAST (adj) : 1- ®· qua, dÜ v·ng.
VÝ dô:
This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university.
2- tríc ®©y.
VÝ dô:
In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian.
PEACE (n) : hoµ b×nh, sù trËt tù, sù yªn æn, sù yªn lÆng, sù thanh b×nh.
VÝ dô:
Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting.
PIECE (n) : Mét mÈu, 1 m¶nh.
VÝ dô:
Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert.
PRINCIPAL (n) : 1- hiÖu trëng (trêng tiÓu häc vµ trung häc).
VÝ dô:
The principal called a faculty meeting.
(adj) 2- chÝnh, chñ yÕu.
VÝ dô:
55
An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the
principal speaker at Friday’s luncheon.
PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÖ.

VÝ dô:
Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.
QUIET (adj) : yªn ¾ng, yªn ¶, im lÆng,tÜnh mÞch.
VÝ dô:
The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing.
QUITE (adv) : 1- hoµn toµn.
VÝ dô:
Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is
away.
2- h¬i, mét chót.
VÝ dô:
He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
QUIT (v) : dõng.
VÝ dô:
Herman quit smoking on his doctor’s advice.
STATIONARY (adj) : cè ®Þnh, kh«ng di chuyÓn, tÜnh t¹i.
VÝ dô:
The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days.
STATIONERY (n) : GiÊy viÕt ®Æc biÖt, v¨n phßng phÈm.
VÝ dô:
Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence.
THAN (liªn tõ) : ®îc sö dông trong c©u so s¸nh h¬n.
VÝ dô:
Today’s weather is better than yesterday’s.
THEN (adj) : sau ®ã ( ®îc dïng sau 1 thêi ®iÓm ®· ®îc ®Ò cËp).
VÝ dô:
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.
THEIR (adj) : tÝnh tõ së h÷u sè nhiÒu.
VÝ dô:
Their team scored the most points during the game.
THERE (adv) : 1- ë ®ã, ë ®»ng kia.
VÝ dô:
Look over there between the trees.
2- ®îc sö dông víi be ®Ó chØ ra sù hiÖn diÖn, sù cã mÆt, sù tån t¹i.
VÝ dô:
There is a book on the teacher’s desk.
THEY’RE (®¹i tõ + ®éng tõ): viÕt t¾t cña they are.
VÝ dô:
They’re leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.
TO (giíi tõ) : ®i tíi, cho tíi, tíi tËn lóc.
VÝ dô:
Go to the blackboard and write out the equation.
TWO (n hoÆc adj) - hai.
VÝ dô:
Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv) 1- qu¸.
VÝ dô:
This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming.
2- còng, còng vËy.
VÝ dô:
Jane went to the movie, and we did too.
WEATHER (n): thêi tiÕt.
VÝ dô:
57
Our flight was delayed because of bad weather.
WHETHER (liªn tõ): nªn ch¨ng (chØ ra 1 lùa chän).
VÝ dô:
Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation
or stay home.
WHOSE (®¹i tõ) - tÝnh tõ hay ®¹i tõ quan hÖ së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize.
WHO’S ( ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + ®éng tõ) : viÕt t¾t cña who + is hoÆc who + has.
VÝ dô:
Who’s (who is) your new biology professor ?
Scott is the attorney who’s (who has) been reviewing this case.
YOUR (adj) - së h÷u cña you.
VÝ dô:
We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore.
YOU’RE (®¹i tõ + ®éng tõ) - ViÕt t¾t cña you + are.
VÝ dô:
You’re going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill.
Çc tõ cã ®iÓm gièng nhau dÔ nhÇm lÉn.
ACCEPT (v) : chÊp nhËn.

