8

A class of inorganic polymers:

POLY-INORGANIC-PHOSPHATE (PolyPi) *
formerly thought of as a ‘biological fossil’ could be central to healthy life and a suggest a
‘scientific’ link between religion and science#.

John Van Wazer ##, an intellectually brilliant

American scientist who had helped win WWII ((but which
he did not speak about) via the Manhattan Project the major
WWII atom bomb project which has ushered in the atomic age
which has also created an unprecedented threat to all life on
Earth) later discovered, when he was a project manager for Monsanto,
that inorganic P-O-P bonded polymers polyphosphate, PolyPi an
apparently ‘chemically simple’ inorganic polymer system, of which
shorter chain members occur ubiquitously at animal cell surfaces and
longer chain versions at bacterial surfaces had also been widely used
by human industry as detergents, water softeners and to increase
the water holding properties of food; PolyPi members have also been
found to be involved many fundamental biochemical activities including quorum
sensing by bacteria and how the human brain operates . PolyPi can also be
easily be made in the laboratory and e.g. when studied by 31P
NMR to behave (in part) stochasticallyb (i.e. not-
(entirely)-deterministically). This is because the P-O-P bonds can
move around unexpectedly.
This could have deep meaning.
# Putatively because of a bizarre phosphate/stochastic-water, ‘imaginary’- space-time reversal related
phenomenon which can be tentatively identified as “living” water
(also very tentatively as the possible origin of the “sixth sense”).

## Cf. JR Van Wazer American Scientist 1962 50 450 describing ‘Structural Reorganization
Throughout The Periodic Table’ indicated that stochastic behaviour is widespread and first became
associated with PolyP and related chemical systems when 31P NMR became available
Van Wazer (later when working at Vanderbilt University
together with colleagues elsewhere) found evidence that NMR
absorptions of simple phosphorus-oxy-acid units which
constitute PolyPi, vary in a counter-ion-dependent manner with
aqueous solution concentrations apparently via an induced a
major change in adjacent ‘water structure’ (the puzzling
complex linking together of often many individual water (H2O)
molecules within liquid water. This linking between phosphate
related compounds is likely to play an important part in their
detergency but also may be a part of the reason why liquid water
in contact with pro-life phosphorus oxy-acid systems of which
PolyPi is a key member, is the reason why both liquid water and
phosphate are essential for life. This is now further
hypothesized to be because PolyPi changes water quality in
subtle ways which are probably related to how
liquid water also supports stochastic Brownian
motion where the second law of thermodynamics is
now known to be unequivocally breached. This breach
can be interpreted (Searles et al. 2002) as a brief
reversal of time (cf. Wang GM et al. Phys Rev Lett 2002 89
050601) and its application to the Eyring complex (Appendix).
Perhaps PolyPi and similar phosphorus oxy-acid ‘detergency’
enhances this breach.
Numerous biologically-relevant chemical reactions in water
have been found to display what might be related (part)
stochastic behaviour which cannot be explained by classical
thermodynamics. Attempts to rationally design drugs (which
operate in biological aqueous solutions) by designed chemical
modification to improve binding of the drugs to their receptors
were most often found to be seriously mysterious hampered by a
systematic counter-force which Nature seemed to use to directly
counter these efforts; when these binding processes were
quantified by isothermal calorimetry which gave direct results
for the enthalpy and entropy changes in the binding processes a
surprising correlation was found between the binding entropy
and enthalpy. This correlation is outwith what is allowed by
classical thermodynamics.
A similar correlation had been historically found for numerous
Arrhenius pre-exponential and activation energy terms in sets of
chemical reactions; (chemical reactions go faster under higher
temperature conditions but these rates are similarly restricted by
some mysterious force: this turned out to be the same entropy
enthalpy compensation (EEC) phenomena which had later been
identified by the isothermal calorimetric studies of drug receptor
binding. (The physical origin of EEC remains one of the
outstanding puzzles in science (it also showing up in semiconductor and
photoelelectronics where it is termed the Meyer-Neldel rule ) ##.
#
Bizarrely the use of PolyPi in cosmetics may genuinely put the clock back for wrinkled aged skin

