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BSNL
Department Of
Electronics And
Communication Engineering
1
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement.
Company Profile
OCB-283 (Introduction).
Call Processing.
E-10B(Introduction).
Subscriber Facilities.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
India Ent.) Rampur. I express my deep gratitude to Mr. Pankaj Kumar (S.D.E) and
Mr. Jasvant Singh (J.T.O), who gave me the chance to understand the working of
OCB-283 Exchange. The other employees also deserve thanks for helping me in
and individuals in the preparation of this object. Last but not least we are
highly grateful to our parents for helping us round the clock and for their
3
COMPANY PROFILE
4
On October 1,2000 the Department of Telecom Operations,
Government of India became a corporation and was christened Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector
Undertaking of India and its responsibilities include improvement of the
already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom
network, introduction of new telecom services in all villages an instilling
confidence among its customers.
Responsibilities that BSNL has managed to shoulder remarkably,
deftly. Today with a 37-million-line capacity, 99.9% of its exchanges digital,
nationwide Network management & surveillance system (NMSS) to control
telecom traffic and nearly 250373 route kms of OFC network, Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited is a name to reckon with in the world of
connectivity. Along with its vast customer base, BSNL’s financial and asset
bases too are vast and strong. Consider the figures, as they speak volumes on
BSNL’s standing:
The Telephone infrastructure alone is worth about Rs. 1,00,000 crore
(US $ 21.2 billion)
Turnover of Rs.22, 000 crore (US $ 4.6 billion)
Vision: -
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BSNL would like to be a high tech customer oriented company with
emphasis of value addition.
Mission: -
To provide world class Telecom services on demand using state of art
technology for our valued customers at affordable prices.
SERVICES
When it comes to connecting the four corners of the nation, and much beyond one
solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle - BSNL. It is working round the clock
to take India into the future by providing world – class telecom services for people
of India.
Here is an overview of the World Class Services offered by BSNL :
Internet
ISDN
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Integrated Services Digital Network service of BSNL utilizes a unique
digital network providing high speed and high quality voice, data and
image transfer over the same line. It can also facilitate both desktop
video and high quality video conferencing.
Intelligent Network
I-Net
BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data communication for
various applications on point to point basis. It offers a choice of high,
medium and low speed data circuits as well as dial up lines.
Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed Leased
Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with
speeds of nx64 kbps upto 2 Mbps, useful for internet leased lines and
International Principles Leased Circuits (IPLCs).
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Voice Mail, E-mail, Short Message Service (SMS), Cell Broadcast
Service, International Roaming, IN Services like Prepaid Card,
Premium rate, Free Phone, Universal Access Number (UAN), Split
Charging, VPN etc.
OCB-283
(Organ Control Bhersion-283)
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different control organs of the system and is stored in ROM/RAM of the
units. Data required to handle the calls are also managed in RAM of
different control units.
EXCHANGE SWITCH
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ANALOG DIGITAL
OCB-283 OCB-286
Exploitation Room.
Switching Room.
In any type of exchange, there is a unit called main distribution frame and is
used for interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipment’s to
external physical lines coming to the exchange. The distribution frame
provides easy and flexible interconnection, isolation point for testing,
protective devices used for safety of exchange equipment etc.
In MDF, all lines are coming from subscribers, non-exchange lines, telex
lines and analog junction lines, are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag
blocks in which gas discharge tubes type protective devices are provided to
tackle voltages and current surges. These tag blocks are located on one side
of the MDF called “line side”. On the other side of the MDF called
“exchange side” tag blocks re provided for terminating the cables from CSE
for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
10
In many communication systems, it is often necessary to interconnect points that are
some distances apart from each other. The transmission of information as an
electromagnetic signal always occur as a transverse electromagnetic wave. One of
the media for transmission is :
Coaxial cable:
d D
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this exploitation room. As in this room all the operations are done through
system software by operating different commands over there. I have to
operate some of these commands, which are named as under and discussed
in detail with the help of example as under:
IDABSE
INDIN
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CONTROL STATION (SM):
The hardware equipment of the OCB 283 switching node consists of a set of
control (multiprocessor) station SM interconnected by one or several
communication multiplexers (MIS or MAS).
There are five types of control stations, corresponding to the types of
services they provide:
SMM: Maintenance SM
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1. SMC: Main Control Station
It consists of MR, MQ, TR, TX, PC, GX, which helps, in call processing.
The followings are some of the multi registers:
MR: - Establishes and releases the calls, it takes real true decision for
processing for processing of a call.
TR (Translator): - TR stores exchange date, it also stores routing and
analysis date.
MQ (Marker): - MQ carries out messages between common control
function and connection unit for subscribers.