VÝ dô:
Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department.
EXCEPT (gt) : ngo¹i trõ (1 vËt hay 1 ngêi).
VÝ dô:
Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob.
ACCESS (n) : s½n cã, çch truy cËp vµo.
VÝ dô:
The teacher had no access to the students’files, which were locked in the
principal’s office.
EXCESS (adj) : 1- dåi dµo, phong phó, d thõa.
We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage.
(n) 2- Lîng bæ xung, phô.
VÝ dô:
The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need.
ADVICE (n) : lêi khuyªn, t vÊn.
VÝ dô:
If you heed the teacher’s advice, you will do well in your studies.
ADVISE (v) : ®a ra lêi khuyªn, hoÆc t vÊn.
The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that
time.
AFFECT (v) : T¸c ®éng.
VÝ dô:
The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient.
EFFECT (n) : 1- KÕt qu¶ hoÆc hËu qu¶.
VÝ dô:
The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.
(v) 2- T¹o hiÖu qu¶.
VÝ dô:
To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.
Again (adv): 1 lÇn n÷a, lÆp l¹i ( 1 hµnh ®éng).
VÝ dô:
Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript.
AGAINST (giíi tõ) : 1- chèng l¹i, ph¶n ®èi ai ®ã hoÆc çi g× ®ã.
VÝ dô:
The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym.
57
2- kÒ bªn, bªn c¹nh.
VÝ dô:
The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.
ALREADY (adv) : s½n sµng.
VÝ dô:
Jan’s plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
ALL READY (noun + adj): §· chÈn bÞ s½n sµng ®Ó lµm g×.
VÝ dô:
We are all ready to go boating.
AMONG (giíi tõ): ChØ ra mèi quan hÖ trong (hoÆc sù lùa chän tõ) 3 hay nhiÒu ng êi
(nhiÓu vËt) - trong sè.
VÝ dô:
It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants.
BETWEEN (giíi tõ) : chØ ra mèi quan hÖ (sù lùa chän) gi÷a 2 thùc thÓ.
VÝ dô:
Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.
Lu ý : cÊu tróc between ... and còng cã thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c cña
1 quèc gia n»m gi÷a çc quèc gia kh¸c.
VÝ dô:
ViÖtnam lies between China, laos and cambodia.
BESIDE (giíi tõ) : bªn c¹nh ®ã.
VÝ dô:
There is a small table beside the bed.
BESIDES (giíi tõ hoÆc phã tõ): ngoµi ra, còng, h¬n n÷a.
VÝ dô:
I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home.
ASIDE (adv) : ®Æt sang 1 bªn.
VÝ dô:
Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughter’s education.
COMPARE (V) + WITH: so víi (®Ó chØ ra sù gièng nhau, sù t¬ng ®ång).
VÝ dô:
Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended.
CONTRAST (V) + WITH: chØ ra sù t¬ng ph¶n (kh¸c nhau).
VÝ dô:
In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small
town.
CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Liªn tôc ( kh«ng cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng).
VÝ dô:
Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave.
SUCCESSIVE (adj) : liªn tôc (cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng).
VÝ dô:
The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games.
CONSIDERABLE (adj): ®¸ng kÓ.
VÝ dô:
Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for
the job.
CONSIDERATE (adj): lÞch sù, ©n cÇn, chu ®¸o, hay quan t©m tíi ngêi kh¸c.
VÝ dô:
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.
CREDIBLE (adj) : cã thÓ tin ®îc.
VÝ dô:
His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible.
CREDITABLE (adj) : vÎ vang, ®¸ng ca ngîi, ®¸ng khen.
VÝ dô:
The fireman’s daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed.
59
ViÖc ngêi lÝnh cøu ho¶ d¸m x«ng vµo cøu nh÷ng ngêi bÞ nhèt trong ®¸m ch¸y lµ
viÖc lµm ®¸ng khen ngîi.
CREDULOUS (adj): c¶ tin, nhÑ da.
VÝ dô:
Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer.
DETRACT (v) : lµm gi¶m (gi¸ trÞ, uy tÝn).
VÝ dô:
Molly’s nervousness detracted from her singing.
DISTRACT (v) : lµm l·ng quªn, lµm mÊt tËp trung.
VÝ dô:
Please don’t distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook.
DEVICE (n): mét ph¸t minh hay 1 kÕ ho¹ch, thiÕt bÞ, dông cô, m¸y mãc.
VÝ dô:
This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales.
DEVISE (v) : nghÜ ra, s¸ng chÕ ra.
VÝ dô:
The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the
soldiers were celebrating.
ELICIT (v) : rót ra, moi ra, thu håi l¹i, rót l¹i
VÝ dô:
The prosecutor’s barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness.
ILLICIT (adj) : bÊt hîp ph¸p.
VÝ dô:
The politician’s illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his
government position.
EMIGRANT (n) : ngêi di c (®éng tõ lµ Emigrate from : di c tõ).
VÝ dô:
After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States.
IMMIGRANT (n) : ngêi nhËp c (®éng tõ lµ Immigrate into ).
VÝ dô:
The United States is a country composed of immigrants.
EXAMPLE (n) : thÝ dô, dÉn chøng.
VÝ dô:
Picasso’s Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art.
SAMPLE (n) : mÉu.
VÝ dô:
My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a
sample of cheese.
FORMERLY (adv) : tríc ®©y.
VÝ dô:
He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
FORMALLY (adj) 1- tÒ chØnh (¨n mÆc).
VÝ dô:
At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night.
ë n¬i ®«ng ngêi ngêi ta yªu cÇu chóng t«i ¨n mÆc chØnh tÒ vµo tÊt c¶ çc b÷a ¨n
tèi.
2- chÝnh thøc.
VÝ dô:
She has formally requested a name change.
HARD (adj): 1- khã.
VÝ dô: The test was so hard that nobody passed.
2- cøng.
VÝ dô: The stadium’s seats were hard, so we rented a cushion.
3- (phã tõ) ch¨m chØ, rÊt nç lùc.
VÝ dô: They worked hard on the project.
HARDLY (adv) : hÇu nh kh«ng.
59
VÝ dô: He had so much work to do after the vacation that he hardly
knew where to begin.
HELPLESS (adj) : V« väng, tuyÖt väng.
I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists’
plight.
USELESS (adj) : v« dông.
An umbrella is useless in a hurricane.
« sÏ trë nªn v« dông trong trËn b·o.
HOUSE (n) vµ Home (n) : nhiÒu khi ®îc sö dông lÉn lén, nhng cã sù kh¸c biÖt vÒ
ng÷ nghÜa.
1- House ¸m chØ tíi toµ nhµ hoÆc c«ng tr×nh kiÕn tróc.
The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates.
2- Home ¸m chØ tíi bÇu kh«ng khÝ trong ng«i nhµ. Home lµ n¬i tr¸i
tim ë.
IMAGINARY (adj): Tëng tîng, kh«ng cã thËt.
Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate.
IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong phó trÝ tëng tîng, giµu trÝ tëng tîng.
Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer.
IMMORTAL (adj) : bÊt tö.
The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries
after their writing.
IMMORAL (adj) : tr¸i víi lu©n thêng ®¹o lý, ®åi b¹i.
Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs.
IMPLICIT (adj) : ngÇm, Èn tµng, tiÒm tµng, tuyÖt ®èi, hoµn toµn.
Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time.
Ngêi gi¸m s¸t dù ¸n cã niÒm tin tuyÖt ®èi vµo kh¶ n¨ng hoµn tÊt dù ¸n ®óng thêi
h¹n cña chóng t«i.
EXPLICIT (adj) : râ rµng, chÝnh x¸c.
The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project.
INDUSTRIAL (adj) : [thuéc] c«ng nghiÖp.
Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months.
INDUSTRIOUS (adj): cÇn cï, siªng n¨ng.
Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to
the university.
INFLICT (v) : kÕt ¸n, b¾t ph¶i chÞu.
Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the
warden inflicted several punishments on all the participants.
AFFLICT (v) : lµm sÇu n·o, lµm ®au khæ.
During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague.
(vµo thêi trung cæ, hµng triÖu ngêi ®· bÞ ng· bÖnh v× n¹n dÞch.)
INSPIRATION (n): c¶m høng (s¸ng t¹o, häc tËp, kh¸m ph¸).
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine
percent perspiration and one percent inspiration.
(Thomas A. Edison, nhµ ph¸t minh ra chiÕc kÌn, nãi r»ng 1 ý tëng lµ 99% må h«i
c«ng søc vµ chØ 1% c¶m høng s¸ng t¹o).
ASPIRATION (n) : 1- kh¸t väng, nguyÖn väng.
Gail’s lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor.
2- sù hÝt thë.
To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary.
INTELLIGENT (adj) : th«ng minh.
Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study.
INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : dÔ dµng, dÔ hiÓu.
The science teacher’s explanations were so intelligible that students had no
problems doing their assignments.
INTELLECTUAL (n) :1- trÝ thøc.