The vast database of EEC in chemical reaction

kinetic chemistry, in isothermal calorimetric
databases and in Mayer-Neldel and similar
correlations (in chemistry these include Hammett
and Taft linear free energy relationships) may
confirm, it is now indicated from a rational no-
idea-ruled-out approach to depend the existence of
a hitherto unsuspected space time resonance
between forward and backward time travel
occurring together with a distortion of space (as it
were perhaps the penetration of normal into
imaginary space)(cf. D Grant 2012 A
Hypothesis1a37; 2015 List-1-6 2015 scribd and
Appendix)
The above idea was suggested by the circumstance that according to
relativity theory since time is strongly linked to space so that time
reversal (as in liquid water) causes some kind of strongly associated
space reversal most conveniently, it can be suggested by regulation of
entropy and energy transfer via utilization of an access to another
‘parallel universe, a hidden or “imaginary” space (where instead of real
space on real number geometry the space associated with negative time
has to elicit ‘imaginary space, that afforded complex number geometry
space #. [Equivalent to space-time quantization].

It should be noted that the nineteenth century scientist James Clerk

Maxwell who was one of the originators of classical thermodynamics,
in a footnote to a book review published in Nature in 1879 ( 17 278-80)
had warned scientists and philosophers that his second law of
thermodynamics requiring always positive time, should only be applied
to the statistical behaviour of assemblages with very large numbers
molecules or atoms and not to individual particles for which ver
relatively long time periods a natural entropy decrease (as it were
backward time) was to be expected as was later confirmed
experimentally for Brownian motion by Wang Evans & Searles et al., in
2002).
Backward time travelling was also employed in nineteen thirties physics
by Richard Feynman as a mathematical construct for anti-matter
particles balanced by normal forward travelling by normal particles.
#
This space can be suggested also to possess an underpinning structure. If so this as a potential
information storage matrix. This natural ‘cloud information storage system’ may, it can be suggested,
be accessed by living organisms and may conceivably be part of cognition and memory (the ‘sixth
sense’) as well as a control feedback system which allows for the observed counter-thermodynamic
evolution of species over time. Biology can consider options via a backup all-information system.
This, it is now suggested could be a direct effect of reverse-time stochastic causation in which a reverse-time
distortion in activated molecules allows access to unconventional space, e.g. an imaginary (number) afforded space
which commutes with normal space via time reversal and that this process is associated with ‘vacuum course-
grained structure’.

[N.b., Most scientists don’t ‘like’ backward time travel nor do

they acknowledge the universal the existence of EEC and its
associated stochastic behaviour (thinking that it is “spooky”)
preferring instead to believe that Nature prefers deterministic
causation: alternatively put: they suppose that Nature forbids
anything other than a universal linear cause and effect which
is created by forward time i.e. Nature always obeys the
strictures of the ‘second law’ of thermodynamics, the
nineteenth century time lord which absolutely prohibits
backward time travel.
So we are encouraged to believe absolutely in a one-way-time
Big Bang Theory and its Expanding Universe].

Surprisingly perhaps, the kind of unconventional

stochastic behaviour discovered by Van Wazer
(which also may be related to dark matter and energy) which
shows up with polyPi (and also poly inorganic
sulphate etc. and perhaps also with liquid water)
overthrows conventional notions about cosmology,
physics, chemistry, biology and medicine and also
may offer greater insight into the nature of the
human mind (and the soul?).

The Van Wazer stochastic rearrangement theory can be applied

to the kind of mixed monomer, oligomer and polymer (chain
and ring) structures present in liquid water which can be
designated pure-stochastic. This is perhaps part of the answer
to the question:
Does polyPi occur at all biological
surfaces because polyPi generates a
specific class of stochastically “living”
water?
We should take note that it is more or less
universally accepted by biologists that in addition
to liquid water being absolutely required by living
organisms, that PolyPi seems also to be absolutely
required at the same basic level by the same living
organisms. having been established to occur at
absolutely all living organism cell surfaces (and
perhaps all organelles); its apparent ubiquitous
presence at biological membranes means that all
biological cells must critically depend upon the
presence of polyPi which thereby shares with RNA
(ribonucleic acid)and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
as being classified as an accepted necessary-all-
life-substance. The RNA and DNA are well known
as information read-only memory stores for the
creating of downstream proteins which are folded
according to the physics associated surface water.
(cf. Wiggins PM, loc. cit).
PolyPi may therefore it can be logically postulated
be able to create the correct water structures needed
for regulating protein folding and other activities.
Henry Tolkmith attempted to synthesize a range of
P-O-P containing substances (JACS 75 5276-72)
arguing that these compounds were scientifically
interesting because of their similarity to the
principle biological energy source adenosine-5’
tri(poly)phosphate (ATP) [where low molecular
weight end of the PolyiP family, tri-di conversion
of “the high energy phosphate bond” is universally
used by biota. An example of the kind of molecule
claimed by Tolkmith was
dodecamethyltetraphosphoramide. When
examined by Van Wazer et al., using 31P NMR
none of the structures deduced from deterministic
organic chemical synthesis logic were found to be
present but instead a reproducible (‘equilibrium’)
reorganization mixture of the P-O-P bonded
molecules was seen; the Tolkmith-listed molecules
had rearranged to give a complete P-O-P
rearrangement stochastic mixture.