TX (Charging Unit): - TX carries out charging for each
communication set up. It keeps charge account of all subscriber and
send detail billing messages to SMM.
GX (Matrix System Handler): - GX monitors the connection in the
switching network also it monitors internal links in the switching
network.
PC (CCS, Controller): - PC carries out routing and traffic management
function for CCS7 signaling
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1. Function of SMA
MAS
to other stations
15
-
PUP - ACJTR5 AB
-
PUS - ACUTR5 AB – Only one PUS
-
MC (Common memory) – ACMCS
-
Coupler CTSV – i.e. coupler Treatment
Signal Vocal or Voice signal processing
couplers.
These couplers are used as GT, RGF, CCF and as
Phosphamides -Coupler CSMP - Coupler signaling
Multiprotocol
for CCS#7 or V 5.2 signaling implemented by ACHIL
2 & ACHIL 3 PCBs.
2. Function of SMT:
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3. Specific features of SMT – 2 G:
(i) Digital Access cross connect (DACS) where the additional bits (bit
8 to 12) can be used to carry channel associated signaling for
PABX with linked numbering scheme.
(ii) Can support higher order PCM multiplexes e.g. 34 M bit /S.
(iii) Can support ISDN PRA (30 B + D) links.
(iv) Reduction of load on MIS/MAS by introducing decentralized
processes in a software way.
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access either of disks; it dialogues with all SMC’s over MIS token ring. It
consists of one streamer for cartridge drive; it receives all alarms from whole
exchange on MAL ring.
Architecture of SMM: -
Call Processing
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LOCAL EXCHANGE
Exchange Side
TELE MDF
PHO CSE
OCB
NE TAXO/G
COMMON EXCH
CONTROL ANGE
EQUIPMENT
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a) When a subscriber goes off book, it is detected by line equipment. The
change in loop state is detected by microprocessor during its scanning.
The CSNL allots free TS on LR for this call. The CSNL prepares a
new call message and sends it to PU/PE (in SMA) over a signaling
link through MCX. The message is sent in local version of CCS7.
b) PU/PE receives this message and sends it to MR over MAS. It
indicates UR no. UT no. (line card no.) and equipment no. And T/S
allotted.
c) MR allots a free register to handle this call. It notes down UR no.
Equipment number and T/S allotted for the subscriber. Now MR
obtains UR-LR to SMX-LRX correspondence from MQ.
d) MR obtains class of service date from TR.
e) MR orders COM to connect dial tone to the free T/S allotted to
subscriber. If subscriber has DTMF instruments it orders for
connection of RGF to the T/S of subscriber and then orders for dial
tone connection.
f) MR also sends acknowledgement message to CSN.
g) On receipt of dial tone, the subscriber dials called party’s number. The
UT (Terminal Unit i.e. subscriber line card) disconnects dial tone from
the calling subscriber.
h) CSN sends these digits to PU/PE through the same path and signaling
system.
i) PU/PE sends these digits to MR over MAS.
j) On reception of first digit, MR orders COM to disconnects dial tone
from the calling sub.
k) On receipt of first two digits, MR calls TR for pre-analysis. TR, after
analysis of first two digits tells MR, the type of call (i.e. local, STD
etc.).
l) After receipt of adequate number of digits (or all the digit in case of
local call) MR again calls TR for analysis. TR supplies called party’s
address and charging information to MR.
m) MR carries out party’s test to know whether it is free, or not. (Path
MR-U/PE-CSN).
n) CSN tests the called party’s equipment. If this is free, it connects
ringing current to called subscriber. It also allots free TS to LR and
sends a message to MR indicating LR-T/S of called subscriber.
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o) MR orders COM for connection of ring back tone to calling
subscriber. It also obtains UR-LR to SMX LRX correspondence for
called subscriber. MR walls for called sub’s reply.
p) When called subscriber replies, the concerned CSN sends a message
to PU/PE. PU/PE sends the message to MR.
q) MR orders COM to disconnect ring back tone. MR orders MQ for
connection of calling and called subscriber time slot. MR also orders
TX for charging the calling subscribers. As per data supplied by TR.
MQ and TX give compliance.
r) The subscribers are now in conversation phase. MR hands over the
surveillance of calling and called subscriber to retrieve CSNs and
releases.
s) When calling subscribers goes off-hook, CSN informs PU/PE. PU/PE
informs MR. MR releases the connection. If called subscriber goes off
hook, MR sets a 1-minute timer and releases the connection after
expiry of this time.
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So the PCM is used extensively in telephone conversation, as it provides large
number of channels, which previously had carried over the one pair of wires
and carried only one conversation.
TOKEN RINGS
In OCB-283 exchange the communication-multiplexed highways are
utilized for interchange of messages between various equipment’s of
exchange. These communication multiplexes work on the principle of
computer’s circular LANs using TOKEN RING protocols.