61
Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate
with his classmates who are less intelligent.
2- (adj): kh«n ngoan, tµi trÝ, uyªn b¸c.
John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old
professor.
INTENSE (adj) : m¹nh, d÷ déi, m·nh liÖt.
Last winter’s intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply.
INTENSIVE (adj) : m¹nh, s©u, tËp trung.
Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish.
LATE (adj, adv): 1-kh«ng ®óng giê, muén.
Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late.
2- (adj) qu¸ cè.
Her late husband was the author of that book.
LATELY (adv) : gÇn ®©y.
I haven’t seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research.
LEARN (v) : häc.
The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register.
TEACH (v) : d¹y.
The instructor is teaching us how to program computers.
LEND (v) vµ LOAN (v) : cho vay - cã thÓ dïng lÉn ®îc.
Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
BORROW (v) : vay.
I borrowed Jill’s red dress to wear to the dance.
LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, ch¶y ra.
The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat.
LIQUIDATE (v) : trõ khö, thanh to¸n, thanh lý.
The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to
his contacts.
LONELY (adj) : c« ®¬n..
After her husband’s death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn.
Sau çi chÕt cña chång, Debbie rÊt c« ®¬n vµ khã tÝnh.
ALONE (adj) : mét m×nh.
After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone.
Near (giíi tõ hoÆc phã tõ): gÇn.
My biology class meets near the Student Union.
Nearly (adv): hÇu hÕt, gÇn nh, suýt n÷a.
We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike.
Chóng t«i suýt n÷a th× bÞ mét xe tèc ®é cao hóc vµo trªn xa lé.
Observation (n): sù quan s¸t, sù theo dâi.
The ancient Egyptians’ observation of the heavently bodies helped them know
when to plant and harvest.
Observance (n): sù tu©n theo, sù tu©n thñ, nghi thøc, nghi lÔ.
There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of
Independece Day.
Persecute (v) : ngîc ®·i, hµnh h¹.
Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs.
Prosecute (v): truy tè.
Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
Preceed (v): ®øng tríc.
Weather Service warnings preceeded the hurricane.
Proceed (v): tiÕp tôc (mét c«ng viÖc bÞ bá dë).
After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics
class.
Quantity (n) : sè lîng (®îc dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc).
A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the prehistoric
animal bones.
Number (n): sè lîng (®îc sö dông víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc).
61
A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site.
Remember (v) : nhí l¹i, nhí, nghÜ vÒ.
I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You don’t remember, do you?
Remind (v) : nh¾c nhë ai, lµm cho nhí l¹i.
Please remind me to call Henry at 7 o’clock tonight.
Henry reminds me of my uncle.
Sensible (adj) : cã ãc ph¸n ®o¸n tèt.
When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Sensitive (adj) : nhËy c¶m.
Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and
burns easily.
Special (adj) : ®Æc biÖt.
Meyer’s Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Especially (adv) : ®Æc biÖt.
Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music
by ear.
Use (n): ¸p dông, sö dông.
The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier
lawn.
Usage (n) : çch sö dông.
Norm Crosby’s usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.
39. Çch sö dông giíi tõ.
ViÖc sö dông giíi tõ lµ rÊt khã v× hÇu hÕt çc kh¸i niÖm vÒ giíi tõ ®Òu cã nh÷ng
ngo¹i lÖ. Çch tèt nhÊt ®Ó häc chóng lµ minh ho¹ b»ng h×nh ¶nh xem chóng thùc
hiÖn chøc n¨ng nh thÕ nµo so víi çc giíi tõ kh¸c vµ ®Ó häc nh÷ng øng dông chung
nhÊt ®Þnh vµ nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ sö dông çc giíi tõ kh¸c nhau.
S¬ ®å díi ®©y sÏ ®em l¹i cho b¹n 1 ý niÖm chung vÒ çch sö dông giíi tõ. Tuy
nhiªn, nã kh«ng gióp ®îc b¹n hiÓu nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ chøa giíi tõ nhÊt ®Þnh. §èi víi
nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ mµ tù nã kh«ng nãi lªn nghÜa cña nã th× nghÜa cña nã sÏ ph¶i
häc thuéc. Nghiªn cøu çc c©u vÝ dô ®Ó hiÓu nghÜa cña mçi thµnh ng÷. Çc giíi tõ
vµ thµnh ng÷ nµy rÊt quan träng trong tÊt c¶ çc phÇn cña TOEFL.
Above, over
on
to from
through
into out of
by
Below, under
39.1 During - trong suèt (hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi
gian)
during for + time (chØ tr¹ng th¸i).
VÝ dô:
During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
During the summer, we do not have to study.
39.2 From (tõ) >< to (®Õn).
Dïng cho thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÓm.
From a time to a time
a place a place
He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978.