Liquid water and especially ‘living’ water is an

analogous stochastic mixture.
.
The ability of polyPi to induce “living” water is
further now suggested to be the central reason for
the apparent special relationship between the
polyPi class of chemical substances and life..
The current belief is that polyPi provides an additional energy
source for production of ATP can be considered as relating to the
ability of polyPi to induce certain water structure since,
according to Wiggins all biological energy is not derived from
‘high energy phosphate ponds’ as was originally thought (and
still taught to most biochemical students) but from hydration
differences between to the specific water aggregate energy
difference between ATP and ADP.
PolyiPi is also known to be a reservoir of biologically necessary
inorganic ions including Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Na and K as well as
removing highly toxic heavy metal ions and preventing them
from causing harm by chelating them.
These metal ions cooperatively evidently help to create the
necessary subtly different intra and extra cellular pro-life
“living” water system in biological cells and may have been the
first ion channel..
N.b. Arthur Kornberg (a US Nobel laureate) had
advanced the (also controversial) idea that polyPi
(easily formed from orthophosphate (polyPi
monomer) near volcanoes and similarly showing
up relatively abundantly at deep sea vents, had
initiated all life on the early Earth (cf.
PMID15520374) by acting as a ‘scaffold’ for
collecting the other molecules needed for life.
A sort of antenna.
Obviously polyPi if it uniquely does this scaffold
thing, it could by so doing be more but not much
‘central-to-life’, than is RNA or DNA.
This replaces the philosophical position formerly
held by RNA/DNA because polyPi via its ability to
collect various small molecules able to further then
react to produce RNA/DNA also requires a suitable
aqueous solution containing precise molecular
ancestors of RNA or proteins. This is what “living”
water alone is able to do as demonstrated by PM
Wiggins (althought she did not use the term
“living” as applied to water. That idea seems
however to have been considered in religious texts.
The centrality of water to life allows negatively
charged surfaces of silica sols and similar inorganic
colloids to apparently behave like living cells
(Grant D et al loc. cit.) which later through
Darwinian (not at first genetic) evolution (the Lima
de Faria (loc. cit.) form without selection process is
allowed to generate more complex forms of life Cf.
the start-off of this process is a water structure
related scenario in which polyPi selectively collects
upon it surface the specific form(s) of ‘poly-water’
from the vast array of stochastic water structures
present in liquid water so as to assemble “living”
water.
This water purification process is putatively
replicated today at the polyPi of all cell surfaces in
modern organisms

Both polyPi and RNA/DNA contain the

–O-[P(O)O-]-O-
chemical structure b-1. Naked in polyPi but
alternatively sequenced with deoxyribose
derivatives in DNA and ribose in RNA (which also
seems to have preceded DNA).
Can PolyPi be made to undergo in-laboratory
chemical transformation into RNA or DNA?
Seems likely.
Perhaps we might attempt to get PolyPi-driven
‘biotic’ cells (without RNA or its precursors).
These might currently exist on other planets where
the conditions for full blown life is less favourable
than here on Earth.
Does PolyPi currently act symbiotically with DNA?
Or RNA?
This seems likely as there is good evidence for
something similar occurring in eukaryotic cells
where polyPi apparently helps repair damaged
DNA (cf., Bru et al. DNA-Repair (Amsterdam)
2017 170).
This anti-disease pro-health ability of polyPi has
been indicated on the web to potentially provide
novel therapies for animal diseases including
human cancers and mystery illnesses such as
Alzheimer’s disease (AD, cf. Cremers et al. 2016
PMID 27570072). It also seems likely that polyPi
deficiency might trigger a range of age-related
diseases since ageing alone seems to diminish the
amount of cell surface polyPi, so that the tendency
for an increased risk of cancer, AD etc. could
simply arise in aged people from an insufficiency
of polyPi at cell surfaces.
This suggests major benefit might derive from
PolyPi (including oral pill use) therapy.
PolyPi homeostasis ‘error correction’ might, on its
own directly counter ageing.
PolyPi is now suggested to act as a go-between
between the much more complex than DNA
memory system of the Universe. .
PolyPi applied by the fishmonger makes old fish
seem of better quality; this use could be really
high-tech rather than fakery and of similar rationale
to the use of polyPi in human skin cosmetics.
(Cf. ; increasing skin living water bound to
collagen stops wrinkling).
A problem however is that PolyPi is a neurological
signalling molecule which might increase pain
perception.
PolyPi has also been discovered to activate stem
cell differentiation and proliferation.