The MIS token ring is provided for interchange of messages between two
SMCs and between an SMC and SMM.
22
The maximum and minimum number of MIS is only one (duplicated as
A&B)
The MAS are provided for interchange of messages between CSNL, SMT,
SMA & SMX on one hand and control units (SMC) on the other hand. A
maximum of four MAS token rings can be provided in a large size
exchange, where as no MAS token ring is provided in compact
configuration. While SMCs are connected on the entire MAS token ring, the
other units are connected only on one of the MAS rings.
MAS token ring can be minimum nil & maximum FOUR duplicated as
A&B.
MAL token ring is provided to handle exchange alarms from all the
hardware stations of exchange except CSNL.
The token ring conforms to IEEE 802.5 Standard and operates at 4 Mbps.
Requirement
The requirements of power plant for main OCB-283 exchange and RSU
are different because of the types of equipment’s. In OCB-283
equipment’s there is very little variation in peak hour and slack hour load
of power plant contrary to electromechanical exchanges where the load
varies with traffic. Therefore, power plants are designed for continuous
handling of constant load both at RSU and main exchange.
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Arrangement at Main Exchange:
The main exchange requires two types of supplies. The first one is -48 V
DC supply mainly for switch room and the second one is 220V AC supply
for switch room mainly for computer peripheral devices. The -48V DC
supply requirement is met by a power plant similar to all other types of
exchanges. This has essentially rectifiers on load sharing basis, two battery
sets and a switching cubicle. The operation and maintenance features are
same in other types of exchanges.
AIR CONDITIONERS.
MICROPROCESSORS.
POWER ROOM.
GENERATORS.
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TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER.
HUMIDITY CONTROLLER.
EARTHING CONDUCTORS.
RECTIFIERS.
Overview of E-10B
25
The main function of a Telephone Exchange is to connect a
subscriber’s link or a trunk to any other line or trunk out of the total number
of lines and trunks connected to this exchange. The connection is brought
about in accordance with the information given by the calling line (dial) or
the incoming trunk (signaling code). In Electrochemical Exchanges, a free
physical link (2 wires or sometimes 4 wires for transit) is established
between the two junctions. This path is a voice frequency circuit like a
subscriber’s line:
In digital time division switching systems like E-10B, the same
function is carried out but the analog circuits are first converted into
PCM links before they are brought to the switching network. The
switching network connects a time slot of any one PCM link of any
one time slot of other PCM link connected to it. In this manner, the
switching network carries only digital data.
As a consequence of the general use of the PCM links in E10B
system, the subscriber’s connection unit can either be in the same
location as the switching network or it may be remote.
General Description:
Based on the functions carried out by different parts, an E-10B exchanges
can be divided in four blocks as shown in the figure below: -
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E-10B Exchange Structure
1. Connection Units: -
The connection unit’s compromise basically of equipment directly connected
to external interfaces of the system, subscriber lines and circuits and
equipment, which sends and receives audio-frequency signaling samples.
These units are of following types: -
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The unit provides for the connection of up to 1024 subscriber
Lines, and is located in the same premises as the exchange. The
equipment number ZERO is, however, not used because of
difficulty in addressing zero equipment and as such a maximum
of 1024 lines can only be connected to this unit.
It is linked to the switching network through PCM links.
It provides electronics space concentration of 1024 subscriber
lines on to 60, 90 or 120 digital junctions carried by 2, 3 or 4
PCM links of 2,048 Mb/s.
It enables connection of dial telephone and P.B. telephones. A
general structure of URAL is shown below: -
URAL STRUCTURE
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The subscriber is alerted by a short text recorded announcement followed by
special dial tone (400 Hz continuous non-modulated).
This dial tone is provided by URAD itself. The CSED subscribers can obtain
access to emergency service like police, ambulance and fire by dialing two
digits. Out of the 1024 equipments provided in the CSED, 6 equipments are
used for these emergency service. A general scheme of URAD is shown in
the figure: -
SCHEMATIC OF URAD
1. The connection and power feed on the subscriber’s lines and sending
of ringing current.
2. The transmission of loop state change indication to the control units,
transmission of dialed digits and transmission of battery reversals or
remote metering pulses to appropriate units.
3. Cyclic scanning of equipment to identify calling subscribers.
4. Search for free outgoing routes (physical path within) when the URA
between the subscriber’s line equipment and the time slot allotted to
this subscriber.
5. Analog to digital conversion.
6. Traffic observation counters.
7. Release of connection at the end of call.
8. A subscriber connection unit is housed in a single rack. There are two
types of PCBs for subscriber’s equipment, PCBs for sixteen ordinary
subscribers and PCB for 8 discriminated subscribers (home metering-
battery reversal), These PCBs are housed in four shelves. Maximum
number of boards in a rack is 64.