We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.
63
From time to time : thØnh tho¶ng, ®«i khi.
VÝ dô:
We visit the art museum from time to time.
39.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo)
 be (run) out of + danh tõ : hÕt, kh«ng cßn.
 be out of town : ®i v¾ng.
Mr. Adams cannot see you this week because he is out of town.
 be out of date (cò, lçi thêi) >< be up to date (míi, cËp nhËt, hîp thêi)
Don’t use that dictionary. It is out of date. Find one that is up to date.
 be out of work : thÊt nghiÖp.
I have been very unhappy since I have been out of work.
 be out of the question : kh«ng thÓ ®îc.
Your request for an extension of credit is out of the question.
 be out of order: háng.
We had to use our neighbour’s telephone because ours was out of order.
39.4 by
 §éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua.
 §éng tõ tÜnh + by = ë gÇn, ë bªn.
 by + thêi gian cô thÓ : tríc lóc.
VÝ dô: We usually eat supper by six o’clock in the evening.
 By ®îc dïng trong c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ó chØ ra chñ thÓ g©y hµnh ®éng.
VÝ dô: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare.
 By + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
VÝ dô: We traveled to Boston by train.
 By then : tríc lóc ®ã.
VÝ dô: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have found
a job.
 By way of = via : theo ®êng.
VÝ dô: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge.
 By the way : 1- t×nh cê.
VÝ dô: By the way, I’ve got two tickets for Saturday’s game. Would you like to go
with me?
2- nh©n ®©y, tiÖn ®©y.
 By far + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh : (dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh).
VÝ dô: This book is by far the best on the subject.
 By accident / by mistake : t×nh cê. >< on purpose (cè t×nh).
VÝ dô: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards were put
into the computer by accident.
39.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜa x¸c ®Þnh h¬n at
 In a room/ building/ drawer/ closet : bªn trong ...
VÝ dô: Your socks are in the drawer.
 In + n¨m/ th¸ng.
VÝ dô: His birthday is in April. I will begen class in 1998.
 In time : ®óng giê -võa vÆn.
VÝ dô: We arrived at the airport in time to eat before the plane left.
 In the street: díi lßng ®êng.
VÝ dô: The children were warned not to play in the street.
 In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vµo buæi s¸ng/ buæi chiÒu/ buæi tèi.
VÝ dô: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in the
afternoon.
 In the past/ future: trong qu¸ khø/ t¬ng lai.
VÝ dô: In the past, attendance at school was not compulsory, but it is today.
 In future : tõ nay trë ®i.
VÝ dô: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL
test is coming.
63
 In the beginning/ end. : tho¹t ®Çu/ rèt cuéc = at first/ at last.
VÝ dô: Everyone seemed unfriendly in the beginning but in the end everyone
made friends.
 In the way : ch¾n ngang lèi, ®ç ngay lèi.
VÝ dô: He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was in the
way.
 Once in a while : thØnh tho¶ng, ®«i khi.
VÝ dô: Once in a while, we eat dinner at Chiness restaurant.
 In no time at all: trong nh¸y m¾t, trong 1 tho¸ng.
VÝ dô: George finishes his assignment in no time at all.
 In the meantime = meanwhile : trong lóc ®ã.
VÝ dô: We start school in several weeks, but in the meantime, we can take a
trip.
 In the middle : ë gi÷a (®Þa ®iÓm).
VÝ dô: Grace stood in the middle of the room looking for her friend.
 In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qu©n ®éi/ trong kh«ng lùc/ trong h¶i qu©n.
 In the + sè thø tù + row : ë hµng ghÕ thø.
VÝ dô: We are going to sit in the fifteen row of the auditorium.
 In the event that : trong trêng hîp.
VÝ dô: In the event that you win the prize, you will be notified by mail.
 In case : ®Ó phßng khi, ®Ó ngé nhì.
VÝ dô: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I arrive a
little late.
 Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tiÕp xóc, liªn l¹c, gÆp gì víi ai.
VÝ dô: It’s very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day.
39.6 on
 On + thø trong tuÇn/ ngµytrong th¸ng.
VÝ dô: I will call you on Thursday. His birthday is on February 3.
 On + a/the + ph¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
VÝ dô: It’s two late to see Jane; she’s already on the plane. I came to school this
morning on the bus.
 On a street : ë t¹i phè.
VÝ dô: I lives on 1st Ngäc kh¸nh.
 On + the + sè thø tù + floor: ë tÇng thø.
VÝ dô: My girlfriend lives on the fourth floor of an old building by my house.
 On time : ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp hoµn c¶nh bªn ngoµi).
VÝ dô: Despite the bad weather, our plane left on time.
 On the corner (of two street) : gãc gi÷a 2 phè.
VÝ dô: My house is on the corner of Ngäc kh¸nh street and Trém cíp street.
On the corner at the corner in the corner
 On the sidewalk : trªn vØa hÌ.