A related process may be the requirement for part stochastic

causation for control of gene expression.
Cf. Shinvlevid I & Aitchison JD (Deterministic and stochastic
models of genetic regulation networks) PMID 19897099.

The often inexplicable multi-therapeutic-benefits of

man-made bisphosphonates (anti-osteoporosis,
anti-(cancer, vascularization blindness,
neuromuscular diseases and aberrant ectopic
calcification)) could be because this class of
phosphorus oxy-acid compound mimics polyPi c in
its ability to create appropriate water molecule
aggregates which apparently constitutes “living”
water,

Footnotes

a
While scientists now known a great deal about DNA, a polymer system
which may have evolved from polyPi, they, until recently, have largely
ignored the latter which consists of a (often very long) helix of P-O-P
linked phosphate groups which for many animal species also contains
within its helix calcium ions and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, a substance with
piezoelectric powers (meaning it can translate mechanical force into electricity).
 PolyPi is
- O- O - O-
│ │ │
O- P -[-P-O] - P-O-
║ ║ n║
O O O
where n=0 this is pyrophosphate (PPi ) ) or where n>0 up to
several thousand in bacteria and a few tens in animals

Van Wazer found that classes of PolyPi or analogous ring polyphosphates when
examined by 31P NMR showed mixtures to be present. An organophosphurus
pesticide labelled with a molecular structure derived from classical preparative
organic chemistry logic (OMPA) showed none of the molecular structure shown on
the label of its container to be present: this organo-phosphorus hitherto-believed-to be
a specific molecular substance turned out to be an reproducible mixture consisting of
an array of different molecular substances which seemed to have been spontaneously
formed from the single substance identified on the label; (cf. American Scientist 1962
50 450 [for a more formal description of the Van Wazer stochastic processes see DW
Matula LCD Groenweghe and JR Van Wazer J Chem Phys 1964 41 3105-21]. PolyPi
similarly could be made to undergo simultaneously break up and rearrangement their
P-O-P bonds, creating a random structure reorganization (occurring most
characteristically above a critical temperature which can be decreased by catalysts).
The mixture which can have a very large number of individual molecular structures is
what nature prefers for the numbers of covalent oxidation state five P, bivalent
covalent oxygen atoms and monocovalent phosphorus oxygen anion units. A similar
stochastic-related behaviour was found to occur above a critical temperature range
throughout the periodic table but more commonly in inorganic and organometallic
compounds than for purely organic compounds. Liquid water seems also to be a Van
Wazer stochastic mixture.
For organic substsnces, chlorinated compound were more prone to stochastic
rearrangement; cf. absolutely all perchlorcarbon compounds were found rearranged
to create an apparent equilibrium between only three final (pseudo)equilibrium
compounds: carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane.
Examined under closer experimental investigation is was confirmed to not be a
classical thermodynamics type of equilibrium (i.e. one which is microscopically
reversible).
The term ‘stochastic’ as in modern ‘stochastic thermodynamics’ theory which can
concern an aspect of fluctuation of entropy flow (which we can consider time reversal
in the Searles 2002 interpretation of the Evans fluctuation and other fluctuation
theorems)) was not used by Van Wazer and co-workers who used the words reversible
‘scrambling’ or ‘random structural reorganization’. When Dave Matula, a
mathematician, became a co-author of JR Van Wazer they then employed the
‘stochastic’ terminology. At that time, however, not fully understood that a specific
(putatively time-reversal-determined) kind of ‘stochastic’ activity which showed up as
‘Structural Reorganization Throughout the Period Table’ required a total re-think of
one-way-time thermodynamics and also required a re-think of chemical reactivity and
biochemistry.

