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BRITISH STANDARD |
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Fire tests on building |
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materials and structures |
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Part 7. Method of test to determine the |
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classification of the surface spread of |
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flame of products |
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Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
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ICS 13.220.50 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
First published as BS 476
December 1932 Amd. No. Date Text affected
Second edition July 1953
First published as BS 476 : Part 7
February 1971
Second edition June 1987
Third edition January 1997
Contents
Page
Foreword ii
Method
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Suitability of a product for testing 2
5 Test specimens 2
6 Apparatus 3
7 Ancillary equipment 11
8 Calibration 12
9 Test procedure 13
10 Recording of results 14
11 Classification of results 14
12 Report 15
Annexes
A (informative) Guidance for operators 16
B (informative) Effect of thermal characteristics on the performance of
assemblies 16
C (informative) Validation of test method 17
Tables
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
BSI 1997 i
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Foreword
This Part of BS 476 has been prepared by Technical Committee FSH/21. It supersedes
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1987, which is withdrawn, but both the 1971 and 1987 editions will still
be made available on request since they are referred to in building regulations and
other legislative documents.
NOTE. Upon publication of BS 476 : Part 7 : 1996, BSI Customer Services Department will respond to
purchase orders for BS 476 : Part 7 by supplying the 1996 edition. Copies of the 1987 or 1971 editions may
be obtained by quoting the number `BS 476/7/87' or `BS 476/7/71' respectively.
This revision has been prepared with the aim of improving the repeatability and
reproducibility of the test results by clarifying procedures and by giving additional
guidance to test operators. The changes incorporated into this revision are not
expected to cause changes in material classifications.
In this method, specimens of the product (material, composite or assembly) are
subjected to a specified heating and ignition regime. The test takes account of the
combined effect of factors such as ignition characteristics and the extent to which the
flame spreads over the surface of the product under opposed flow conditions. The
influence of any underlying materials on these factors, in relation to their ability to
influence the rate of fire growth, is also taken into account. The test result is a function
of the distance and rate of, the lateral spread of flame; and this is classified according
to performance as classes 1 to 4.
A series of new reaction to fire tests is under development in ISO/TC92/SC1, Reaction
to fire tests. The UK is participating in this work, which will define small-scale,
intermediate-scale and large-scale tests for ignitability, heat release rate and flame
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
propagation. ISO 5658 will cover spread of flame: Part 1 giving guidance on spread of
flame and Part 2 measuring opposed flow lateral spread of flame along the surface of a
specimen of a product in the vertical position. Part 2 will be implemented as BS 476 :
Part 14. The radiant panel used in ISO 5658-2 is smaller than that in this Part of
BS 476 but, by inclining the panel to the specimen at 15Ê, the heat flux at the hot end of
the specimen is increased to 50 kW/m2. Part 3 of ISO 5658, which is also under
development, refers to this procedure as the LIFT (lateral ignition and flame spread
test) and it is expected to provide more fundamental data for mathematical modelling
than ISO 5658-2 or this Part of BS 476.
Attention is drawn to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and the need to
ensure that the method of test specified in this standard is carried out under suitable
environmental conditions to provide adequate protection to personnel against the risk
of fire and inhalation of smoke and/or toxic products of combustion.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
ii BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Method
BSI 1997 1
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
2 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
5.3.2 When the product is of insufficient size to 5.6.2 Products without air gaps
allow the specimen size to be achieved in width Where a product is normally used without an air gap
and/or length, it is permissible for small pieces of the behind it, then the unexposed face of the specimen
product to be placed adjacent to each other to shall be placed directly on, and in direct contact
obtain the required dimension, provided that an with, a backing board without any adhesion or
essentially flat surface can be achieved and it is mechanical fixing.
considered that such a procedure does not have any
5.6.3 Products with air gaps
influence on the surface spread of flame. The use of
such specimens shall be reported. Where a product is normally used with an air gap
behind it, then the specimen shall be placed over the
5.3.3 All specimens shall be tested at full thickness spacers positioned around its perimeter and
providing they fit into the specimen holder. If the mounted onto a backing board so that a (25 ± 1) mm
product is of such a thickness that it will not fit into enclosed air gap is provided between the unexposed
the specimen holder, its thickness shall be reduced face of the specimen and the backing board.
by cutting away the unexposed face of the product
to reduce the thickness to a minimum of 50 mm. 5.7 Backing boards and spacers
5.4 Construction of specimens 5.7.1 The backing boards shall be rectangular,
5.4.1 When the product is a thin film, it shall be 885+0 +0
25 mm 3 27025 and shall be made of
applied to an appropriate substrate (see annex B), non-combustible insulation board of oven-dry density
using a method and application rate recommended (825 ± 125) kg/m3 and nominal thickness 12 mm.
by the manufacturer for its use. The laboratory shall 5.7.2 Spacers used to form air gaps within an
determine whether a product incorporates a thin film assembly shall be of the same material as the
on its surface, and shall note if this is the case. backing boards and shall be (25 ± 1) mm thick and
5.4.2 When the product is a material or composite approximately 20 mm wide.
which would normally be attached to a substrate, it 5.7.3 Backing boards and/or spacers used to back
shall be tested in conjunction with the appropriate the specimens shall be re-used after storing in the
substrate (see annex B), using the fixing technique conditioning atmosphere for at least 12 h (see 5.5.2),
recommended by the manufacturer, e.g. bonded with
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
1)
For information on suitable radiation panels and on suppliers of the equipment contact Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High
Road, London W4 4AL.