VÝ dô: Don’t walk in the street, walk on the sidewalk.
 On the way : trªn ®êng tíi >< on the way back to: trªn ®êng trë vÒ.
VÝ dô: We can stop at the grocery store on the way to their house.
 On the right/ left : ë bªn tr¸i/ bªn ph¶i.
VÝ dô: Paul sits on the left side of the room and Dave sits on the right.
 On television/ (the) radio: trªn truyÒn h×nh/ trªn ®µi ph¸t thanh.

65
VÝ dô: The president’s “State of the Union Address” will be on television and on
the radio tonight.
 On the telephone (on the phone): nãi trªn ®iÖn tho¹i, gäi ®iÖn tho¹i, nhµ cã
m¾c ®iÖn tho¹i.
VÝ dô: Is your house on the telephone ? - nhµ cËu cã m¾c ®iÖn tho¹i kh«ng?
Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone.
 On the whole = in general : nãi chung.
VÝ dô: On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed.
 On the other hand: tuy nhiªn.
 on the one hand ... on the other hand : mét mÆt ... mÆt kh¸c.
VÝ dô: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on
the other hand, the simple past tense is.
 On sale 1- for sale : cã b¸n, ®Ó b¸n.
2- b¸n h¹ gi¸.
VÝ dô: The house will go on sale this weekend.
The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today it’s on sale for $25.
 On foot: ®i bé.
VÝ dô: My car would not start so I came on foot.
39.7 at - ë t¹i (thêng lµ bªn ngoµi, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in)
VÝ dô: Jane is at the bank.
 At + sè nhµ.
VÝ dô: George lives at 565 16th Avenue.
 At + thêi gian cô thÓ.
VÝ dô: The class begin at 5:15.
 At + home/ school/ work : ë nhµ/ ë trêng/ ®ang lµm viÖc.
VÝ dô: Charles is at work and his roommate is at school. At night, they are
usually at home.
 At + noon/ night: vµo ban tra/ vµo ban ®ªm.
at noon (Mü) : ®óng 12h tra.
 At least : tèi thiÓu >< at most : tèi ®a.
VÝ dô: We will have to spend at least two weeks doing the experiments.
 At once : ngay lËp tøc.
VÝ dô: Please come home at once.
 At times : thi tho¶ng, ®«i khi.
VÝ dô: At times, it is difficult to understand him because he speaks too fast.
 At present/ the moment = now + thêi tiÕp diÔn.
Lu ý: 2 giíi tõ trªn t¬ng ®¬ng víi presently nhng ph¶i cÈn thËn khi sö dông phã tõ
nµy v× ë nh÷ng vÞ trÝ kh¸c nhau sÏ mang nh÷ng nghÜa kh¸c nhau.
Sentence + presently : Ngay tøc th×, ch¼ng bao l©u.
VÝ dô: She will be here presently : c« Êy sÏ tíi ®©y ngay b©y giê.
Presently + sentence : Ngay sau ®ã.
VÝ dô: Presently he heard her living home.
Subject + presently + verb : HiÖn nay.
VÝ dô: She is presently working on her PhD degree. - HiÖn nay c« Êy ®ang lµm
luËn ¸n tiÕn sÜ triÕt häc.
VÝ dô: She is studying at the moment.
 At first : tho¹t ®Çu >< at last : vÒ sau.
VÝ dô: Jane was nervous at first, but later she felt more relaxed.
 At the beginning/ at the end of : ë ®Çu/ ë cuèi ( dïng cho ®Þa ®iÓm/ thêi gian).
Mét sè thµnh ng÷ ®Æc biÖt dïng víi giíi tõ.
 On the beach: trªn b·i biÓn.
VÝ dô: We walked on the beach for several hours last night.