John H Leffler (J Org Chem 1955, 20, 1202-8) in a wide-ranging review of chemical
kinetic studies carried out at about the same time as Van Wazer was finding stochastic
behaviour in inorganic substances, reported that Arrhenius rate expressions in the
peer reviewed literature surprisingly revealed that almost the rates of all chemical
reactions when arranged in sets showed up an extra-thermodynamic (i.e. non-
classical-thermodynamic) correlation between entropy and enthalpy change.
Leffler also indicated that this correlation seemed to be related to whether a reaction
was ‘clean’ or gave a range of products. The latter happened near the isothermal
temperature (obtained from the EEC plot).
The temperature range of stochastic behaviour seems the same kind of observation
also made by Van Wazer who was unaware of Lefflers work.
This indicates that the stochastic effect applies to both inorganic and organic sets of
chemical reactions.
The specific temperature (the isokinetic temperature) where all reactions in a set
proceeded at the same rate can generates apparent completely random, stochastic
behaviour as regards the products of chemically defined reaction sets of reactions
when applied to the polyphosphates, polysilicates, polysulphates etc.
Although both Van Wazer and Leffler (cf., however, the 2001 Chem Rev article by
Liu & Guo (Chem Rev 2001) showed that the isokinetic phenomena identified by
Leffler might sometimes, or often, arise artifactually). These authors had continued
the common attempts to use pure classical thermodynamics (chemical equilibrium
tied to Gibbs free energy and one-way time) to explain the observed stochastic
phenomena which they had also found to permeate the whole of chemistry, and much
of physics; these scientists, like others at that time, had, I think, critically ignored a
hundred year old statement by James Clark Maxwell had made: that the second law of
thermodynamics (and one-way time) only applies to an assemblage of molecules
(something like 1020) and should not be applied to single or perhaps the usual lab.-size
sample of molecular assemblies. This means that classical thermodynamics should
not have been blindly applied to the study of chemical reaction kinetics. The EEC
phenomenon and its apparent irrationality seems the basis of this. How EEC arises
however seems also o require both space and time distortion (relativity).

b
Other theories of the origin of life on early Earth have suggested the special water
structures occurring in pores e.g. those in silica gel were responsible for the start of
life on Earth. Evidently silica pores create the “living water” also associated with the
PolyPi family of molecules. It should be noted that both polyPi and silica gel and sols
(‘polySii’) abundantly occur in association with volcanic activity including that at
deep sea vents (cf. Wilde loc. cit.)where it is commonly assumed early life on earth
could have arisen.
Cf., in the pore water theory of life as set out by PM Wiggins in PLoS ONE 2008
3(1): e1406; Phillipa seems to have been reticent to much emphasize the part played
in her first research into the water structuring properties of silica pores perhaps
because this had been an associated scientific scandal of supposed ‘polywater’ of
water in capillary theory which was later retracted. Perhaps, in part, wrongly.
Phillipa had originally discovered the pore water effect in silica gel (i.e. this generated
the more reactive, low viscosity form of liquid water: high density water (HDW)
(“living” water); her later researches found that the same phenomenon occurred in
pores formed by those organic polymers which mimicked polysaccharides and
proteins (i.e. water niches or pores which occur in more conventional carbon-based
biological systems).
SiO2 sols are capable of self seeding and also age in a manner mimicking biological
cells. (cf. b Grant D et al., 1992 Med Hypoth. 38 46-8) and web document
‘porewateroriginoflife’ Lubbock U)
SiO2 sols present in sufficient amounts in somenatural waters can apparently allow
magnetic fields to strongly inhibit CaCO3 scale formation (cf. Szkatula A et al. Eur
Phys J Applied Phys 2002 18 41-9); cf. also the latter process per se has also been
discussed as a model for pre-biotic life in the context of the present need in physics to
revise the currently accepted rigidity of the second law of thermodynamics (cf., A
Lima-de-Faria 1987 in “Evolution without selection, form and function by
autoevolution Elsevier Science Publishers BV (Biomedical Division)). Such
autoevolution of similar complex fractal forms in both minerals and animal organs
and organisms surely must derive from common-to-all hidden electromagnetic fields
of the putative vacuum space information and structure holding system, the existence
of which seems somehow to be implicit in the above-mentioned explanation of the
enthalpy entropy compensation phenomena (which is also an alternative way of
formulating the Heisenberg Principle and the Le Chatelier Principle and perhaps also I
Ching. Cf. D Grant 2015 List-1-6 scribd.
Perhaps the pore water in SiO2 sols confers life-like water structure building
properties on these carbon-free cells and the effect upon them of artificial magnetic
fields and thereby mimics the hypothesized ability of biological water structures
associated with PolyPi etc., and bio-silica (e.g. associated with the sulphated
extracellular matrix) to interact in a pro-life manner with the natural magnetic fields
of the quantum vacuum.
(Which might conceivably the basis of the sixth sense’).
Cf. the Schrödinger quantum coherence theory of life.