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Multiplex connection unit (URM) is connected to incoming PCM links for
satellite exchanges URADs or circuits from other electronic or
electromechanical exchanges. In this case, analog to digital conversion and
matching of signaling. Where applicable, is necessary. Each URM has a total
capacity 32 PCM systems and is housed in one standard rack. There are 8
modules in each URM and each module caters for 4 PCMs. The modules are
of two types: -
MRS modules, which provides for the connection of 2,048 Mb/s PCM
links from URADs.
MRM modules that provide for the connection of 2,048 Mb/s PCM
links carrying circuits.
VF circuits must be initially digitalized in TNE terminal before connection
to the URM. One URM rack catering for up to 32 PCM links may contain
one or both types of modules. The main functions of URM unit are: -
1. Transmission- reception of PCM links (conversion HDB3/
Binary code, reconstitution of PCM frames, resynchronization
with parent exchange clock).
2. Extraction and insertion of signaling bytes (8 bits) and
conversion into international codes understood by the control
unit.
3. The URM unit can process simultaneously 16 different
signaling codes.
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URM STRUCTURE
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An automatic exchange (E-10B) comprises of at least two ETAs
operating on load sharing basis, the maximum number of ETAs being
sixteen.
1. Marshalling of alarms.
2. Monitoring of recorded announcement machine operation.
3. Management of general visual display (PGV).
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PRINCIPLE OF A CONNECTION IN THE SWITCHING NETWORK
1. Speech samples (a) from the time slot ‘L’ of the incoming network
line (LRE) associated with the calling subscriber are switched to the
time slot ‘j’ of the outgoing network line (LRS) associated with the
called subscriber,
2. Speech samples (b) from the time slot ‘j’ of the incoming network
(LRE) associated with the called subscriber are switched to the time
slot ‘I’ of the outgoing network line (LRS) associated with the calling
subscriber.
Each time switch handles 16 PCM links (LRE +LRS) and four time switches
catering 4 *16 = 64 PCMs are contained in one switching network rack.
A complete switching network comprises six identical racks for connecting
384 PCMs. A diagram showing the structure of a switching network is shown
in figure 1.
3. Control Units: -
The control units are partly based on dedicated mini-computers and are used
to carry out all the switching operations required to set up release connections
between subscribers and /or circuits. These units can be classified as follows: -
Marker (MQ)
Switching network control unit (UGCX)
Multi register (MR)
Translator (TR).
Charging unit (TX)
Management units: -
33
Switching network diagram
Marker (MQ)
34
Multi-register (MR): -
Translator (TR): -
The translator provides the multi-registers on request, with data on subscribers
and trunks required to setup and release of calls. Data (categories,
corresponding between directory number and subscriber or trunk equipment in
the exchange) are held in TR files. This data may be written, deleted or
modified from the operating and maintenance center with operating
requirements. The translator executes the following operations: -
35
Translating translation operations for chaining and overflow or circuit
number.
Handling translation operations for chaining and overflow routing
functions.
Managing additional services.
Handling all management maintenance and test operations in
conjunctions with OMC.
The total capacity of the translator files is 768k words, each of sixteen bits,
i.e., 12288 Mbits.
The charging unit handles the subscriber line accounts, computes the number
of basic metered units chargeable for a given telephone calls and outputs
detailed billing data for subscribers entitled to this service. Multi-registers
initiate the charging unit operations. At the start of each telephone call, on
receiving instructions form MR, the charging unit seeks and assigns a
charging register.
1000 charging registers of 512 bits, or 2000 charging registers of 256 bits or a
combination of 256 & 512 bits charging registers. Each charging unit can
therefore handle up to 2000 calls simultaneously.
Charging registers compute the charge for a given telephone call. At the end
of the call, the subscriber meter is incremented simultaneously in both
changing units and these two values are read periodically by the OMC.
36
Standby charge recording unit (DSF): -
The monitoring unit is an interface between the OMC and the other units of an
E-10B exchange. It has access to all the units and handles the transfer of all
the messages between the OMC and the exchange. The messages involve: -
Message from the OMC to the exchange units:
Operating messages (subscriber line creations, circuit creation etc.).
Unit positioning messages.
Maintaining messages.
Control messages addressed to test modules.
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Subscriber Facilities
The E-10B system offers a number of facilities to its subscribers. These are :
Hotline
Detailed billing
Absent service
PBX
Barred access
Malicious call tracing
Free phone line
Subscribers with home meter
Push button telephone
Priority line
Outgoing only subscribers
Incoming only subscribers
Abbreviated dialing
Temporary transfer
Recorded call
Conference call
Ring back facility
Automatic alarm call
PABX
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