 In place of = instead of : thay cho, thay v×.
VÝ dô: Sam is going to the meeting in place of his brother, who has to work.
Lu ý: In place of kh«ng thay thÕ ®îc cho instead khi instead ®i mét m×nh ®øng
cuèi c©u.
65
VÝ dô: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab instead.
 For the most part : chñ yÕu.
VÝ dô: The article discuses, for the most part, the possibility of life in other
planets.
 In hopes of + Ving = hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence.
VÝ dô: John called his brother in hopes of finding somebodyto watch his
children.
 Of course : ch¾c ch¾n, tÊt nhiªn.
VÝ dô: If you study the material very thoroughly, you will have no trouble on the
examination.
 Off and on : dai d¼ng, t¸i håi, tõng chËp mét.
VÝ dô: It rained off and on all day yesterday.
 All of a sudden: bÊt th×nh l×nh.
VÝ dô: When we were walking through the woods, all of a sudden, we heard a
strange sound.
 For good = for ever : vÜnh viÔn, m·i m·i.
VÝ dô: Helen is leaving Chicago for good.
40. Ng÷ ®éng tõ.
§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kÕt hîp víi 1,2 hoÆc ®«i khi 3 giíi tõ. Khi kÕt hîp ë d¹ng nh
vËy, ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng thay ®æi h¼n so víi nghÜa ban ®Çu.
 To break off: chÊm døt, c¾t ®øt, ®o¹n tuyÖt.
VÝ dô: As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countries broke off
their diplomatic relations.
 To bring up: nªu ra, ®a ra.
VÝ dô: The country commissioner brought up the heated issue of restricting on-
street parking.
 Call on : 1- yªu cÇu.
VÝ dô: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard.
2- ghÐ th¨m, ®Õn th¨m.
VÝ dô: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to
become better acquainted with them.
 Care for: 1- thÝch (take care of).
VÝ dô: Because Marita doesn’t care for dark colors, she buys only brightly
colored clothes.
2- tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc (take care for).
VÝ dô: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school.
 Check out : 1- Mîn s¸ch (th viÖn).
VÝ dô: I went to the library and checked out thirty books last night for my
research paper.
2- xem xÐt, ®iÒu tra.
VÝ dô: This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out the
problem?
 Check out of : lµm thñ tôc (®Ó ra khái kh¸ch s¹n, s©n bay, nhµ ga) >< check
into : lµm thñ tôc ®Ó vµo s©n bay, kh¸ch s¹n...
 Check (up) on : ®iÒu tra.
VÝ dô: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record before
insuring him.
 Close in on : tiÕn l¹i gÇn, ch¹y l¹i gÇn.
VÝ dô: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in on
him.
 Come along with: ®i cïng víi.
VÝ dô: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting.
 Come down with : M¾c ph¶i 1 c¨n bÖnh.
VÝ dô: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal disorders.
 Count on = depent on = rely on : tr«ng cËy vµo, dùa vµo, nhê vµo.