A 2011 hypothesis by Benatto (Med Hypoth 77 982-2) suggested that ageing in

biological cells and organism arises from change in the Wiggins HDW/LDW “living”
water ratio allowing uncontrolled increase in tissue-damaging HDW (which is
proposed to be able to behave like a reactive oxygen free-radical.
An alternative explanation might include the ideas noted in the preceding paragraph.

It seems that for life to have evolved increasing complexity over geological timescales
(a seemingly overt breach of a simple interpretation of the second law) requires that
viable biological cells need critical amounts –O-P(O)-O and perhaps also –O-S(O)-
O22- and –O-Si-(O-)2-O- structures interspersed with organic structures (including
proteins) . This inorganic water quantum system processing system goes awry in
cancer where aberrant growth occurs by erroneous phosphorylation (related growth
factor activation (and altered sulphation and silication). Such augmented
phosphorylation apparently directly alters “living” ‘water structure’ including
HDW/LDW in a damaging way.
PolyPi may however always alter HDW/LDW beneficially if administered in a to-be-
determined controlled manner,

b-1
We might deduce that this arrangement of atoms is central to life. Perhaps because of
its unique relationship with water molecules. Perhaps is a transducer for accessing the
proposed vacuum cloud information system. (like an imaginary by ‘can-be-made-real’
DNA of space-time). Cf. the Schrödinger quantum coherence theory of life.

c
As a postgrad many years ago working with DS Payne a lecturer at Glasgow
University, I used phosphorous acid as a reagent in a chemical procedure which had
been reported to produce a high yield of P
olyPi (starting from phosphoric acid and acetic anhydride) to produce etidronate
ethane hydroxyl diphosphonic acid (now called a bisphosphonate) in quantitative
yield. As Van Wazer’s book ‘Phosphorus and its Compounds’ (Interscience 1958) did
not mention bisphosphonates or their formation by the very simple preparation
method I had used, I had difficulty getting this research result across to DSP and
others.
I also came across the common ability of phosphorus oxy-acids, their salts and
hydrates to generate hydration structures which caused infrared absorption continua
(rather than the more usual sharp absorptions which can be ascribed to a
straightforward chemical bond vibration frequency, the continuum absorption of
hydrogen in water or hydrate chemical bonds is attributable to quantum mechanical
tunnelling which is a stochastic process (cf. G Zundel publications).

PolyPi has been claimed to be the most highly anionic biopolymer.

A similar claim has been made for heparin (H) (and similar segments in
heparan sulphate) (HS). It should be noted that somewhat like polyPi,
which occurs at “all biological surfaces” H/HS also occurs in a similar
ubiquitous way but now restricted to all adherent animal cell surfaces.
Nader et al., Comp Biochem Physiol 76 433-6, showed in 1983 that
sulphated polysaccharides including HS vary in aquatic invertebrates in
amounts apparently exactly determined according to the salinity of the
habitats, this indicating an osmolality related prime function
‘HDW/LDW’ ‘water structure’ control function for H/HS similar to that
also suggested here for polyPi.
In blood PolyPi is strongly pro-coagulant whereas H is a well-known
anticoagulant. It seems that H/HS acts in animals as a backup system for
polyPi.
Of course DNA and RNA are also highly anionic biopolymers.
As is soluble humic matter : fulvic acid which is by far the most abundant
polyanion system on the surface of the planet which, according to the
Gaia hypothesis, is ‘alive’;.
(Shilajit, a Ayurvedic ‘cure-all’ medicine is a geological form of fulvate).
All of these polyanions are also found to contain an array of inorganic
countercations plus some anions
The most abundant of such ions is Ca2+ and the second most abundant is
some form of Si(OH)4 derivative.
The association of Si oxyacids with biological polyanions (especially
polyuronates) may be why Si, like polyPi, is essential for life.

