DESIGN MANUAL

STONE CLADDING FIXINGS

1. STAINLESS STEEL –INTRODUCTION

I. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –SS PLATES & SHEETS

Grade Grade Grade fu – Ultimate tensile f0:2 – 0.2 % proof Elongation %
(AISI) (EN) (BS) in 2inch
strength (MPa) strength (MPa)
304 1.4301 304S15 621 290 55
304L 1.4307 , 1.4306 304S11 586 241 55
TYPE 316 1.4401 316S33 579 290 50
TYPE 316 L 1.4404 316S13 558 290 50
*Type 304 has as principal elements, 18–20 % Chrome, 8–12 % Nickel with 0.08 % of maximum Carbon
* Type 316 has as principal elements, 16–18 % Chrome, 10–14 % Nickel together with 0.08 % maximum Carbon
and 2 % maximum Molybdenum.
*
II. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –SS BOLTS & NUTS
Grade Grade fu – Ultimate tensile f0:2 – 0.2 % proof Bolt dia
(AISI)
strength (MPa) strength (MPa)
A2–50 304 500 210 <39mm
A4–70 316 700 450 <39mm
A4–80 Stregnth equivalent 800 600 <39mm

to Gr.8.8
2. ANCHORAGE FIXING SYSTEM
A. Dowell Anchorage System ( or Hole or dowell system)

 There are always four rods( flat bolts) for each panel, two per edge for edges to be mounted horizontally or
vertically
 Each rod engages with one or two dowells or pins, the self-weight load must be carried by the two bottom
rods or pins, whether on the vertical or horizontal edges.
 The lower rods need to be more resistant, as implied above, because they must bear the whole of a plate’s
self-weight.
 It is recommended that there are no more than two holes per edge so as to avoid complex overstress states
resulting from the misalignment of holes

B. KERF Anchorage System ( or Hole or dowell system)

TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR STONE CLADDING:

1. GENERAL:

 BS 8298 2010 code of practice for design and installation of natural stone
Cladding and lining
 BS 8298 Part 1 General
 BS 8298 Part 2 Traditional handset external cladding
 BS 8298 Part 3 Stone-faced pre-cast concrete cladding systems
 BS 8298 Part 4 Rainscreen and stone on metal frame cladding systems
 BS EN 1469 Natural stone Products- Slabs for cladding – Requirements
 BS 8200: 1985 code of practice for Design of non-loadbearing external vertical
enclosures
 BS 6180: 1995 code of practice for barriers in and about buildings
 BS 6399: part 1:1996 code of practice for dead and imposed loads
 BS 5080 Tests of structural fixings in concrete
 Design of stainless steel fixings and ancillary components – The Steel
 Construction Institute
 Section property and member capacity tables for cold-formed stainless steel
 Performance and testing of fixings for thin stone cladding – Centre for window
and cladding technology

 Guidance notes published by the Construction Fixings Association (CFA)

 Anchor installation
 Anchor selection
 Introduction to bonded anchors
 Fixings to brickwork and blockwork

 Guidance on the design, selection and installation of exterior dimension stone

 anchors and anchoring systems is given in the American code ASTM C 1242
 Cladding Fixings – good practice guide CIRIA

Stone Size Considerations;

Large scale stones are usually anchored with four or more stainless steel anchor straps per stone fastened to the
backup system.

The anchors, also, must typically be placed at very specific locations, such as at the ¼ points of the units, to allow
for loading by the stone above and below the anchor while maintaining consistent stone support and behavior.
Anchorage Basics- Analysis
SOURCE : www.STRUCTUREmag.org article “ building blocks “by scott walkoviz May 2017

Simple span type stone anchorage can generally be designed by hand analysis methods, although software
applications can more accurately and efficiently accomplish the work.

The effect of anchor location on anchor loading is based on tributary area, and that makes analysis easier for the
anchor designer.

Stones with reasonable size, geometry,and bonding allow the use of four anchor points per stone. The lateral load is
distributed to the anchors based on tributary area.

In rare cases where differential stiffness exists in the anchors or backup for a particular stone, it is desirable to
employ finite element analysis (FEA). The same is true for longer stones with slender profiles, thin section stones, or
stones too large to be anchored with only four anchors.

When using FEA, both the stone and the anchor stiffness must be estimated as accurately as possible. This requires
knowledge of the stone. Properties can vary by stone type and also within varieties of a particular stone
type.