BSI 1997 3
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
6.2.3 The radiation panel and its surround shall be 6.5 Gas and air supplies
supported on a framework so that the centre of the
panel is (1250 ± 100) mm above floor level. 6.5.1 The gas supply to the radiation panel shall be
either natural gas or propane. The air supply shall be
6.3 Specimen holder taken from outside the test environment.
6.3.1 A typical design of specimen holder is shown The gas and air supplies shall be sufficient to allow
in figures 2a and 2b. The specimen holder shall the required irradiance to be achieved. See clause 8.
comprise a water-cooled steel frame with 6.5.2 The gas and air supply lines to the radiation
water-cooled face plates. The face plates shall panel shall contain suitable flowmeters, pressure
overlap the specimens by (20 ± 5) mm on their top regulators, control valves and safety devices.
and bottom edges and over the vertical edge Figure 5 shows typical gas and air supply layouts.
adjacent to the radiation panel. A spring loaded
clamp shall be positioned to clamp the specimen 6.5.3 The gas supply to the pilot burner shall be
against the water-cooled face plates. The water simulated town gas and shall give a luminous flame
supply to the specimen holder shall be such that the with a contact height on the specimen of
maximum temperature does not exceed 35 ÊC at the between 75 mm and 100 mm.
outlet from the specimen holder. NOTE. A gas flow rate of (1500 ± 200) ml/min has been found to
NOTE 1. A specimen holder that exerts a force, measured be suitable.
perpendicular to the plane of the specimen, of at least 25 N onto 6.6 Test environment
a 50 mm thick specimen has been found to be suitable. Care
should be taken to ensure that the specimen is not damaged by The apparatus shall be located in an environment
any undue force exerted by the specimen holder. essentially free from draughts and shall have a
NOTE 2. A water flow rate of approximately 12 l/min has been volume of at least 400 m3 to prevent excessive heat
found to be adequate. build up. In order to avoid irradiation from surfaces
6.3.2 In the test position, the specimen holder and objects in the local vicinity of the apparatus, the
assembly shall be located at (90 ± 2)Ê to the face of dimensions of the enclosure shall provide for the
the radiation panel and in such a way that the faces following minimum clearances from the radiant
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
4 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
BSI 1997 5
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6
b) Horizontal cross section through specimen holder and elevation at cool end
All dimensions are in millimetres
8 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
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BSI 1997 9
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cross-checking against each other by substitution 7.4.2 If only one radiometer is used during
during the regular calibration procedure specified calibration then the holes cut in the board to
in 8.3.1, taking into account the following: accommodate the radiometer face (i.e. the target
1) During the regular calibration procedure a with water or air jacket surround) shall be provided
daily use radiometer shall be used. Except with infill discs of the board material. The
where the furnace is used less often than irradiances at each point shall then be measured
monthly cross-checking with a reference consecutively with the one instrument.
radiometer2) shall be carried out on a monthly
basis. Where the furnace is used less often than
monthly the daily use radiometer shall be
cross-checked every time it is used. A record of
the cross-check shall be maintained by the
laboratory.
2) The daily use radiometer shall be calibrated
at least once a year in accordance with
BS 6809 : 1987.
3) When the daily use radiometer is returned to
the laboratory from its annual calibration, it
shall be used to directly calibrate the reference
radiometer by substitution during the regular
calibration procedure. A record of the
calibration of the reference radiometer directly
against the daily use radiometer shall be
maintained by the laboratory.
BSI 1997 11
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
NOTE. Distances from inside edge of specimen holder to centre line of apertures = 0.5 tolerance.
All dimensions are in millimetres
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
12 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
8.3.3 If the values for irradiance specified in 9.2.2 Throughout the test, carefully observe the
table 1 are not achieved, repeat the procedure in 8.2. behaviour of the product and make a note of the
following phenomena:
Table 1. Irradiance along horizontal a) flashing;
reference line on the calibration board
b) transitory flaming.
Distance along Irradiance
reference line from kW/m2 Observe and note other phenomena such as debris
inside edge of falling away from the specimen and whether it is
specimen holder flaming or not, intumescence and/or deformation of
(see figure 6) the specimen.
mm specified min. max. NOTE. These observations do not influence the classification of
surface spread of flame.
75 32.5 32.0 33.0
225 21.0 20.5 21.5 9.2.3 During the first minute of the test any
softening, melting or disintegration of material
375 14.5 14.0 15.0 resulting from the specimen slumping out of the
525 10.0 9.5 10.5 specimen holder, the detachment of the facing from
675 7.0 6.5 7.5 the substrate or any other behaviour which results in
the exposed surface not being available for the
825 5.0 4.5 5.5 measurement of spread of flame, shall render the
test on that specimen invalid.
9 Test procedure However, when the surface of the product
incorporates a thin film, (see 3.15 and 5.4.1) which
9.1 Procedure shrinks from the pilot flame during the first ten
Carry out the following procedure. seconds of the test without ignition such that it is no
a) Ignite the pilot flame. longer available for spread of flame, the test result
shall be regarded as valid. Where this occurs, a
b) Remove a specimen construction, including any
Licensed copy:RMJM, 19/04/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
BSI 1997 13
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
14 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
BSI 1997 15
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Annexes
3) Such variations can include different surface finishes or surfacing materials and asymmetry in core materials (including air gaps), both
in terms of the thicknesses of laminations and also the way that they are combined.
16 BSI 1997
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Annex C (informative)
Validation of test method
BSI 1997 17
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blank
BS 476 : Part 7 : 1997
Normative references
BSI publications
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