Water structure’ homeostasis

All biological polyanions seem to have water structure (“living water”)
homeostasis as their primary function..

David Grantc Turriff 2018

Additional References (ex Web)

“Inorganic polyphosphate suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced

inducible nitric oxide synthase” PMID24040305

“Polyphosphate goes from pedestrian to prominent in the marine

phosphorus gradient” PMID 24911005
This paper discusses how in phospholipids when P is scarce analogous S
compounds are used. A similar use of S-containing HS systems in place
of polyPi by animals may have a similar evolutionary origin.

The presence of PolyPi in oral tooth biofilm may impact greatly on how
dental al caries arises via removal by oral bacteria to form PolyPi. Cf.
Breland AM et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2018
doi:10.1128/AEM.02440-17

PolyPi binds toxic metals (detoxifying them) also physiological elements

Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn as well as regulating Na and K channels
Polyphosphate regulates brain activity e.g. neuronal excitability via the
regulation of voltage gated Ca, Na channels and blockage of K channels.
PMID2488646
Inorganic polyphosphate is a potent activator of the mitochondrial
transition pore in cardiac myocytes J Gen Phys 2012 139 321
(also mentioned: polyPi regulates blood coagulation, gene expression, cell
differentiation, bone morphogenesi, ion channel function and respiratory
chain/ATP production in mitochondria).

PolyPi small chain ion binding

Van Wazer JR & Campanella DA J Amer Chem Soc 1950 72 655-663;
PolyPi conformation
cf.,e.g., Glonek T Van Wazer JR Mudgette M Myers TC Inorg Chem
1972 11 567-570

PolyPi occurs in lysosome dense granules, mitochondria,the cell nucleus,

erythrocytes and is especially abundant in platelets.

PolyPi may provide protection against UV radiation.

The PolyPi Ca-polyhydroxy butyrate double helix system in animals

Reusch RN et al., PNAS 1988 85 4176
cf. Soc Expt Biol Med 1988 191 377

PolyPi could be part of the glycocalyx

Cf.. Sasoda M et al. Biomacromolecules 2018 19 (8) 3280-90
Injectable hemostat composed of a polyphosphate-conjugated hyaluronan

PolyPi Initiates mesangial stem cell proliferation and differentiation (via

fibroblast growth factors)

Overall, it seemed that families of carbon-based chemical compounds seem to behave

much more deterministically and tended to obey the laws of classical thermodynamics
than did families of compounds based on the inorganic elements (especially those
formed of oxyacid polymers of phosphorus, silicon and sulphur).

Grant D. J Appl Chem Biotechnol 1974 (1/2) 49-58; J Inorg Nucl Chem 1967 29 69-
81; D 2012 http://www/scribd.com/doc/87757336
:Liu L & Guo Q-L Chem Rev 2001 101 673-95

Wilde Richard E www.nanoporeoriginof life.net

Appendix
Schematic of space - time distortion in Eyrng complex

Concept of real and imaginary space resonance together with time

reversal using Evans Fluctuation Theorem Entropy Conception
is the Leffler isothermal temperature
 is the lifetime of the Eyring reaction complex

Cf. the Evans Fluctuation Theorem Under Putative

Real-Imaginary Space Interaction
conditions leading to chemical reactivity via Eyuring complex formation.
 O
r another derivative of

Below: Model of a hypothetical Space-time ‘Worm’

(putatively responsible for transmitting coupled entropy-
enthalpy flow between the Eyring complex and the
stochastic space-time electromagnetic vacuum structure
(putatively consisting of networks of worms of similar
basic structure
#

The above Figure shows how the reported

isokinetic temperature () may arise in
compensated chemical reaction rate sets;
these data could in part to depend upon the
presence of liquid water (putatively present as
catalyst e. g. present as a micro impurity or at
the vessel surface) giving rise to the observed
curve A sets which show the most common
tendency of reported compensated reactions to
occur isokinetically at physiological T when
water was used as the reaction medium (curve
B sets); i.e. there could be a tendency for
(enhanced?) compensation between entropy
and enthalpy change to occur at near the
physiological T of 37oC;
i.e. water structure may dictate the majority of
the (Leffler, 1955 reported) values of 