67
VÝ dô: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate
school.
 Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tèng khø, lo¹i bá, trõ khö.
VÝ dô: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the football
games, the director has decided to do away with all sports activities.
 Draw up : so¹n th¶o (1 hîp ®ång, 1 kÕ ho¹ch).

A new advertising contract was drawn up after the terms had been decided.
 Drop out of : bá (®Æc biÖt bá häc gi÷a chõng).
VÝ dô: This organization has done a great deal to prevent young people from
dropping out of school.
41. Sù kÕt hîp cña çc danh tõ, ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ víi çc giíi
tõ
RÊt nhiÒu danh tõ, ®éng tõ, vµ çc tÝnh tõ ®îc ®i kÌm víi çc giíi tõ nhÊt ®Þnh.
Tuy nhiªn, còng cã nhiÒu ngo¹i lÖ. Sau ®©y sÏ liÖt kª mét sè danh tõ, ®éng tõ, vµ
tÝnh tõ mµ chóng thêng xuyªn hiÖn diÖn víi çc giíi tõ kÌm theo.
Nouns + prepositions
equivalent number example of

of of exception
quality of reason for
pair of for possibility of
sample of
Çc danh tõ cho trong b¶ng sau cã thÓ ®i víi hoÆc for hoÆc of.
fear metho hatre need mean

d d s
VÝ dô:
The quality of this photograph is poor.
I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.
They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
§éng tõ + giíi tõ.
Decide on plan on depend on

detract engage in approve of
from escape succeed in
emerge from mingle with
from remove rely on
participate from
in pay for
confide in
Chó ý: Kh«ng ®îc nhÇm lÉn gi÷a to cña mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ víi giíi tõ to. Mét
sè ®éng tõ cã thÓ hoÆc ®
67

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2

Was / were + Ving

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +

Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 4

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past

Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past

Subject + past simple + after + subject + past

Subject + had + been + [Verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

a number of + danh tõ sè nhiÒu + ®éng tõ

the number of + danh tõ sè nhiÒu +

admit appreciat enjoy quit

Forget to do smth : quªn sÏ ph¶i lµm g×.

§éng tõ + giíi tõ + Ving

approve of: t¸n be better off: keep on =

possibility method of method reason

accustomed afraid of capable of fond of

object to: ph¶n look forward to : mong confess to : thó nhËn ®·

allow ask beg convinc instruct

Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word +

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +

Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 12

Subject +do, does, or did +

Subject + negative auxiliary or be +

Nagative + nagative = Positive

Nagative + comparative = Superlative

C«ng thøc dïng víi c¸c phã tõ trªn.

Subject + nagative + adverb +

If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +

If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command

Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...

If you will /would.

If you could + verb in simple form.

If + subject + will / would.

Kh«ng häc - kh«ng biÕt. Häc råi - sÏ biÕt 16

(It is not winter.)

(She didn’t study modelling)

(He is not rich)

(She didn’t win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.

(She didn’t see a ghost.)

(He didn’t run ten miles.)

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thêng hay, ®· tõng) (*)

Did + Subject + use to + Verb

Subject + didn’t + use to + Verb

BE / GET USED TO + VING

Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive (1)

Subject + would rather + have + (P2) (2)

Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 + bare (1)

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past... (2)

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect (1)

Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form]

Should + [Verb in simple form]

Must + [verb in simple form]

Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (cã lÏ ®·)

Could + have +P2 (cã lÏ ®· cã thÓ - nhng thùc tÕ th×

SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (lÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn - nhng thùc tÕ th×

MUST HAVE P2 - H¼n lµ ®·

MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang

MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - ch¾c h¼n lóc Êy ®ang

She is terribly beautiful.

C¸c ®éng tõ trªn cã nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh sau:

Lu ý: c¸c cÆp ®éng tõ